sfoundation ception is

suitable drainage.
the
sub-surface
called roads. of
road
cerning
maintenance roads. of
collection, oneshortwater
The The road known surfaceGENERAL
ItDRAINAGE TheROAD
8.1.drainage In of
sub-surface
main andprocess side also intervals,
the in The.
as surface process this
to as
road the and
dry removaldrains includes water road stability
object chapter, removalmajor subgrade
systems foundation
as ofand drainage drainage, is
drainage. interception is of undesirable
possible of of
interception within causes
called the removing we and of
roadsub-soil or road
subgra and shallso
the disposalis of any bed
drainageso surface their as very the
de. rigkt-of and study pavements
remainin
andother
as water (collection) and to
252 to necessity essential road
controlling have
about dangerousof layer
maintain through isdrainage,
diversion surface
to way pavement ofdry can
basic all for
keep in
and of condition, the
suitable and the knowledge th e th e proper because only
its the of a and road
stability. dive design
important Drainage
Road
surface
the access,
road failure. be
road rsion
sub-surface sub-surface
designwater,pavement,
it
maintained
process and is The
surface water is of about Thus
of maintenance and Considered
water called surface topics entrance
of
through ditferent adequate eficien even if
and drams inter COn theit
D
from road and ae of foe

the of due
to pat the
ub-soi disinte twell." reducti matmentestris
(vi), (v)(iiü) (t) (i) (i) SC() ()
ks ar
 ROAD DRAINAGR
good drainage system is 253
3 o Thus, a essential
portation with minimum maintenance cost. for eficient bighyay trans-
8.1.1. Modes of water penetration
into road structure -The
modes of water
ingarethe diferent follow-
penetration into the road structure
fig. 8-l) ;
(see Surface water from the top
() poor pavement surface of pavement by
racks andSurface water from sides of
percolation througb
() the
Sub-soil water from
underside pavement.
of the
pavement by capillary
rise. Sub-soil water From sides of
(i) Intercepted the pavement.
(0) water due to overflooding of
works.
cross drainage
PIRECT PENETRATION
THROUGN CRACKS
SURFACS FLOW

CAPILLARY tsEEPAGE
FROM SHOULDERS
ed if their WATER TABLE
ntrance of WATER, TABLE (HICHEST IN RAINS)
even for
nsideredd as 5TO 200 EARTHEN WARE LCROSS GRAVEL-ORBRIcK
SoompOROUS PIPES OPEN JOINTED DRAIN BALLASF CUSHA
as efficient rlMPERVIOUS LAYER
ce water, SWATER TABLE(LOWEST IN SUIME)
d adequate

opics con MODBS OF WATER PENETRATION INTO ROAD STRUCTURE

t ditferent Flg. &-1
aintenance 8.1.2. Il effects of water entring the pavement structure on subgrade
lerials :-The following are the ill effects of water entering the pave
icat structure on subgrade materials :
) Tbe water
and
oad teduction in bearing entering
strength ofthesubgrade
road pavement causes softening and
materials.
) Itcauses mud pumptng in rigid pavements.
Vofrom V) It causes the clayey masses of the road bed to Cxpand.
vell, t causes the black cotton soil forming the subgrade material to
r through w It Causes the sand loam to retain moisture by capillary'actiou.
of inter (pi) the peat loam to loose its cohesion which inally
causes
Lce drains

