THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THEORIES: CARL ROGERS’ PERSON-CENTERED THEORY

CARL ROGERS: PERSON-CENTERED THEORY AWARENESS

• defined as “the symbolic representation (not necessarily
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience”
1. FORMATIVE TENDENCY • synonymous with both consciousness and
2. ACTUALIZING TENDENCY symbolization

FORMATIVE TENDENCY LEVELS OF AWARENESS

• the tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to 1. IGNORED OR DENIED
evolve from simpler to more complex forms 2. ACCURATELY SYMBOLIZED
• a creative process, rather than a disintegrative one, is one 3. DISTORTED
operation
BECOMING A PERSON
ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
• an interrelated and more pertinent assumption POSITIVE REGARD
• the tendency within all humans (and other animals and • the need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another
plants) to move toward completion or fulfillment person
• the only motive people possess • a prerequisite for positive self-regard
• refers to organismic experiences of the individual; that
is, it refers to the whole person – conscious and POSITIVE SELF-REGARD
unconscious, physiological and cognitive • defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self
• realized only under certain conditions
- people must be involved in a relationship with a partner BARRIERS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
who is congruent, or authentic, and who demonstrates
empathy and unconditional positive regard CONDITIONS OF GROWTH
MAINTENANCE INCONGRUENCE
• similar to the lower steps on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • happen when there is a wide gap between the ideal self
• includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but and the self-concept
also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the
status quo VULNERABILITY
• exists when we have no awareness of the incongruence
ENHANCEMENT within our self
• seen in people’s willingness to learn things that are not
immediately rewarding ANXIETY AND THREAT
• expressed in a variety of forms, including curiosity, • experienced as we gain awareness of such an
playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence incongruence
that one can achieve psychological growth • ANXIETY – a state of uneasiness or tension whose
cause is unknown
THE SELF AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION • THREAT – an awareness that our self is no longer
• a subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore whole or congruent
not synonymous with it
• the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in DEFENSIVENESS
awareness • the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and
• the desire of the perceived self to reach fulfillment threat by the denial or distortion of experiences
inconsistent with it
TWO SELF SUB-SYSTEMS
1. SELF-CONCEPT DISTORTION
2. IDEAL SELF
• misinterpreting an experience to fit it into some aspect of
our self-concept
SELF-CONCEPT
• includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s
DENIAL
experiences that are perceived in awareness (though
not always accurately) by the individual • refusing to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least
• not identical with the organismic self keeping some aspect of it from reaching symbolization

IDEAL SELF DISORGANIZATION

• defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be • when the incongruence between people’s perceived self
• contains all those attributes, usually positive, that and their organismic experience is either too obvious or
people aspire to possess occurs too suddenly to be denied or distorted

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THEORIES: ROLLO MAY’S EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY

ROLLO MAY: EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY UMWELT

• was not based on any controlled scientific research but • the environment around us
rather on clinical experience • the world of objects and things and would exist even if
- saw people as living in the world of present people had no awareness
experiences and ultimately being responsible for
• the world of nature and natural law and includes biological
who they become
drives, such as hunger and sleep, and such natural
phenomena as birth and death
KEY TENETS OF EXISTENTIALISM • “We cannot escape Umwelt; we must learn to live in the
world around us and to adjust to changes within this
EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE world.”
• “We define ourselves through choices, not a fixed
nature.” MITWELT
• our relations with other people
EXISTENCE
• the world of interpersonal relationships (social world)
• means to emerge or to become
• suggest process EIGENWELT
• associated with growth and change
• one’s relationship with oneself
• a world not usually explored by personality theorists
ESSENCE
• “To live in Eigenwelt means to be aware of oneself as a
• implies a static immutable substance human being and to grasp who we are as we relate to
• refers to a product the world of things and to the world of people.”
• signified stagnation and finality
NONBEING
NO TO SUJECT-OBJECT SPLIT • the awareness of the possibility of one’s not being,
• “We’re both thinkers and active participants in the through death or loss of awareness
world.”
- people are both subject and objective and must search ANXIETY, GUILT, AND INTENTIONALITY
for truth by living active and authentic lives
ANXIETY
PEOPLE SEARCH FOR MEANING • defined as “the subjective state of the individual’s
• “We seek purpose.” becoming aware that his [or her] existence can be
destroyed, that he can become ‘nothing’“
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY • can spring either from an awareness of one’s nonbeing or
• “We are responsible for who we become. No excuses.” from a threat to some value essential to one’s existence
• arises when people are fraced with the problem of
ANTI-THEORETICAL FOCUS fulfilling their potentialities
• “Theories can dehumanize us and disconnect us from • “Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom.”
our authentic selves.”
FORMS OF ANXIETY
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. BEING-IN-THE-WORLD NORMAL ANXIETY
2. NONBEING
• defined as that “which is proportionate to the threat,
does not involve repression, and can be confronted
BEING-IN-THE-WORLD constructively on the conscious level”
DASEIN NEUROTIC ANXIETY
• a German word that means to exist in the world
- written as being-in-the-world • defined as “a reaction which is disproportionate to the
• the basic unity of person and environment threat, involves repression and other forms of
intrapsychic conflict, and is managed by various kinds
of blocking-off of activity and awareness”
ALIENATION
• have no sense of Dasein, no unity of self and world
• suffered not only by pathologically disturbed individuals but
also by most individuals in modern societies
• the illness of our time and manifests itself in three
areas:
- (1) separation from nature
- (2) lack of meaningful interpersonal relations, and
- (3) alienation from one’s authentic self

