CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 QUESTIONS !!
• How an organization can continuously
flourished despite tons of challenges endlessly
keep crossing their path?
• Or, how can we place a number of eggs inside
a small container without the probability of
the eggs will fall off?
 ANSWER !!
• Those questions might represents a severe
level of understanding but surprisingly the
answer might be the same:
–a good management efforts!
 CLARIFICATIONS
• In order to enhance students’ understanding
on the whole concept of “SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT”, an
overview of each terms will be presented.
• The followings is the guidance flowchart:
THE GUIDANCE FLOWCHART
OVERVIEW OF TERMS:
• MANAGEMENT
• PROJECT
• CONSTRUCTION
• SITE

THEIR INTEGRATION:
• PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
• SITE MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABILITY:
• DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS
• PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

THE INTEGRATION OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

MANAGEMENT WITH SUSTAINABILITY
CHAPTER 1.1

DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT,

PROJECT, CONSTRUCTION AND SITE
OVERVIEWS

MANAGEMENT
 BRIEF HISTORY
• Management practices can be traced back to
the ancient civilization as early as 5000 BC.
• To record any transactions in business,
Sumerian priests of city of Ur Iraq kept written
records.
• They were using papers made of papyrus.
 DEFINITION FROM DICTIONARY
• Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
defines “management” as
controlling/organizing someone(s) or
something(s)
 MANAGEMENT APPROACH
No. Management Approach Description
The importance of management relates to organisations where they exists to achieve
1 Organizational
results
The importance of selecting a proficient means in order to coordinate and control
2 Scientific
work.
The importance of expertise, discipline, and system of rules in management by using
3 Bureaucracy
administration.
The importance of primary deliberation through human psychology and social
4 Human Relation
elements.
5 System The importance of interrelated sub-systems while managing an organisation.
The importance of situational contingencies to select the most suitable structure and
6 Contingency
system of management.
 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN
ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH
Functions Management Scholars’ Point of View
Forecast /
Planning / / / / / / /
Organizing / / / / / / /
Commanding /
Coordinating / /
Motivating /
Staffing / /
Leading / / /
Influencing /
Directing /
Controlling / / / / / / /
 THEREFORE…
• Organizational management became one of the
most important ingredients to determine a
successful organization which consists of two or
more people working together.
• A comprehensive definition of organizational
management is “the attainment of organizational
goals in an effective and efficient manner through
management functions (e.g. planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling) towards organizational
resources”
OVERVIEWS

PROJECT
DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT BY SEVERAL
DISTINGUISHED BODIES
• Project Management Institute (PMI, USA –
through The Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBoK)):
– “a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a
unique product or service”
• temporary means “every project has a definite
beginning and a definite end”
• unique as “the product or service is different in some
distinguishing way from all similar products or services”
DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT BY SEVERAL
DISTINGUISHED BODIES
• Association of Project Management (APM,
UK):
– “project is not an ordinary day-to-day basis, which
requires temporary teamwork from different
parties since specified start to end point, in order
to achieve common goals”
DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT BY SEVERAL
DISTINGUISHED BODIES
• International Project Management Association
(IPMA, Holland – through IPMA Competence
Baseline document):
– “a time and cost constrained operation to realize a
set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill the
project’s objectives) up to quality standards and
requirements”
 THEREFORE…
• A project should have these characterictics:
– Objective(s)
– Defined scope
– Produce something(s)
– Something(s) that unique
– Within temporary time frame
– Consists of several important resources such as time,
budget, manpower, and materials
– May involved a complex environment
– May adopting crossed functional and beyond the
traditional organizational border line
 CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN PROJECT
Scholars’ Point of View
Cost/budget / / / / /
Time/schedule / / / / /
Quality / / / / /
Scope / / / /
Resources / / / / /
Overall client / / /
satisfaction
Keep an /
equilibrium
 THEREFORE…
COST

RESOURCES TIME

SCOPE QUALITY

The Collection of Project’s Critical Components (should be in equilibrium)

 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF PROJECT
PHASES
Project (any) Project (Construction)
Scholars Scholars’ Point of View
Phases 1. Initiation 1. Definition 1. Idea
2. Planning 2. Design 2. Conceptual design
3. Implementation 3. Construction 3. Approval of conceptual design
4. Close-out 4. Preliminary & final design
5. Bid package complete
6. Decision to release for bid
7. Advertise notice to bidders
8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
9. Select contractor
10. Notice to proceed
11. Construction period
12. Inspection & acceptance of project
OVERVIEWS