ce and its
inpavement
tB.egr1a.3tes Necessity
with increase of
of roadmoisture.
drainage -The surface water may enter
structure from top, bottom or sides due to percolation. The
Mb-s0il water may find its access to the pavement subgrade from bottom
capillary rise.
the Toad bedentering
The water the' pavment
to expand., Expansionstructure
in thecauses the clayey
soil mass of the mass
bed
Por details, refer to art. 9.2.4 (d).
 Allconseqent
causes may factors
causes of
road considerable
pave.
pavement macadam,
ofExcess
strength of in in andThis point, top and watert
pavements. cause of efficiencyfollow bavedralnroav wala toWater
masses
result formed
weight unprotected maintenance
adequate
capacity.and and
the
causes slopes.freezing
may sub-soi! :-The to the ansurfaceshoul
should
also
It also provision as have
cutting thethus bearing
causes sometimes
bound clayey are rigid structure
the
so
into surface
cutting
Water
result
into in
of subgrade. side and system, pavement the
bearing
water the
corrugationsincreaseto
slopes. out an system camber
: percolatealso
action. in the subgrade
salt in(ü) in of proper system
in
strength reaches washing etc. of surface off the
or
pavement. necessitate reduction
moisture may pumping mass should or
soil, causes pavement provision drainagedrainage drain allow
erosion.
its embankment
the
pavenent causes slides, suficjent
road
the which side and increased. drainage to embankment
in
soil soil often of
stabilized and to to
or and
DRAINAGEdecrease
ROADJreezing of
decrease
bearing content mud of causes
land removal the it pavements
road which the strength thefailure
contents design as asor
waves
considerably failure. tbe
temperature efficientroad with
allowing
causes of the road so soruts
the in alsoslopes, considerably system,
entering
in
whether its content
water like mojsture strength
of entering factors,
quickthe good provided slopes Compacted
of drainage, moisture
pavement gocd road cross
tosoit
due shattering poor materials also reason road
bank in
and
a without roadsides,
subgrade
water siides.
slopes the
the
to in
pavement.
of foressential
adequate of a
drainage cross
of
causing
of in expand This where
water
of these of
Requirements suriace of road
place due main
to inreduction drainage be requirements properslopes well
of landare entrance increase poor
leadincrease
erosion drainage
can water shoulders Without
the
and following fail1 bed
taketheeffccts bank lexible
pavements. of road
theplaces all goodtop and
into to to failure.
pavement
to very
Considering an road side
towards
of. up likety
course bed
defects as action roads,
simultaneously the Poor surface witb
inpervious flat
alsO of result The The Due The considered road With a
ill breaking
sofeniug At become a In The top The sideways
erosionThe :drainage the
road to
of of 8.1.4the
pavement. sufficjently
254 may these also (i) isment base (i) (iy) these(9) (vi)frostdamage (vii)Burface eficient life are (i) tbe (ii)pervious
roads.
effectively
(ii)
of. etc. All the has and ing an
is of flow
 ROAD DRAINAGB 255
apacialsoty.canseA () The side drains should have
fo carry away the
colected watersufficient
without
capacity and Jongitudinai
overfowing.
ing and () Where the topography of the area is such
Rards the road way, intercepting drains of adequatethat the water flows
constructed parallel to the road but outside th capacity should be
sion of road ater of the outer area. road limit to in'ercept
(vi There should be adequate arrangement for sub-surface drainage
he that the highest level of ground water table should remain preferably
pavemeat
hus the pave. 12m below the level of subgrade.
(vi) Seepage and other sTurces of underground water, if,any,
ing strengh
nå macadam,
should be tapped and the water shou!d be drained of by sub-surface
drains.
(vit) In water-logged areas, special measures should be taken
yey masses of especially, if saltsare present or if flooding of water is likely to occur.
imes result in (() All drainage structures should be of adequate design to drain
of water immediately without overfiooding.
are formed in
dpavements. 8.2ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Road drainage systems, adopted for removing and controlling the
n weight and surface and sub-_oilwater, enteriag the pa vement structure, are grouped
slopes. This into the follówing heads -
1, Surface drainage ;
2. Sub-surface drainage ;
eezing point, 3. Cross drainage.
3re may cause
82.1. Surface drainage :-The system of collection and disposal of
nprotected top surface water within right-of-way of aroad is called surface drainage.
This system consists in allowing the surface water to flow from the
pavement surface without percolation into theembankment shoulders and then
adequateand down the enbankment slope when the road is in ground line as or in side
Sub-soil water is on shown
aintenanceof drains when the road is in cutting or when itfirst collected in Jongitudinal
in igs. 8-7 (a) and (b). The surface water is
the efficiency uitable side drajns, which is. then disposed off in the nearest stream,
valley, etc
-Thefollow drainage :-The following steps are
Method of providing surfacedrainage
aken to provide effective surface on roads :
atshouldhave
() Providing animpervious type or of road surfacing.
to
drain
sufficient camber superelevation as desired and
as
into
sSO the road 0) Providing
adequate gradient to the road surface.highways impervious and providing
bayeani t ) Making shoulders of rural
drains.
e surfacewale side slope towards side
them properProtecting side .slopes from erosion by properiy rounding of
)
ingshould
bo
urface Watero
tdges and also by turfing. cmbankment
road
process of growing grass on side slopes of a
alledTfing
The
turfing. oor sodding.
 moisture. In
remedy is to F
ROAD DRAINAG8
236 than 12 m.
less
cut
() Keeping beight of the road embankment atleast
or in
1:2 m level
the highest flood level of the area.
oi) Providing side drains on one or both the sides
above watertable.

