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Sedimentation in a Rifted Basin: Insights from the Proterozoic Rajgarh

Siliciclastics, Delhi Supergroup, Northeastern Rajasthan

Article in Journal of the Geological Society of India · February 2020

DOI: 10.1007/s12594-020-1401-8

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JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
Vol.95, February 2020, pp.117-130

Sedimentation in a Rifted Basin: Insights from the Proterozoic

Rajgarh Siliciclastics, Delhi Supergroup, Northeastern Rajasthan
Sadia Khanam1*, M. A. Quasim1, A. H. M. Ahmad1, Sumit K. Ghosh2
1
Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202 002, India
2
Formerly, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun - 248 001, India
*E-mail: khanamsadia.amu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT emplaced in a region undergoing crustal extension which signify that

The fining upward sequence of Proterozoic Rajgarh Formation the Paleoproterozoic crust in this region evolved either through a
mainly consists of feldspathic sandstone, quartzarenite, bands of prolonged phase of crustal extension for at least 50 Ma or the
shale and have a restricted lateral extent with variable palaeoflow region underwent two short phases of crustal extension at 1711 Ma
pattern. Eight major lithofacies identified from this succession and 1660 Ma (Kaur et al., 2007).
collectively indicate fluvial to marginal marine depositional NDFB Proterozoic sedimentary packages of the Alwar Group are
set up. The Rajgarh quartzose to feldspatho-quartzose silici- constituted of nearly 3km thick alternate fluvial and marginal marine
clastics are fine- to coarse grained, poorly- to moderately sorted sediments (Singh, 1985, 1988). The unmetamorphosed nature is an
derived from a stable continental block provenance that deposited interesting features of the Rajgarh Formation as most of the other
in a fault bounded graben. The deposition of the Rajgarh lithounits of Alwar sub-basin subjected to green schist/amphibolite
siliciclastics can be best explained by short transportation, high grade of regional metamorphism. The present study carried out in the
relief and fast sedimentation in rapidly subsiding fault-bounded eastern part of the Alwar sub-basin, bounded by Thatra graben, Surer
basin and indicate radial slope and source located in the Dausa graben and Baswa horst (Singh, 1982a). Majority of the research works
uplift in the east and banded gneissic complex (BGC) in the south have been carried out mainly on the DFB, in particular from the Bayana
and southeast. sub-basin (Singh, 1985; Saikia et al., 2011) and Lalsot sub-basin
(Bhattacharya et al., 2019). Earlier studies on depositional setup by
INTRODUCTION (Singh, 1982a, 1984, 1985) are more generalized and lacks in
In the northwestern Indian peninsular shield region, a group of documenting the detailed sedimentological variations and events. The
less disturbed and unmetamorphosed Proterozoic sedimentary rocks present paper is a major supplement for providing the correlation of
resting over deformed and metamorphosed Archean to Paleo- sedimentation with the tectonics with the help of lithofacies and
proterozoic basement in several parts of Peninsular India is petrographic analysis of the Rajgarh Formation siliciclastics. In this
termed as ‘Purana’ basin. The uniqueness of these basins is the paper, facies architecture of the relatively unmetamorphosed Rajgarh
notable occurrence of Late Archean to Neoproterozoic rocks, which Formation has been documented from the Proterozoic Alwar sub-basin
holds clues about basin geodynamics as well as the crustal evolution for understanding the depositional environments and basin processes
of the shield (Roy and Purohit, 2015). The northwestern edge of during the initial stage of basin formation.
the Indian shield is marked by nearly 800 km long NE–SW
trending Aravalli Delhi orogenic belt. The geological history of this GEOLOGICAL SETTING
orogen evolved through a wide span of time ranging from 3000 Ma The Alwar sub-basin is northern part of the major Delhi basin
to about 500 Ma (Gopalan et al., 1990; Roy and Jakhar, 2002; Valdiya, placed on the Aravalli craton. Prominent tectonic dislocations mark
2010). the eastern and western boundaries of Alwar-Bayana basin. In the east,
The Aravalli mountain range (AMR) forms a main structure of the Great Boundary Fault (GBF) separate northeastern Delhi basin (1.7-
Aravalli craton, comprises of several volcano-sedimentary belts, the 1.0 Ga) from Vindhyan basin-VB (1.6 Ga) and in the west by an
most prominent of which are the Aravalli fold belt (AFB) and Delhi unconformity (conglomerate) between Delhi rock (1.7-1.0 Ga) and
fold belt (DFB). DFB comprises a system of half graben and horst, granites and gneiss of Archean age (Singh, 1982b). The Delhi
with its axial zone extending all along the Aravalli mountain range Supergroup (1.7-1.0 Ga) in northeastern Rajasthan consists of the
(Sinha Roy, 1984). A narrow linear DFB (Fig. 1) is divided as older Raialo, Alwar and Ajabgarh Groups underlying the Archean
northern part (North Delhi fold belt-NDFB; <1.7–0.98 Ga; Kaur et metasediments and granites (Table. 1). The Raialo Group consists
al., 2011, 2016) and younger southern part (South Delhi fold belt- package of carbonate with subordinate siltstone and sandstone and
SDFB; 1.20–0.85 Ga; Singh et al., 2010; McKenzie et al., 2013). The volcanics while Alwar Group is dominantly arenaceous and the
SDFB and NDFB were delineated from DFB based on Rb-Sr whole Ajabgarh Group is a mixture of argillo-arenaceous and calcareous
rock data from synkinematically emplaced granites that yielded 1.65- components (Singh, 1984).
1.45 Ga and 0.85 Ga (Chaudhary et al., 1984). The Alwar Group is subdivided into the Rajgarh, Kankwarhi and
The Alwar sub-basin is located in northern part of the Aravalli Pratapgarh formations in order of decreasing age. The area around
orogen, NW India and contain granites of Paleoproterozoic age. These Rajgarh constitutes the eastern part of the Alwar sub-basin, separated
granitoids display A-type signature within plate granite which is from Bayana sub-basin by Dausa uplift (Singh, 1982a, 1984). It
primarily related to extensional tectonic setting (Pandit and Khatatneh, includes several fault-bounded tectonic units like- Thatra graben, Surer
1998; Biju-Sekhar et al., 2003; Kaur, 2017). Alwar sub-basin is graben, Baswa horst and a part of main Alwar sub-basin. The Lalgarh
characterized by the prominent rift related magmatic event at 1771- graben is characterized by more than 3 km sedimentary sequence
1660 Ma provided by the zircon ages, suggest that these plutons were belonging to the Alwar Group (1660-1711 Ma), rest unconformably