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THEORIES: ROLLO MAY’S EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY

ONTOLOGICAL GUILT PHILIA

• arises when people deny their potentialities, fail to • an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people
accurately perceive the needs of fellow humans, or • cannot be rushed; it takes time to grow, to develop, to sink
remain oblivious to their dependence on the natural its roots
world
AGAPE
FORMS OF ONTOLOGICAL GUILT
• defined as “esteem for the other, the concern for the
UMWELT GUILT other’s welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of
it; disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man”
• result of separation from nature due to technological • an altruistic love
advancements • the highest form of love
• separation guilt
WILL
MITWELT GUILT • defined as “the capacity to organize one’s self so that
• result of inability to perfectly understand others’ needs movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal
may take place”
EIGENWELT GUILT
• result of denying or failing to fulfill personal potential FREEDOM AND DESTINY
• Jonah complex
FREEDOM
INTENTIONALITY • defined as “the individual’s capacity to know that he is
• defined as the structure that gives meaning to the determined one”
experience and allows people to make decisions about • involves underdstanding our own destiny
the future • “entails being able to harbor different possibilities
inone’s mind even though it is not clear at the moment
CARE, LOVE, AND WILL which way one must act”

CARE FORMS OF FREEDOM

• “To care for someone means to recognize that person
as a fellow human being, to identify with that person’s EXISTENTIAL FREEDOM
pain or joy, guilt or pity.” • the freedom of action – freedom of doing
• an active process, the opposite of apathy • the freedom to act on the choices that one makes
• a state in which something does matter
• not the same as love, but it is the source of love and ESSENTIAL FREEDOM
will • freedom of being, freedom to think, to plan, and to hope
LOVE DESTINY
• “To love means to care, to recognize the essential • defined as “the design of the universe speaking through
humanity of the other person, to have an active regard the design of each one of us”
for that person’s development.”
• ULTIMATE DESTINY: death
• defined love as a “delight in the presence of the other
• does not mean preordained or foredoomed, it is our
person and an affirming of [that person’s] value and
destination, our terminus, our goal
development as much as one’s own”

FORMS OF LOVE

SEX
• a biological function that can be satisfied through
sexual intercourse or some other release of sexual
tension
• the desire to experience pleasure
• a physiological need that seeks gratification through
the release of tension

EROS
• a psychological desire that seeks procreation or
creation through an enduring union with a loved one
• the wish to establish a lasting union
• built on care and tenderness
• built on the foundation of philia

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES: GORDON ALLPORT’S PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

GORDON ALLPORT: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION?

PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL • his emphasis on conscious motivation goes back to
• emphasized the uniqueness of the individual hismeeting in Vienna with Freud
- believed that attempts to describe people in terms of • inclined to accept self-reports at face value
general traits rob them of their unique individuality • also recognized the fact that some motivation is driven
- objected to trait and factor theories that tend to reduce byhidden impulses and sublimated drives
individual behaviors to common traits
• called the study of the individual morphogenic science WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS
and contrasted it with the nomothetic methods used by OF A HEALTHY PERSON?
most other psychologists • characterized by proactive behavior
• advocated an eclectic approach to theory-building - capable of consciously acting on their environment in
- a broad, comprehensive theory is preferable to a new and innovative ways and causing their
narrow, specific theory even if it does not generate as environment to react to them
many testable hypotheses
SIX CRITERIA FOR THE MATURE PERSONALITY
MORPHOGENIC SCIENCE METHODS
• methods that gather data on a single individual EXTENSION OF THE SENSE OF SELF
• continually seek to identify with and participate in
NOMOTHETIC METHODS events outside themselves
• methods that gather data on groups of people • social interest, family, and spiritual life are important
• “Everyone has self-love, but only self extension is the
APPROACH TO PERSONALITY THEORY earmark of maturity”
1. WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
2. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION IN WARM RELATING OF SELF TO OTHERS
PERSONALITY THEORY? • have the capacity to love others in an intimate and
3. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE compassionate manner
PSYCHOLOGICALLY HEALTHY PERSON? • have a healthy sexual attitude and do not exploit others for
personal gratification
WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
• traced the etymology of the word persona back to early EMOTIONAL SECURITY OR SELF-ACCEPTANCE
Greek roots, including the Old Latin and Etruscan meanings
- after tracing, he spelled out 49 definitions of personality • accept themselves for what they are and they possess
as used in theology, philosophy, law, sociology, and emotional poise
psychology • not overly upset when things do not go as planned or when
• offered a 50th definition “the dynamic organization within they are simply “having a bad day”
the individual of those psychophysical systems that • do not dwell on minor irritations, and they recognize that
determine his unique adjustments to his environment” frustrations and inconveniences are a part of living
- changed the last phrase to read “that determine his
characteristic behavior and thought” REALISTIC PERCEPTION
• chose each phrase of his definition carefully so that each • do not live in a fantasy world or bend reality to fit their
word conveys precisely what he wanted to say own wishes
- dynamic organization: implies an integration or
interrelatedness of the various aspects of personality INSIGHT AND HUMOR
- psychophysical: emphasizes the importance of both • know themselves and have no need to attribute their
the psychological and the physical aspects of own mistakes and weaknesses to others
personality
• closely related and may be aspects of self-objectification
- determine: suggests that “personality is something
• able to perceive the incongruities and absurdities in life and
and does something”
have no need to pretend or to put on airs
- characteristic: wished to imply “individual” or “unique”
• In summary, “Personality is both physical and
psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and
UNIFYING PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
covert thoughts; it not only is something, but it does • have a clear view of the purpose of life
something. Personality is both substance and change,
both product and process, both structure and growth.”

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES: GORDON ALLPORT’S PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY

• To Allport, the most important structures are those that • defined as “any acquired system of motivation in which
permit the description of the person in terms of the tensions involved are not of the same kind as the
individual characteristics, and he called these antecedent tensions from which the acquired system
individual characteristics personal dispositions developed”
• the capstone of Allport’s ideas on motivation
PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS • holds that some, but not all, human motives are
• defined as “a generalized neuropsychic structure functionally independent from the original motive
(peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render responsible for the behavior
many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and
guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and FOUR REQUIREMENTS OF AN
stylistic behavior” ADEQUATE THEORY OF MOTIVATION

COMMON TRAITS IT WILL ACKNOWLEDGE THE CONTEMPORANEITY

• general characteristics held in common by many OF MOTIVES
people • “Whatever moves us must move now”

LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS IT WILL BE A PLURALISTIC THEORY – ALLOWING

FOR MOTIVES OF MANY TYPES
CARDINAL DISPOSITIONS
• emphatically opposed to reducing all human
• possessing an eminent characteristic or ruling passion motivation to one master drive
so outstanding that it dominates their lives
IT WILL ASCRIBE DYNAMIC FORCE TO COGNITIVE
CENTRAL DISPOSITIONS PROCESSES
• include the 5 to 10 most outstanding characteristics • refers more generally to long-range intention
around which a person’s life focuses
• described as those that would be listed in an accurate IT WILL ALLOW FOR THE CONCRETE UNIQUENESS
letter of recommendation written by someone who
knew the person quite well
OF MOTIVEWS
• a concrete unique motive is different from an abstract
SECONDARY DISPOSITIONS generalized one, the latter being based on a preexistent
theory rather than the actual motivation of a real person
• less conspicuous but far greater in number than central
dispositions
PERSEVERATIVE FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
• borrowed from the word “perseveration” – the tendency
MOTIVATIONAL AND STYLISTIC DISPOSITIONS
of an impression to leave an influence on subsequent
• MOTIVATIONAL DISPOSITIONS – personal dispositions
experience
that are intensely experienced and initiate an action
• STYLISTIC DISPOSITIONS – personal dispositions that
PROPRIATE FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
are less intentensely experienced and guide an action
• master system of motivation that confers unity on
personality
PROPRIUM
• refers to those self-sustaining motives that are related
• all characteristics that are “peculiarly mine” belong to
to the proprium
the proprium
• refer to those behaviors and characteristics that people
PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT FUNCTIONALLY
regard as warm, central, and important in their lives
- includes those aspects of life that a person regards as AUTONOMOUS
important to a sense of self-identity and self- 1. BIOLOGICAL DRIVES
enhancement 2. MOTIVES DIRECTLY LINED TO THE REDUCTION OF
• not the whole personality BASIC DRIVES
3. REFLEX ACTIONS
MOTIVATION 4. CONSTITUTIONAL EQUIPMENT
• motivated by present drives rather than by past events 5. HABITS IN THE PROCESS OF BEING FORMED
and are aware of what they are doing and have some 6. PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR THAT REQUIRE PRIMARY
understanding of why they are doing it REINFORCEMENT
7. SUBLIMATIONS THAT CAN BE TIED TO CHILDHOOD
SEXUAL DESIRES
A THEORY OF MOTIVATION
8. SOME NEUROTIC OR PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
• PROACTIVE BEHAVIOR – must view people
asconsciously acting on their environment in a manner that
permits growth toward psychological health
THE STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

MORPHOGENIC SCIENCE
• refers to patterned properties of the whole organism
and allows for intraperson comparisons
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES: EYSENCK, MCCRAE, AND COSTA’S TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES

HANS EYSENCK: FACTOR THEORY DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY

• has strong psychometric and biological components • extracted only three general superfactors
• regarded all three factors as part of normal personality
CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING FACTORS structure
• listed four criteria for identifying a factor • all three factors are bipolar
1. PSYCHOMETRIC EVIDENCE - introversion (opposite of extraversion)
2. HERITABILITY - stability (opposite of neuroticism)
3. MAKE SENSE FROM A THEORETICAL VIEW - superego function (opposite of psychoticism)
4. POSSESS SOCIAL RELEVANCE
EXTRAVERSION (E)
PSYCHOMETRIC EVIDENCE • characterized primarily by sociability and
• the factor must be reliable and replicable impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick
wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of
HERITABILITY people who are rewarded for their association with
• must fit an established genetic model, eliminates others
learned characteristics
NEUROTICISM (N)
MAKE SENSE FROM A THEORETICAL VIEW • have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have
• employed the deductive method of investigation, difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional
beginning with a theory and then gathering data that arousal
are logically consistent with that theory
PSYCHOTICISM (P)
POSSESS SOCIAL RELEVANCE • often egocentric, cold, nonconforming, impulsive,
• must be demonstrated that mathematically derived hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, and
factors have a relationship with such socially relevant antisocial
variables • have a high “predisposition to succumb to stress and
develop a psychotic illness”
HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATION
• recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior MEASURING PERSONALITY
organization
MAUDSLEY PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MPI)
FOUR LEVELS OF BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATION • assessed only E and N and yielded some correlation
between these two factors
SPECIFIC ACTS OR COGNITIONS
• the lowest level EYSENCK PERSONALITY INVENTORY (EPI)
• individual behaviors or thoughts that may or may not • contains a lie (L) scale to detect faking, but more
be characteristic of a person importantly, it measures extraversion and neuroticism
independently, with a near zero correlation between E
HABITUAL ACTS OR COGNITIONS and N
• responses that recur under similar conditions
• must be reasonably reliable or consistent EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE (EPQ)
• included a psychoticism (P) scale
TRAIT
• defined as “important semi-permanent personality
dispositions”