faignment of the road. according

to
the
The sub-so
oreemethods -
Providing intercepting draius when the slope of the
area(vii)
the road but outside the right-of-way as shown in fig. 8-7 (6).
surrounding
is towards the road. Such drains should be constructed parallel 6 () By m
drain pipe and
8.2.2. Sub-surface drainage :-The system of collectionand Fon cOnstructed.
f sub-soil woter from nderside ofa road pavement is called sab-surfa As shown in
drainage or sub-soildrainage.
required loweri
The function of sub-surface drainage is to control the
content of the road subgrade. moisture ofthese drains
This system consists in first controlling the free water. This as
be done by intercepting surface water before it enters the road s
grade. The second step is to reduce the **capillary moisture. Thit
achieved by providing sub-surface drains to lower the ground water tab
or by providing a granular subgrade.
Sub-surface drainage system is recommended under the folowine
conditions
(i) When the road is through a flat country and the ground water
table is considerably high (less than 12 m below the road subgrade).
(ti) When the road is in cutting and there is considerable seepage
through the side slopes.
(iiü)) When there is danger of rise of moisture to the pavement
structure due to capillary rise even if the under-ground water table is
sufficiently low. SUB-SU
(iv) When the pavement structure is subjected to the action of
spring.
() When the road is at the foot of a hill and the water there from
mayseep into the road subgrade. Suitabilit
Methods of providing sub-surface drainage :The following are the perceable.
metbods of sub-surface drainage adopted under different situations : (iü) By prc
(a) Lowering the water table ;
(b) Control of seepage flow;
trenches :-Int
trenches below
(c). Control of capillary rise. igs. 8-3 && 8-4.
(a) Lowering the water table -The highest level of ground water
table should be atleast I2 m below the level of ròad subgrade so that
placedof with opa
bed
the subgrade and the pavement layers are not 'subjected to excessiYo sand,arecr
drain pipes
*Free water :-The water which orig1nates under the pavement due to SP
action or has penetrated the pavement structure due to perviousness of the
knówn as
and are laidMit
Surface iscalled free water or gravlty water.

ot
4*Capilary moisturei-The particles of water drawn due to capillary,
action.
soil particles from free water or saturated strata, lying below the road subgrau
is known as copillary noisture.
iagonally towa
 ROAD DRAINAGB 257
moisture. In plains,
where the súb-soil water table is bigh, the best
remedy is to provide the road formation in embankment of height not
"2 m above lesstban 1:2 m. When the road
furnation is to be
or in cutting, then it becomes es3sentialto provided at ground
lower the sub-soil
water table.
rding to the The sub-soil water table cin bs lowered by any one of the
following
surroundi
parallel ntog
nree methods :
() By merely constructing tongitudinal side drains (Jelly type) with
and removal drain pipe and flter bed :-In this method, jelly type side drains are
These drains are provided with drain pipe and filter bed
Sab-surface
he moisture
constructed.
9s shown in fig. 8-2. The,depth of drainage trenches depends on the
required loweriag of the sub-soil water table. The cTnstructional detail
of these drains is illustrated in fig. 8-2)
e roadThis can
sub
re.

ROAD PAVEMENT

(MIN. L.2m) LAY S EAL.

