Cloud Computing Fundamentals

(12 Marks)

By: Ms.J.S.Mahajana
(AIML Dept, K.K.W.P)
Introduction to cloud computing
Defination:
–Cloud computing is the services provided on the Internet to store a vast amount of data in one
place and can be used from anywhere and from any place.

Example:
Dropbox − It is a one-stop solution for all the services like file storage, sharing, and managing
the system.
Microsoft Azure − It provides a wide range of services like the backup of data and any sudden
recovery from any type of disaster.
Evolution:
1. Distributed Systems
● systems which are physically located in various places but are connected through the network.
● Some examples of distributed systems are Ethernet which is a LAN technology, Telecommunication
network, and parallel processing.

2. Mainframe Computing
● It was developed in the year 1951 and provides powerful features.
● Mainframe Computing is still in existence due to its ability to deal with a large amount of data.
● mainframe computer performs very fast and lengthy computations easily.
● The type of services handled by them is bulk processing of data and exchanging large-sized hardware.
● mainframe computing is very expensive.

3. Cluster Computing
● In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
● Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth.
● These were capable of high computations.
● New nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
● The problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing
was introduced.
4. Grid Computing
● It was introduced in the year 1990.
● the different nodes are placed in different geographical places but are connected to the same network
using the internet.
● the nodes are placed in different organizations. It minimized the problems of cluster computing but the
distance between the nodes raised a new problem.

5. Web 2.0
● Users generate their content and collaborate with other people or share the information using social media,
for example, Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut.
● Web 2.0 is a combination of the second-generation technology World Wide Web (WWW) along with the
web services

6. Virtualization
● It is becoming the current technique used in IT firms. It employs a software layer over the hardware and
using this it provides the customer with cloud-based services.
7. Utility Computing
● Based on the need of the user, utility computing can be used. It provides the users, company, clients or
based on the business need the data storage can be taken for rent and used.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows organizations to access on-demand cloud-based computing
solutions according to the change of business needs.

It can work without or with cloud computing.

The advantages of using SOA is that it is easy to maintain, platform independent, and highly scalable.

Service Provider and Service consumer are the two major roles within SOA.
Grid Computing
Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing." It links multiple computing resources
(PC's, workstations, servers, and storage elements) together and provides a mechanism to access them.

The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by providing transparent
access to resources, and work can be completed more quickly.
Web Services
– A web service is a standardized method for propagating messages between client and server
applications on the World Wide Web.
– A web service is a software module that aims to accomplish a specific set of tasks.
– A web service is a set of open protocols and standards that allow data exchange between different
applications or systems
– Web services can be used by software programs written in different programming languages and on
different platforms to exchange data through computer networks such as the Internet.
Functions of Web Services:
● It’s possible to access it via the internet or intranet networks.
● XML messaging protocol that is standardized.
● Operating system or programming language independent.
● Using the XML standard, it is self-describing.
● A simple location approach can be used to locate it.
Hardware virtualization
– When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) or hypervisor software is
directly installed on the hardware system is known as hardware virtualization.
– Hardware virtualization is accomplished by abstracting the physical hardware layer by use of a
hypervisor or VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor).
– The hypervisor manages shared the physical resources of the hardware between the guest operating
systems and host operating system.
– The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the processor, memory and other hardware
resources.
– After virtualization of hardware system we can install different operating system on it and run
different applications on those OS
– main benefits of hardware virtualization are more efficient resource utilization, lower overall costs
as well as increased uptime and IT flexibility.
– Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms, because controlling virtual
machines is much easier than controlling a physical server.
 Cloud Computing Grid Computing
Cloud Computing follows client-server Grid computing follows a distributed computing

computing architecture. architecture.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud
computing.
computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized management Grid operates as a decentralized management

system. system.

Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, Grid computing uses systems like distributed

and SaaS. computing, distributed information, and distributed

pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

Characteristics of cloud computing
1.On-demand self-services: does not require any human administrators,user can handle the data when
needed

2.Broad network access: Broad network access contains configuration for secure remote access,paying
special attention to mobile cloud computing,

3.Scalability or Rapid Elasticity:A system's capacity to manage an increasing volume of work by adding
resources is known as scalability. increase the number of servers or infrastructure in response to
demand, it also offers a significant number of features that satisfy the needs of its clients.When demand
declines, services revert to how they were before.

4Resource pooling: Resource pooling is a multi-client approach for location independence, network
infrastructure pooling, storage systems.This is often used in wireless technologies like a radio
transmission.Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource.