TYPES
• also known as superfactors
• made up of several interrelated traits

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES: EYSENCK, MCCRAE, AND COSTA’S TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES

ROBERT ROGER MCCRAE AND PAUL COSTA: CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS

FIVE-FACTOR MODEL • the acquired personality structures that develop as
people adapt to their environment
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIVE FACTORS • culturally conditioned phenomena, personal strivings,
• (1) neuroticism (N) and (2) extraversion (E) are the two attitudes
strongest and most ubiquitous personality traits
• (3) openness to experience distinguishes people who SELF-CONCEPT
prefer variety from those who have a need for closure and
• “consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the
who gain comfort in their association with familiar people
self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history
and things
to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and
• the (4) agreeableness scale distinguishes soft-hearted
coherence to life”
people from ruthless ones
• self-schemas, personal myths
• (5) conscientiousness describes people who are
ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious,
achievement-focused, and self-disciplined PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY

FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY BIOLOGICAL BASES

HIGH SCORES LOW SCORES • eliminates any role that the environment may play in
affectionate, reserved, loner, the formation of basic tendencies
joiner, talkative, quiet, sober,
EXTRAVERSION
fun loving, active, passive, unfeeling
passionate
OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY
anxious, calm, even- • defined as “everything the person does, thinks, or feels
temperamental, tempered, self- across the whole lifespan”
NEUROTICISM
self-pitying, self- satisfied, • emotional reactions, midcareer shifts: behavior
conscious, comfortable,
emotional, unemotional,
vulnerable hardy EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
imaginative, down-to-earth, • these responses are a function of two things: (1)
creative, original, uncreative, characteristic adaptations and (2) their interaction with
prefers variety, conventional, external influences
OPENNESS
curious, liberal prefers routine,
uncurious,
• cultural norms, life events: situation
conservative
softhearted, ruthless, BASIC POSTULATES
trusting, suspicious, stingy, • each of the components of the personality system
generous, antagonistic, (except biological bases) has core postulates
AGREEABLENESS
acquiescent, critical, irritable
lenient, good-
natured
POSTULATES FOR BASIC TENDENCIES
conscientious, negligent, lazy, 1. INDIVIDUALITY – adults have a unique set of traits and that
hardworking, well- disorganized, late, each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns
organized, aimless, quitting 2. ORIGIN – all personality traits are the result solely of
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
punctual, endogenous (internal) forces
ambitious, 3. DEVELOPMENT – traits develop and change through
persevering childhood, but in adolescence their development slows, and
by early to mid-adulthood, change in personality nearly
UNITS OF THE FIVE-FACTOR THEORY stops altogether
1. CORE COMPONENTS 4. STRUCTURE – traits are organized hierarchically from
a. BASIC TENDENCIES narrow and specific to broad and general
b. CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS
c. SELF-CONCET POSTULATES FOR CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATION
2. PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS • people adapt to their environment “by acquiring patterns of
a. BIOLOGICAL BASES thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent with
b. OBJECTIVE BIOGRAPHY their personality traits and earlier adaptations”
c. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES • maladjustment – suggests that our responses are not
always consistent with personal goals or cultural values
CORE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY • basic traits may “change over time in response to biological
maturation, changes in the environment, or deliberate
BASIC TENDENCIES interventions”
• the universal raw material of personality capacities and
dispositions that are generally inferred rather than
observed
• define the individual’s potential and direction
• NEO-AC

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

LEARNING THEORIES: B.F. SKINNER’S BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

B.F. SKINNER: BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS SCHEDULES REINFORCEMENT