2IGINAL GROUNDWAIER48LE. -FILTER
MATERIAL
DG seepage WEWWATERCRAI!;S
TABLE DUE-Ot:
LONSITUDINAL
DRAIN PIPE

he pavement
vater table is SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE WITH SIDE DRAINS (JELLY TYPE)
WITH DRAIN PIPE AND FILTER BED
he action of Fig. 8-2
is more
er there from Suitabilitr :-This method is only suitable when the soil
permeable.
to longitudinal drainage
() By providing transverse drains in additionpipes. are provYded .in
nches;-Inthis method, longitudinal drain shown in
the specified depth as
cnes below the pavement struct ure at vitrified clay and are
igs. 8-3 &8-4. The pipes are usually made of
agaiast each other. They are Jaid on a
placed with open joints butting
The longitudinal
ground water
AOf sand, crushéd stone or clay bed 150 mm thick. transerse drains,
or
grade so that
d to exCessive drain pipes are 15Q to 200 mm in diameter.areCross
60 to 100 mm in
diameter
known as Mitre drains' or French drains",
tospring the centre of the road, sloping 1in 50
nt due theroad and are laid cross-wise from distance between
The
fig. 8-3.
Dess of
capillary action.
neroadsubgrade
dlagonal y towards the flow as shown in
 260 ROAD DRAINAGE
t ewhe
where maximum sub-soil water table lies just below the drains is
subgrade. fOad from the
(ii) By providing
slopes of cuting
perforated pipes or open fointed drains along
in addition to long1tudinal side dratns (see fig. 8-5) -side
structure
this method, perforated pipes or open-jointed drains are provided al. ()
construct
the sideslopes of cutting to prevent water seeping through the side
slopes and thus the erosion of side slopes is preveited. The detail stream.
construction of perforated pipes or open jointed drains is surfaceo
in âg. 8-5. il ustrates less impo
shortinte
A cr
with the
pwrERCEPTING. natíon w
DRAIN fermed
WATIR ded below
To guard
are constr
as showWn
PIPE

OREN JOINTED POROUS

sONTUoA0
DRAIN

LPIPES SLOPED AWAY |NEW WATER

FROM CENTRE TABLE

A
DRAINAGE OF SIDE SLOPES IN CUTTING
BY PROVIDInG PERFORATED PIPES ALovG SIDE SL.OPESOF THE
CUTTING IN ADDITION TOLONGITUDINAL SIDE DRAINS
Fig. 8-5
Suitability :-This method is suitable when the road is in cutting
and where the sub-soil water table is higher than the top surface of the
pavement.
(b) Control of the seepage flow :-Seepage flow is likely to exist
when the ground as well as the
ing. This 'system of sub-surface impervious starta, 1ying below, are slop
drainage is required particularly in cast
of bill roads This will be discussed in detail in art. 8.4 2.
(c) Control of capillary rise :--When there is danger of rise be
moisture to the road subgrade due to capillary a
cbecked by any one of the following two methods : rise, the same may
(Ú) By providing a capillary tut- off, consisting of a thick layer
coarse material like gravel between the sub-soil water table
subgrade. and the roa
(ü) By .providing an impermeable membranb!ween the sub-soil
water table and tbe road subgrade,
8.2.3. Cross dralnage : --The system of disposing the water colleced
wiuverdtbtWhen
). less
in side drains or tiat of ths ntural streams across a road is Knownas
cro_s drainage. Dipe The
culvertcc
This system consists in providing a suitable cross drainage structure When
, the
in the form of cause ways "scuppers, culverts, minor bridges, major bridges,
Tarher de
*For details, refer lo art. 8.4.3.
Englne ring
 IAD RAINAGE 261
ete, whee streams Lave to
dralne iis to be taken tos the roadjor when the
)
ACrOss water from side
from the road to # Water tie road jn order to dívert the
cours or same away
del alongo
Ihe aides
iructures
U)
Are briely
CauwwayyThese
diseussed below valley These cross
drainage
detail constructed with their floorareeither
mbmersil le brldyes which are
Aream, In their fsh or little generally
l ustrated ace of road case, the high flood
Ies importancepavement
short intervals in a year.
(ee fig.
for passing a large-6).
discharge above the bed of the
They are always passes
provided on
over the
quantity of water across the roads of
Aeruseway may consist
road for
with the bed of stream withoutofaconcrete slab with its top level
any opening underneath or in combi flush
nation with wnder drains or scuppers.
termed as flush causeway gr meial dlipandIf ifno opening is provided, it is
ded belowthe 1vad slab, it is known as low there is any opening provi
Toguard against scour andto protcct the level causeway or Irish bridge.
flooring, dwarf
are constructed, both on upstream
as shown in fig. 8-6 (b). (0/S) and downstreamcurtain walls
(D/S) sides

APAROKCH
APPROACH
THE ROAD. ROAD

in ía) Longitud1nalSection
STONE TOPPING
RIVER AROAD WIDTH-) BED

SLAB
US DWARF/ FOUNDATIONW
WALL DIs DWARF WALL
(b) S:ctíon at AB
layer of FLUSH CAUSEWAY
the road Fig. 8-6
When a smai1stream crosses a roadwith linear water way (horizontal
sub-soil ath) less than 6 m, the cross drainage structure provided is known a
dvert.
collected The common types of culverts in useare :-Slah culvert, arch muvert.
Pipe culvert and box culvert.
known as
When the linear waterway of stream crossing the road is moretun
Structure
the cross drainage structure provided is known as bridge. For
-bridges, furtber details of culverts and bridges, refer to any book on 'Bridge
agineering.
 262 ROAD DRAINAGE

