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5 Fluidisation.

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JAIRAM Jai
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24 views5 pages

5 Fluidisation.

Uploaded by

JAIRAM Jai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

FLUIDIZATION

Objective:

To find out the pressure drop in a liquid -solid fluidized bed for varying flow rates and find
the minimum fluidization velocity from the plot of superficial fluid velocity vs. pressure
drop. Also to determine the entrainment velocity from the plot of porosity of the bed vs.
superficial fluid velocity.

Equipment I Apparatus:

Liquid-solid f1uidized bed set up :1


Stopwatch :1
Meter scale :1
Fluidization particles : 200 gm (approx.)
Measuring jar : 500 ml
Measuring jar : 200ml

Theory:

A liquid or a gas f1owing at low velocities through a porous bed of solid particles, as in a
packed bed, does not cause the particles to move. The fluid passes through the small tortuous
channels, losing pressure energy. The pressure drop in a stationary bed of solids is given by
the Ergun equation. If the fluid velocity is steadily increased, however a point is eventually
reached at which the particles no longer remain stationary but “f1uidize” under the action of
the liquid or gas. Simultaneously, the pressure drop also increases. First the bed expands
slightly with the particles still in contact. The porosity increases, and the pressure drop rises
more slowly than before. The bed now is in the loosest possible condition with the grains still
in contact. As the velocity is still further increased, the particles separate and true fluidization
begins. The pressure drop comes down a little. The particles move more and more vigorously
within the bed, and it more or less resembles a boiling bed. If the fluid velocity is still further
increased, the porosity of the bed rises, the bed of solids expands and the solids are entrained
in the fluid leaving the column.

There exists a certain rate of fluid flow at which the bed of solids will be expanded to such a
point that the granules may move within the bed. This condition is known as “onset of
fluidization” or the “fluidization point”.
BED HEIGHT:

When the fluid velocity is increased above the minimum required for fluidization, the bed
expands and the porosity increases. If the cross sectional area of the fluidization column does
not change with height, the porosity is a direct function of the height of the bed.

Let ε1 and L1 be the porosity and height of the bed in the static state. Then we have
(1-ε1) / (1-ε2) = L2 / L1
where ε2 corresponds to the porosity at a fluidized bed height ofL2.

SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY:

Superficial velocity, also called empty-tower velocity is calculated from the discharge and
cross sectional area of the column.
Vo = (Discharge) / (cross sectional area of the column)

Procedure:

Measure the height and the internal diameter of the static bed of particles. Find out the
porosity of the static bed. This is done by finding the void volume, as explained in the case of
Packed bed experiment. Check the connections to the manometer limps for trapped air bubble
and leak.

Start the pump connected to the set up. Slowly open the inlet valve. Water is admitted
through the column and collected in the collecting tank. Record the manometer reading, when
it is steady. Note the time for, say, 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank. Measure
the height of the bed.

Repeat the experiment by changing the flow rate and note the pressure drop, discharge, and
bed height in each case. Tabulate the observations (4 to 5 readings in the static bed condition
and about 5 readings in the fluidized bed condition).

Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank. Calculate the required data (Δp, V o, and g)
and plot the following graphs..

⮚ log Vo vs. log Δp

⮚ log Vo vs. log ε


The minimum fluidization velocity is found out from the first graph and the entrainment
velocity is obtained from the second graph by extending the ε value to 1.

Observation:

Height of static bed L1 cm =


Porosity of the static bed ε1 =
Internal diameter of column cm =
Area of cross section of column a cm2 =
Area of cross section of collecting tank A cm2 =
Manometer Ti
reading m
Cm e
fo
Bed r
Δp Q=10 V0=Q/
Heigh 10 log log
No dynes A/t a ε2
t c Δp V0
h= h1- cm2 cm3/S cm/S
L2 cm h1 h2 m
h2
ris
e
(t)
S

Sample Calculations:

Conclusion:
Minimum velocity for f1uidization =
Entrainment velocity =

Exercises:

l. Explain the terms particulate fluidization, aggregate fluidization and slugging.


2. What do you understand by ε = 0?
3. List the practical applications of this study.
4. What are the possible experimental errors?
5. What is pneumatic transport? How is it connected with fluidization?
6. What are the advantages of fluidization over a packed bed?
7. Give an industrial example in which fluidized bed used?

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