• minimized speculation and focused almost entirely on
observable behavior CONTINOUS SCHEDULE
- not limited to external events, private behaviors such • the organism is reinforced for every response
as thinking, remembering, and anticipating are all • increases the frequency of a response but is an
observable inefficient use of the reinforcer
• his strict adherence to observable behavior earned his
approach the label radical behaviorism INTERMITTENT SCHEDULES
- a doctrine that avoids all hypothetical constructs • make more efficient use of the reinforcer but because
• regarded as a determinist and an environmentalist they produce responses that are more resistant to
- as a determinist, he rejected the notion of volition or extinction
free will
- as an environmentalist, he held that psychology must FOUR INTERMITTENT SCHEDULES
explain behavior on the basis of environmental
stimuli FIXED-RATIO
CLASSICAL VS OPERANT CONDITIONING • the organism is reinforced intermittently according to
the number of responses it makes
CLASSICAL OPERANT
• a response is drawn out • a behavior is made more VARIABLE-RATIO
of the organism by a likely to recur when it is • the organism is einforced after the nth response on the
specific, identifiable immediately reinforced average
stimulus • behavior is emitted from
• behavior is elicited from the organism FIXED-INTERVAL
the organism • the organism is reinforced for the first response
following a designated period of time
OPERANT CONDITIONING
VARIABLE-INTERVAL
SHAPING • the organism is reinforced after the lapse of random or
• a procedure in which the experimenter or the varied periods of time
environment first rewards gross approximations of the
behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the EXTINCTION
desired behavior itself (successive approximations)
• defined as the tendency of a previously acquired
response to become progressively weakened upon
ANTECEDENT nonreinforcement
• refers to the environment or setting in which the
behavior takes place OPERANT EXTINCTION
• takes place when an experimenter systematically with
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION holds reinforcement of a previously learned response
• a response to a similar environment in the absence of until the probability of that response diminishes to zero
previous reinforcement
THE UNHEALTHY PERSONALITY
REINFORCEMENT
• has two effects COUNTERACTING STRATEGIES
1. strengthens the behavior
2. rewards the person ESCAPE
• not synonymous with reward • withdraw from the controlling agent either physically or
psychologically
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
• any stimulus that, when added to a situation, increases REVOLT
the probability that a given behavior will occur • behave more actively, counterattacking the controlling
agent
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
• the removal of an aversive stimulus from a situation USE PASSIVE RESISTANCE
also increases the probability that the preceding • more subtle than those who rebel and more irritating to the
behavior will occur controllers than those who rely on escape

PUNISHMENT
• presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of
a positive one

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – DEPARTMENTAL EXAM REVIEWER

LEARNING THEORIES: ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

ALBERT BANDURA: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY CHANCE ENCOUNTERS AND FORTUITOUS EVENTS

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS CHANCE ENCOUNTERS

• defined as “an unintended meeting of persons
PLASTICITY unfamiliar to each other”
• “Humans have the flexibility to learn a variety of
behaviors in diverse situations.” FORTUITOUS EVENTS
• defined as “an environmental experience that is
TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION MODEL unexpected and unintended”
• “People have the capacity to regulate their lives.”
HUMAN AGENCY
AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE • the essence of humanness
• “Humans have the capacity to exercise control over the
nature and quality of their lives.” CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS INTENTIONALITY

• “People regulate their conduct through both external • refers to acts a person performs intentionally
and internal factors.” • “It is not simply an expectation or prediction of future
actions but a proactive commitment to bringing them
MORAL AGENCY about”
• “When people find themselves in morally ambiguous
situations, they typically attempt to regulate their FORETHOUGHT
behavior through moral agency.” • enables people to break free from the constraints
oftheir environment
LEARNING
• “If knowledge could be acquired only through the SELF-REACTIVENESS
effects of one’s own actions, the process of cognitive • the process of motivating and regulating own actions
and social development would be greatly retarded, not
to mention exceedingly tedious.” SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
• examiners of their own functioning
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• allows people to learn without performing any behavior SELF-EFFICACY
• believes that observational learning is much more • defined as “people’s beliefs in their capability to
efficient than learning through direct experience exercise some measure of control over their own
functioning and over environmental events”
MODELING • not the expectation of our action’s outcomes
• the core of observational learning
• involves adding and subtracting from the observed behavior WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO SELF-EFFICACY?
and generalizing from one observation to another 1. MASTERY EXPERIENCES
• involves cognitive processes and is not simply mimicry 2. SOCIAL MODELING
or imitation 3. SOCIAL PERSUASION
4. PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL STATES
PROCESSES GOVERNING
OBSERVATIONAL LEAENING PROXY AGENCY
1. ATTENTION • involves indirect control over those social conditions
2. REPRESENTATION that affect everyday living
3. BEHAVIORAL PRODUCTION
4. MOTIVATION COLLECTIVE EFFICACY
• defined as “people’s shared beliefs in their collective
TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION power to produce desired results”
• assumes that human action is a result of an interaction
among three variables – environment, behavior, and
person

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.