8.3. SIDE ORAINS

The drains provided parallel to the road for collecting and
ieface water are kno enas side drains. disposing
They are usually trapezoidal -in section, cut into ordinary soit
suita ble distance parallel to the road. When ths road is in
of enbarkmnt 2s sbown in fig. 8-7 (a). In case of cut ting,embankment
the distance of side drains should not be less than 185 m from the t , SIDE SL
these dra:
AOUNDE
e provided justafier the edges of shoulders as shown in ig 8-7 (b). WD PR
The various side drains, usually provided for surface drainage ot TURE
roads, are mainly classifed into the following two groups
1. Open drains ;
2. Closed drains.
8.3.1. Open drains-Tbe side drains constructed
with
cut 2ny fller material andremain open to view are known as open drain
(see fig. &-7).
These drains are usually provided parallel to roads in rural areas
wtea tte desigaed depth of side drains is less and the road is subjected These d
to ligbt trafic.
But these dra
The fnction of open side drains is to of having des
The open drains. in plain area are generally collect the surface water.
in section as showa in igs. 8-7 (a and b). They are trapezoidal or triangular tbe traffic is
depth so that the sub-soil water, if any, having sufficient 8.3.2.
into tbem. Tie bed width of such a fromn drain
the road bed can be drained
known os clo.
dep:h 150 mm to 500 mm, depending uponvaries from 0:5 to I m and
These drains should be so designed that the topography of the arca. These
them remains ateast 250 mm below the road bedmaximum water level in
in cutting as shown io
trafic in ru
fz 8-7 (b). For open side drains 8-9.
in hilly area, refer to art. 8.4.1.
ROAD PAVEMENT
These dr
these are neit
PROVIDED WITH
CAMBER Closed d
OPEN TYPE DRAIN SHOULDER (a) Jell
OR DITCH (6) Dra
BOUNDARY
FONE n1 654 (a) Jell
are known as
SIDE SLOPE WITH ROUNDEL
150fo LEDGES AND PROVIDED Theseof de
the depth
500m
LosTo1orim
PERMAWENT LAND WIDTH
WITH TURFING
trafic
OR RIGHT OF WAY
than Jelly open dra(
(a) A Road Section in
Side Drain Embankment inshowing an Open Type Grbotationms inof suc
(Trapezoidal Section)
Fis -7 Cond
layer of grav
Provided
 263
INTEAEPTINK3
DRAIN ORIGINAL
gand disposing ROAD PAVEMENT
GROUND LINE \PRovIDED WITH CAMBER
SHOrLDER
dinary soil at a
1embankment,
300TO380 m Min 250 m m
mfrom
g, thesetbe toe
drains SAOE SLOPE, WIH ORIGINAL GROUND
ig. 8-7 (b). AUwDED tDGES WATER TABLE OPEN TYPE
ace drainage of
AND PAOVVDED WIH LOWERED GROUND
WATER TABLE SIDE DRAIN OR
TURANG! DItCH
PERMANENT LAND WIDTH
OR RIGHT C WAY
(6) A Road Section in Cutting
ructed Side Drain (Triangularshowing an
in Section)Open Type
with
as open drains OPEN TYPE SIDE DRAINS
Fig. 8-7
s in rural
areas
ad is subjected These drains can be cheaply and easily constructed and maintained.
Bnt these drains provide an ugly look and prove very dangerous because
surface water. of having deep excavations. Open drains are, therefore, undesirable where
l or triangular tbe traffic is heavy.
ving suf'cient 83.2. Closed drains :-The side drains covered at their top are
can be drained Inown os closed drains.
35 to I m and
y of the arca. These drains are provi led parallel to the road subjected to heavy
water level in trafic in rural area as well as in urban area as shown in igs. 8-8 and
gas shown in 8-9.
. 8.4.1.
These drains are costly and difficult to construct and maintain. But
VEMEN these are neither dangerous nor provide an ugly look.
ER
Closed drains are further divided into the following iwo types i
(a) Jelly drains ;
(6) Drains provided with C.I. gratings.
(0) Jelly drains :-The closed drains filled with filter material
are kaown as jelly drains (see Alg 8-8).
a road in rural area when
gese drains are usually provided alongroad
ROUNDEL is subjected to heavy
tpth of drains required is more and the
-iDED| trafic
Jelly are usually trapezoidal in section and may bein Jeeper
than drains
open ype side drains. The ilter miterial is flled these
increases towards the
drains in such a manner that the particle size
having 150 mm thick
Contd.
bottom
layer of ofgravel
the drain,
(35 to 6)
These
mm
drains
size) at
may]
the
or
be
base as shown in fig. 8-8
open jointed glazed pipe
(4)
at
provided with2 a 110 mn perforated
 ROAD DRAINAGE
264
lesdthr
the bottom. The pipe is generally half embeded in the clay bed of th As
sho