5.Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data and ensure the
privacy of sensitive information.
6.Automation:Automation in cloud computing refers to a cloud service's ability to be installed, configured,
and maintained automatically.
7.Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or organizations) on a
single set of shared resources

8.Flexibility:Cloud computing users can access data or services with internet-enabled devices like
smartphones and laptops.
Challenges and risk
There is no doubt that Cloud Computing provides various Advantages but there are also some security
issues in cloud computing.
1)Security :
As we know that our sensitive data is in the hands of Somebody else, and we don’t have full
control over our database.
So, if the security of cloud service is to break by hackers then it may be possible that hackers
will get access to our sensitive data or personal files.
2)Privacy and trust :
we know that the easiest way to communicate with Cloud is using API(Application
programming interface).
So it is important to protect the Interface’s and API’s which are used by an external user. But
also in cloud computing, few services are available in the public domain and it may be possible
that these services are accessed by some third parties. So, it may be possible that with the help
of these services hackers can easily hack or harm our data.
3)Data lock in and standardization:
Cloud lock-in (also known as vendor lock-in or data lock-in) occurs when transitioning data,
products, or services to another vendor’s platform is difficult and costly, making customers more
dependent (locked-in) on a single cloud storage solution.
Example: AWS, lock-in customers by charging excessive transfer fees to move data out of their
cloud, and other cloud companies
4)Availability:
Organizations are forced to seek additional computing resources in order to keep up with
changing business requirements.
If a Cloud vendor gets hacked or affected, the data of organizations using their services gets
compromised.
5)Fault tolerance:
Fault tolerance in cloud computing means creating a blueprint for ongoing work whenever some
parts are down or unavailable. It helps enterprises evaluate their infrastructure needs and
requirements and provides services in case the respective device becomes unavailable for some
reason.
6)Disaster recovery:
Cloud disaster recovery (CDR) is simple to configure and maintain, to conventional alternatives.
Companies no longer ought to waste a lot of time transmitting data backups from their in-house
databases or hard drive to restore after a tragedy. Cloud optimizes these procedures, decisions
correctly, and information retrieval.
7)Energy efficiency:
Data centres are the backbone of cloud computing which play a crucial role in making cloud
computing successful.
Data centres consist of servers for storing and retrieving data, air conditioners, cables, etc. This
leads to huge emissions of CO2 in the environment.
To provide reliable and load balancing services to consumers worldwide, the cloud service
providers keep the servers ON all the time, which again requires a continuous power supply.
Overloading of the servers leads to a wastage of energy.
Machine Learning:
Machine Learning is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) application that allows machines to learn and improve from
experience automatically.
Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing is defined as the outsourcing technology of computer software, which enables us to access
applications and data remotely.

Cloud computing in Machine Learning:

-cloud computing and machine learning are emerging technologies
- Both technologies play important roles in companies' growth, but they become more powerful together.
-Machine learning makes intelligent machines or software, and on the other hand, cloud computing provides
storage and security to access these applications.
-Machine learning requires a lot of processing power, data storage, and many servers simultaneously to work on an
algorithm.
-Then Cloud computing plays a significant role in providing new servers with pre-defined data and changing
resources over the Cloud (internet).
-Using cloud computing, you can spin up any number of servers you want, work on the algorithm, then destroy the
machines again when complete.
Advantages of Cloud computing in machine learning
1) Inexpensive:
–Machine learning might become expensive if you continue deploying large learning models on your servers.
For this, you will need heavy and costly machinery and expensive GPU(Graphics processing unit) cards.
– You can use cloud computing to avoid these costs and still get storage benefits
– While using the cloud, you only have to pay for the storage amount you use.
2) needs less technical knowledge:
– You might need to deploy or hire a skilled workforce to build, manage and maintain a powerful server.
– but the cloud services themselves take up the task of maintaining the cloud.
– Also, AI can be deployed within a few minutes with the cloud. It scales automatically and eliminates
technical complexity.
3) Easy integration:
– Good cloud services come with software developer kits and APIs that help you embed the functionality of
machine learning directly into applications.
– They also support famous programming languages; thus, you can instantly integrate machine learning with
cloud computing into your workflow.
4) reduces time-to-value:
– Time-to-value is the time a project takes from its inception until you get results from it.
– While this process can take months or even years in traditional machine learning systems, the results are
visible in the cloud within hours or days.
– This is because you can save time that would otherwise be wasted in managing infrastructure, providing
resources, or writing the code.

5) Access to more data:

– With more data, you can enhance the efficiency of your models.
– The cloud provides access to more data than traditional systems.
– With this, machine learning can make better predictions and offer efficient results.

6) Security and privacy:

– Machine learning in cloud computing is highly secure and private because the data is stored in the secure
data center of the cloud.
– The responsibility for the security of the data is on the cloud provider, and the organizations can stop
worrying about building their infrastructure for security.
– Most cloud providers have robust security parameters, such as encryption, that protect your data.