CONSTRUCTION
 DEFINITION FROM DICTIONARY
• “Construction” is a noun for “building”
• Commonly recognized as “an act to produce
something or product”
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• “Construction” may go through the process of
building something from:
– The scratch, or
– Remodeling, or
– Upgrading an existing product.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• A “construction” process is differing from a
“manufacturing” process although it produces a kind of
product:
– “manufactured” products begin with an initial design and
it will be produced according to the market analysis and
what are the respective customers wanted. Initially, they
will not have a customer until the product is being
displayed on a market shelves.
– “construction” product will started according to the
demand and request by a respective customer, or simply
the client. The process also need to have a feasibility
studies (consists of market survey, design, and so on), but
with the help of input from the client who funded the
project itself
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Any construction is unique, given that it
requires varied:
– construction techniques,
– knowledge,
– skills,
– pattern of relationship between parties,
– and the environment where the particular
construction takes place.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• A construction consists of:
– a collection of activities which need to be
arrange according to:
• the predetermined specification, and
• within a given time frame.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Construction was:
– a complex,
– dynamic, and
– full of uncertainty.
• Every person within the environment (i.e.
construction practitioners):
– need to be managed, and
– their relationship must be kept smooth and
uncluttered.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Additionally, the realm of the construction
industry is deemed to be constantly changing
very fast due to several issues including:
– social,
– economics,
– market forces,
– labour resources,
– emergence of new technologies,
– environmental, and
– government regulations.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Construction phase is commonly prone to cost overruns due
to several well-known problems (i.e. changes, delays, etc.)
which usually followed by changes in contract and claims
(refer following diagram)
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• During the construction phase, contractor
plays a significant role.
• Their contribution may start as early as the
tendering or bidding process until the physical
product is completed as planned.
 IMPORTANT RESOURCES IN
CONSTRUCTION
• 4M’s:
– manpower,
– materials,
– machines, and
– money.
 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF
CONSTRUCTION

Scholars’ Point of Views

Phase 1 Bidding & selecting Bidding Bidding Contracting
Phase 2 Construction Pre-construction Construction Execution
Phase 3 Close-out Construction Inspection & Close-out
acceptance
Phase 4 Close-out Occupancy
OVERVIEWS

SITE
 DEFINITION OF SITE BY SCHOLARS
• Construction site is a place to transform,
exploit and utilize several basic resources such
as manpower, materials, and machines into a
physical product.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• After the selected contractor from the
previous bidding activity was being awarded,
they will be given a notice to proceed with the
actual construction.
• From there on, the particular contractor are
granted an access to a site where the physical
construction works will be commenced.
• Therefore, a site can be considered a place
where a constructed facility will be built.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• A proper site planning is a must, where it will
concurrently support the site operations and
effective flow of resources without
compromising the safety and health needs.
• The substantial generation of money in a
construction site which may determine either
the particular construction will gain profits or
losses
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Thus it requires a significant attention on the:
– efficiency,
– productivity, and
– quality.
• Especially on two essential activities which
are:
– the materials and equipments handling, and
– the workforces’ skills in utilizing those resources
to produce the end product.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW…
• Site activities need to be defined concisely in
order to manage all resources efficient and
effectively towards achieving the construction
goals.
CHAPTER 1.2

PROJECT MANAGEMENT,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND
SITE MANAGEMENT
OVERVIEWS

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
 DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
• “the application of knowledge, skills, tools,
and techniques to project activities in order to
meet or exceed stakeholder needs and
expectations from a project” (PMI, USA)
• Where meeting the stakeholders’ needs and
expectations consist of balancing the involved
resources with their requirements.
 DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
• “the way of managing change, where there
are activities inside the project to meet
specific objectives and can be used to
introduce or improve new or existing products
and services” (APM, UK)
 DEFINITIONS OF PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
• “A set of methods and approaches toward
project’s resources to achieve established
goals through a series of activities” (Scholars)
Level of Efforts in Project Management
• It varies between the life cycle of a project
 THE PROJECT MANAGER
• Project Manager is usually the leader
throughout the whole project lifecycle.
• Their roles and tasks generally surrounds:
SOME OF THE PROJECT MANAGER’S
ROLES
 SUMMING UP…
• Project management requires the inclusion of
important management functions (e.g.
planning, organizing, coordinating, leading,
and controlling) in order to accomplish the
organizational goals in an effective and
efficient manner by exploiting project’s critical
components (i.e. time, cost, quality, scope,
and resources) throughout their entire life
cycle.
 SUMMING UP…
Summary of several characteristics and approach to PM