drain as shown in fig. 8-8 (b).

VELLY YP
SiDE DRAIN
DE SIOPE FROvIDED ROAD
PAVEMENT
W/T TURF,NG

SAND
LLTH
L4YERS OF GRAVEL (6 ro35m m SRL)
`YeEM WITH LARGER SI2ES
AT BOTTOM

150 m ORAVEL 35 TO 60 mm

(a) Road Section showing a Jelly Drain without perforated Pipe

An
TROAD PAVEMENT service
PROVIDED WITHCAMBR (oads co
SHOUL DER 1.

3.
cORIGINAL GROUNDWATER TASLE
causes Cr
LoWERED GROUND slides. or
WATER TABLE therefore
110mm 0IA PERIORATED efficient
PIPE OR OPEN JOINVIED
GLAZED PIPE (HALF EM BEDEO
IN CLAY BED)
following
(i)
(6) Road Section showing a (ii)
Jclly withDrain Perforated Pipe (iü)
. Suitahility
JELLY TYPE SIDE DRAINS
Fig. 8-8 rroviding
by constr
of side drains is:-These drains are usually preferred when more deptn The ;
hill roads
in rural areas. required in crder to lower down the sub-soil water level (a)
(6) Drains
longirudinal drains provided .with gratings :-These are under ground (6)
which are
These drains collect the usually (a)
areas.
constructed
surlace water and along
urbad
a road in same from the
to an under-ground seer,
Water, draincd from the
then convey the drains.runm
Toad
longitudinal direction between pavement
gratings provided aver them. The flows
the
down
surface, is carried forward io
short distances. The water then kerb and the road pavement for
pitsthroughis
water thus into catch catch
Tecomne
otmThethat s
pits
collected in
tmergency
 ROAD DRAINAGE 265
of the tead through an under-ground longitudinal drain pipe into a storm sewer
as shown in fig. 8-9.

KENB
çFO0T PATH ROAD PAVEME NT
GRTING

MAN HOLE OR
CATCH PT
LONGITUDINAL
DRAIN PIPE C.CONC. BED

DRAIN PROVIDED WITH GRATING

Fig. 8-9

84 ORAINAGE OF HILL ROADS

An adequate and effective drainage is very essential for better
service and less maintenance cost of hill roads. The drainage of hill
Foads consists of the followiDg systems :
1. Surface drainage;
|. Controlling seepage floW;
3. CroSs drainage.
1. Surface drainage :-In the case of hill roads, surface water
Causes eTosion tothe road surface and hill sides and may result in land
slides. or slips. A proper arrangement for drainage of surface water is,
therefore, of utmost importance to prevent erosion and land slides. An
cicient net work of surface drainage systemn of a hill road consists of the
following works, already illustrated in figs. 7-8 (a and b): -
() Providing side drains.
(ii) PrÍviding catch water drains or iFtercepting drains
(iii) Stabilizing the hill slopes by any suitable method such as
Tiding aiequateside slope, benching, gravel pitching, cement grouting or
ipe ty constructing breast walls.
The following drainage structures are required for surface drainage of
more depth (a) Side drains ;
Water level
(6) Catch water drains or intercepting drains.
provided to carry rain water
(a) Side drains --These drains are sloping
ler ground side of the hill. These
O the surface of road and also from of the roadway
dinurban sides only where the
sa me
s may be provided on both case of side cutting, such drains are
ythe rUns in througb cutting. In road.
OTAmeded only on one side, usually on the hill side of the
forward in be side drains, provided in case of hill roads, should be of such a
vehicle get into any drain in
avement for
t that even if wheels of a moving come out of that drain easily.
pitsthrough the same should be able to
catch pitsis Cerency,
 266 ROAD DRAINAGE
bekeptmini
The various forms of side drains being used in case of hill
given below -
() Angle drains ;
rooads are througbther
8.4 2.
tbe i
wellas
flowislikel
(i) Saucer drains ;
from t
(i) Krb and channel drains. 09 miow.
page
All these forms of side drains are illustrated in fig. the
minimum depth of tbese drains should be 30 cn. 8-10. is Thevo
Where there atfot of
orbreast wa
formation, the side drains should be suitably lined or provided also be prov
Stone pitching. The water fronn these side dra ins is collected in with shown in fig
pits and dìverted across the road through suitable cross drainage cach
providcd at convenient intervals.
-HLL SLOPE
ROAD AILL SLOPE
PAVEMENT -ROAD PAVEMENT
45CI

