Differential Equations

1
Rule-2: Given equation is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 & M𝑥 − N𝑦 ≠ 0 then 𝐼𝐹 =
M𝑥−N𝑦
Example 1: Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0
Solution: The given equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + y & N = 𝑥3𝑦2 − 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕M 2 2
𝜕N
= 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 & = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is not Exact
Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &
M𝑥 − N𝑦 = x 3 y 3 + x 2 y 2 + xy − x 3 y 3 + x 2 y 2 − xy = 2x 2 y 2 ≠ 0
1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = =
M𝑥 − N𝑦 2x 2 y 2
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 2 2
1 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦dx + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 xdy = 0
2x 2 y 2 2x 2 y 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 + + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
1 1 1 1
𝑦 + + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
𝑦+ + 2 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
1
𝑥𝑦 + log 𝑥 − − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 2: Solve 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 & N = 𝑥 − 𝑥2𝑦

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 & = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &
M𝑥 − N𝑦 = xy + x 2 y 2 − xy + x 2 y 2 = 2x 2 y 2 ≠ 0
1 1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = = 2 2
M𝑥 − N𝑦 2x y
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
1 1
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 2 2 1 − 𝑥𝑦 x dy = 0
2x 2 y 2 2x y
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦
1 1 1 1
2
+ 𝑑𝑥 + 2
− 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦
This equation (2) is an exact D. E.
The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
2
+ 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
1
− + log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Example 3: Solve 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0
Solution: The given equation
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0 … . (1)
Here,
M = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 & N = 𝑥3𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕M 𝜕N
= 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 & = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
≠
𝜕y 𝜕x
This shows the given D.E. is Not Exact
Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 &
M𝑥 − N𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥 3 𝑦 3 ≠ 0
1 −1
∴ 𝐼𝐹 = =
M𝑥 − N𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
Now, multiplying by I.F. to given differential equation (1), we get
−1 1 2 2
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 dx − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 x dy = 0
𝑥3𝑦3 𝑥3𝑦3
1 1 1 1 1
− − 𝑑𝑥 + − − − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … … (2)
𝑥3𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥2𝑦3

This equation (2) is an exact D. E.

The general solution can be obtained by the following rule

Mdx + Terms of N not containing x dy = c

y=constant

1 1 1
− 3 2− 2 𝑑𝑥 − dy = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
1 1
+ − log 𝑦 = 𝑐
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
This is required solution of given D. E.
Thank You!