No. Characteristics Details Approaches Leads by

1 Period Have defined start and end Need to be managed properly
2 Product/service One of its kind According to client’s
requirements
3 Critical Time, cost, quality, scope, resources Need to be balance and in
components equlibrium Project
4 Resources Money, manpower, material, Need to be managed properly Manager
machines
5 Environment Complex, uncertain Inclusion of risk management,
change management, etc.
6 Phases From idea to acceptance of project Need to be managed properly
 THE OVERALL LIFE CYCLE OF A
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
MANAGEMENT Construction Project’s Life Cycle

2 4 6 8 10
12
1

3 5 7 9 11

Legends: Process

1. Idea 7. Advertise notice to bidders

2. Conceptual design 8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
3. Approval of conceptual design 9. Select contractor
4. Preliminary & final design 10. Notice to proceed
5. Bid package complete 11. Construction period
6. Decision to release for bid 12. Inspection & acceptance of project
OVERVIEWS

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 DEFINITIONS OF CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT (ADOPTED FROM THE
CIOB, UK)
They dividing the comprehensive explanation into six sections:

Sections Construction Management is:

1 management of the development, conservation and improvement of the built environment;
exercised at a variety of levels from the site and project, through the corporate organisations of the
2
industry and its clients, to society as a whole;
embracing the entire construction value stream from inception to recycling, and focussing upon a
3
commitment to sustainable construction;
4 incorporating a wide range of specialist services;
guided by a system of values demonstrating responsibility to humanity and to the future of our planet;
5
and
6 informed, supported and challenged by an independent academic discipline.
 CONSTRUCTION MANAGER’S ROLES
AND TASKS
CONSTRUCTION PHASE BOUNDARY

PLANT / MACHINERY
STAFF MATERIALS LABOUR SUB-CONTRACTORS
/ EQUIPMENT

COMPUTER & I.T. (for RESOURCES

CO ADMINISTRATION CO
general and construction
NS NS
specific applications)
TR TR
UC UC
GENERAL PRE-CONSTRUCTION
TI OVERALL TIO
O THE CONSTRUCTION
ESSENTIAL N
N CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CLOSEOUT & PH
PH COMPETENCY AS
AS MANAGER TASKS HANDOVER
E
E BO
BO UN
U RESPONSIBLE TO
CONSTRUCTION RESPONSIBLE THIRD PARTIES, MAIN DA
N RY
D
CONTRACT FOR / CONTRACTOR,
ADMINISTRATION OBJECTIVES CLIENT, CLERK OF
AR
Y WORK, DESIGN TEAM

SAFETY MONEY QUALITY TIME ENVIRONMENT

CONSTRUCTION PHASE BOUNDARY

 SUMMING UP…
Summary of several characteristics and approach to CM

No. Characteristics Details Approaches Leads by

1 Period Have defined start and end Need to be managed properly
2 Product/service One of its kind, unique According to client’s
requirements
3 Critical Time, cost, quality, scope, resources Need to be balance and in
components equlibrium
Construction
4 Resources Money, manpower, material, Need to be managed properly
Manager
machines
5 Environment Complex, uncertain, demanding Inclusion of risk management,
change management, etc.
6 Phases From bidding to acceptance of Need to be managed properly
project
 THE OVERALL LIFE CYCLE OF A
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Legends: Process

1. Idea 7. Advertise notice to bidders

2. Conceptual design 8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
3. Approval of conceptual design 9. Select contractor
4. Preliminary & final design 10. Notice to proceed
5. Bid package complete 11. Construction period
6. Decision to release for bid 12. Inspection & acceptance of project
OVERVIEWS