TA

(a) Angie Draii (b) Saucer Drain

NILL SLOPE
ROAD NERS
PAVEMENT 45Cm
23
8.4.3.
essen tial fe
STONE OR drains and
CONCRETE SLABS 30ce
cross drainz
(c) Krb and Channel Drain system pre
IYPES OF SIDE DRAINS ALONG HILL ROADS surface. T
Fig. 8-10
-also heips
drains.
(b) Ca:ch wat.r Cross
drains:-These drains
are
cepting drains. One or more catch water drainsalso known as ine according te
up the bill side, parallel to the road as shown in igs.are7-8provided
(a
bige (a) S
&-12. and b) s
Tbe function of providing catch water drains is to intercept the las
quantity of surface water which is likely to come on to the roadfrs M
the hill side. These drains thus prevent heavy rush of water od totàe
road which may otherwise cause land slides or slips, They also hei (a) S
reducing the size of side drains, openings
level. Theo
These drains are generally 0-9 mx09 min section and shouldo the form
be located closer than 45 m from the road edge.
oudey
provided to
The flow in catch water drains is very rapid and hence shoub breast *Weep
wal l,
must bs provided at suitable intervals. The slope of these drains These holes
12mcentres
11l rOaàs are ROAD DRAINAGB
be kept minimum to control high velocity with 'which water usually flows
267
through them.
842. Controlling seepage flow -When the general ground as
ell astbe impervious strata lying underncath are sloping, the
seepage
low is likely to exist. If the seepage zone is at a depth less than 06 to
09 m from the surface of pavement, it is desirable to intercept the see
S-10. is The
there soft
page flow. For controlling seepa_e low, sub-surface drains are provided
at fo ot of the hill slope as illustrated in fig. 8-11. When retaining walls
ovided
1ed in wi
catchth
ot breast walls are to bé constructed along ahill road, *weep hles should
also be provided in these walls to allow drainage of seepaje flow, already
chown in fig. 7-7.

HILL SLOPS
-GIDE DRAIN
-CLAV SEAL ROAD
PAVEMENT
EXIS
WATER
TING
TABLE
FIL TER MATERUL
PRAIN OR PERFORATED PIPE
REDKED WATER TABLE
APERVINS LAYER
CONTROL OF SEEPAGE FLOW BY A SUB-SOIL DRAIN
Fig. 8-11
8.4.3. Cross drainage :-An efficient cross drainage system is
essential for disposing off the surface water collected by catch water
drains and side drains across the hill road. It consists in providing
cross drainage structures at frequent intervals. An effective cross drainage
system prevents side drains from overflowing and flocding the road
Surface. The provision of cross drainage structures at frequent intervals
water
also heips in reducing the size of side drains as well as of catch
drains. structures,
Cross drainage is provided by constructing the following
Wn as inter according to their suitabiliry
vided higher (a) Small under drains ;
and (6) Scuppers ;
a and b) (c) Cause ways ;
ept thelarge
() Culverts ;
road from () Minor or major bridges.-These drains are in the form of small
Small under drains
tothe
(a)
to 05 m span, provided across hill roads below their bed
ateron
also 'helpiD Penings of 0'3 built of random rubble masonry or ia
evel. These drains'are usually
drains.A minimum cross slope of 1 in 6 is
Che formn of small pipe draias for proper drainage.
ndshouldgot Drovided to the bed of these structure, (retaining wall
a retaining
holes provided ioscepage weep holes.
Weep boles -The drain off the low are knowa as provided at
7ceoutlets breast wnll, ete.) to square ia sectlon and are
S shouo abutaecm
These holes are 8 to io dlameter
12 m Centres àa staggered fashio.
or
 268 ROAD DRAINAGB