SITE MANAGEMENT
 WHAT IS SITE MANAGEMENT
• Site management involves a combination of
site activities which mainly the organization of
turning necessary resources into a finished
product
 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE
MANAGEMENT
• An excess of working loads and hours.
• A number of conflicting parties to deal.
• Usually leads by the Site Manager.
 SITE MANAGER’S ROLES AND TASKS
Visiting consultants, Take-off, schedule & requisition, Recruitment, dismissal, inter-site Schedules and requisitions, supplier liaison Assist tendering and selection process, issue
site/trade foreman, Supplier liaison, weekly records, liaison/transfer, supervision, direction & and correspondence, weekly hire records information/variations, co-ordination, liaison or works,
trainees, site site use, stock checks, storage of motivation, weekly and monthly records, and time sheets, site use and control, meeting, initiate general correspondence, progress
supervisors. materials. approve wages, prepare working maintenance of contractor’s plants & monitoring, administer quotations, claims and payments,
sketches. equipment. site measurements etc.

STAFF MATERIALS LABOUR PLANT SUB-CONTRACTORS

Public, Local
Authorities, Police.
Site setting out, lines &
levels, datums,
benchmarks, signage. RESOURCES
SURVEY THIRD PARTIES
WORKS
Site dairies, check
drawings, maintain all Service
site records, filing & ADMINISTRATION THE SITE RESPONSIBLE TO Departments,
correspondences. SUNDRIES CONTRACTOR Contracts Manager.
MANAGER
Directors
PRE-
CONSTRUCTIO CLIENT, CLERK-OF
N WORKS & DESIGN
RESPONSIBLE FOR TEAM
Survey existing site condition, Site photograph, design temporary site layout, master
programme, forecasting & scheduling resources, requirements for meetings, scheduling for Query list, variations, day work sheets, confirm verbal instructions, co-
meetings, planning for temporary buildings & site mobilisation. ordination, liaison of works, meetings, initiate general correspondence, reports.

SAFETY MONEY QUALITY TIME ENVIRONMENT

Risk assessment, site safety audits, health & Appraisals, weekly & monthly cost Prepare & check snag list, supervision, Long/medium/short term programmes, monitoring & Controlling activities to minimise
safety equipments, health & safety control, assist valuation, claims & recording of tests, record performance, recording progress, schedules for information the impact to the environment,
records/audits, health & safety administration. payments. and quality administration. requirements, planning & progress meetings materials re-use, site run-off, silt
trap, waste, storm water, etc.
 SUMMING UP…
Summary of several characteristics and approach to SM

No. Characteristics Details Approaches Leads by

1 Period Have defined start and end Need to be managed properly
2 Product/service One of its kind, unique According to client’s
requirements
3 Critical Time, cost, quality, scope, resources Need to be balance and in
components equlibrium
Site
4 Resources Money, manpower, material, Need to be managed properly
Manager
machines
5 Environment Complex, uncertain, demanding Inclusion of risk management,
change management, etc.
6 Phases From notice to proceed to Need to be managed properly
acceptance of project
THE OVERALL LIFE CYCLE OF A SITE
MANAGEMENT

Legends: Process

1. Idea 7. Advertise notice to bidders

2. Conceptual design 8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
3. Approval of conceptual design 9. Select contractor
4. Preliminary & final design 10. Notice to proceed
5. Bid package complete 11. Construction period
6. Decision to release for bid 12. Inspection & acceptance of project
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

CONCLUSION
 WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED !!
• By knowing briefly the terms associated with
Project Management, Construction
Management, and Site Management, you
gained an insight of their:
– Definition,
– Concept,
– Scope/boundary,
– Some characteristics, and
– Some principles.
 WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED !!
• The advantages of knowing the previous
knowledge:
– You might knew the suitable application of
sustainable approach throughout the overall
phases of construction project.
– (Anything???)
WHOLE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
LIFECYCLE

Legends: Process

1. Idea 7. Advertise notice to bidders

2. Conceptual design 8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
3. Approval of conceptual design 9. Select contractor
4. Preliminary & final design 10. Notice to proceed
5. Bid package complete 11. Construction period
6. Decision to release for bid 12. Inspection & acceptance of project
 WHOLE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
LIFECYCLE ( + AFTER HANDING OVER)
Construction Project Management Facilities Management
Construction Management
Site Management

Construction Decommissioning
Planning Design Procurement Site activities Handover
Liability period
started