(b) Scuppers ;. These are small culverts which are (rit) Trao
tructed of random rubble masonry. These are of 06 to usual ly soil i
and minimum cross slope of 1in 6 is provided to the bed of 0-9 m The
(x) road
cross drainage structure. tbis typespano (x) Tbe c
Acatch pit of 0'3 msquare in plan with its floor 0:3 m
bed of the uhder drain or scupper is provided. The function below
bed l
pit is to hold
bulders, sand particles, etc. and thus to prevent of a the Answers :
catchof
under drains or scuppers as shown in fig. 8-l2.
For details of cauLsewa)s, culverts and bridges, refer to art. 8,2. 3
choking (i) road
() maintena=
(vii) beavy ; (
(a)
-CATCH WATER DRAIN
NATURAL HILL SLOPE different soils
2. (a) E
-CUTTING (6) L
SIDE
DRAIN ROAD FAVEMENT system ?
BREAS T. PARAPET
NALL WALL 3 (a) E
(b)
UPP FILLING (c)
CATCH PiT provided.
RETAINNG WALL 4. (a) W
(6) W
STONE APROV age and cross d
5.((b)E
(c) D
A SCUPPER a road in hilly
Fig. 8-12 6 What is
ereat works pro
QUESTI0NS FOR SELF EXAMINATI0N
Fillip thbe blanks with
(i)
(ii)
appropriate rords :
() The process of removing (Yii)
7. Explain
water within the right-of-wayand
of a
controlling
road is
surface and subsul (a) Sic
(ii) Tne water can enter the pavement called... (b) Ur
and structure irom top, sides Int
(iii) The water entering the road bed (d) Sct
(i) Adequate materials
and efficient drainage is an decrease their...* (e)
8. Draw tyIris
design and... ...ofa road. essential factor in the necessary deta
(v) In a good road drainage
be... system, the pavment surface should (a) Dra
(vi) (6) Dra
The process of
the road subgradeintercepting 9. (c)
is called..
and removing sub-soil waterfrod
Write shDra
(vi) The jelly type side drains are provided in rural area whenth? (a) Sur
road issubjected to....traffic. (b)
(c) Sub
Cro=
 ROAD DRAINAGE
Transverse drains 265
are
soil is relatively less... provided for sub-soil drainage when the
allymcons sorocess of
() road is called interceptin3 and disposing the water
span, across a
is type of The croSs drainage structure
(*) bed level of the stream is having its top surface lying at the
called....
below
of the
a catch
AnswersS
road drainage : (i) bottom ;
)maintenance
hoking of ; (v) impervious ; (vi) (ül) bearing strength;
sub-surface drainage:
beavy; (viii) permçable ; (ix) cross
2.3. ) drainage;
MODEL TEST QUESTIONS
(x) ffush causeway.
How water can enter the pavement
b What are the ill efects of water structure
on road subgrade of
soils such as black cotton soil,
e a Explain briefly the importance sandy
ferent soil and clay.
of road
i5) List on the requirements of as gooddrainage ?
ystem?
highway drainage
3 (a) Enumerate road drainage systems.
(b) How surface drainage is made effective ?
(c Give the conditions under which sub-suface drainage is
ovided.
4. (0) Why efficient' road drainage is essential ?
6) What is the function of surface drainage, sub-surface drain
and cross drainage ?
5. (a) List the requirements öf'a good road drainage system.
b) Explain the necessity of providing cross drainage works.
(c) Draw a typical cross-section showing necessary drains for
road in hilly area.
6 What is the necessity of cross drainage ? Give details of dif
at works provided in :
(i) Surface drainage ;
(ii) Sub-surface drainage;
(ii) Storm-water drainage.
nd sub-suil I. Explain the functions of the following :
(a) Side drains ;
(6) Under drains;
top, sides (C) Intercepting drains ;
(d) Scuppers ;
(e) Irish bridges. side drains with
neir... ...
ctor in the 8, Draw typical cross-sections of the following
DECessary details
faceshould (a) Drains in cutting i
(6) Drains in filling ;
waterfrom (c) Drains in hilly areas.following:
9. Write short notts on the
(0) Surface drainage of roads ;
roads;
ca whenthe of
Sub-surface drainage
) Cross drainage of roads.