0016-7622/2020-95-2-117/$ 1.00 © GEOL. SOC. INDIA | DOI: 10.1007/s12594-020-1401-8

 feldspathic sandstone with lesser amount of sandstone–shale
alternations having a maximum thickness of 1200m.

APPROACHES AND RATIONAL

The field work (include lithosection measurement, lithologic
description, and collection of samples) has been conducted along the
well exposed Rajgarh Formation- Reni, Mahua-Mandawar road,
Pinnan, Rajgarh, Jhakad and Macheri sections (Fig. 3). Field data
were obtained through macro-scale observations considering physical
changes and nature of contacts between two adjacent facies. Detailed
lithologs prepared for each sections and lithofacies has been
characterized. Based on the availability of cross-stratified outcrop from
five localities and 15-50 reading of foreset dip azimuth has been taken
from each outcrop. The azimuthal data recorded at different
stratigraphic levels subsequently subjected to tectonic tilt corrections.
Petrographic analysis has been carried out using twenty- six sandstone
samples in order to get the lateral and vertical variations across the
formation. Point counting on each sample recorded between 200 and
250 grains following the traditional method for classification and the
Gazzi-Dickinson method for provenance. The counted grain parameters
were grouped and recalculated in terms of specific ternary percentages
for sandstone classification, petrofacies characterization and
determining the palaeotectonic setting of the provenance (Dickinson
et al., 1983; Dickinson and Suczek, 1979).
Fig. 1. Geological map of Aravalli craton showing distribution of
Aravalli–Delhi supracrustals sequences, large sedimentary basins, and RESULTS
basement complex (after Roy, 1988). Lithofacies analysis
From the eight major lithofacies three associations have been
on the basic volcanics of the Raialo Group (2532±27 to 2309±30 Ma; identified, for proposing a conceptual depositional model for the
Wang et al., 2017). Rajgarh Formation, Alwar sub-basin.
The study area (Fig. 2) is a part of the Alwar sub-basin (latitudes Facies associations-FA-1 to FA-3 are interpreted as river-dominated
27°5' and 27°17' and longitudes 76°35’ and 76°45'). The Rajgarh estuary, tidal flat/intertidal and wave dominated shoreface to foreshore
Formation predominantly composed of polymictic conglomerate, deposit. FA-1 is restricted to the basal part of the Rajgarh Formation

Table 1. Stratigraphic sequence of Delhi Supergroup in eastern part of Alwar sub-basin, NE Rajasthan (after Singh, 1982a).
Group Formation Lithology Thickness
Arauli- Madan Predominantly carbonaceous phyllite with thin intercalation of grey quartzite. 80 m
Bharkol Interbedded sequence of quartzite, phyllite and schist. 150 m
Thana Ghazi Carbonaceous phyllite with thin bands of grey and ferruginous brecciated 150 m
Ajabgarh quartzite, Grey marble.
Seriska Ferruginous quartzite, calcareous quartzite, siliceous marble and thin bands of 150 m
phyllite and schist.
Kushalgarh Banded siliceous marble, calc gneiss, amphibolite, amphibole quartzite, phyllite 200 m
and quartzite.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Disconformity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pratapgarh Quartz-sericite schist, schistose quartzite, siltstone and minor bands of white 900 m
marble.
Alwar Kankwarhi Quartz-sericite schist, schistose quartzite, siltstone and minor bands of white 250 m
marble.
Rajgarh Arkose, feldspathic quartzite, bands of shale and polymictic 1200 m
conglomerate.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Unconformity- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tehla Basic flows with conglomerate, quartzite, schist, phyllite, marble and calc gneiss. 2020 m
Raialo Serrate Quartzite Quartzite, conglomerate and quartz- sericite schist. 300 m
Dogeta White crystalline marble with thin quartzite, schist and phyllite interbeds, 900 m
conglomerate.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Unconformity- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pre- Delhi Basement - Granites, pegmatites, schists, marble, shales, phyllite, quartzite, amphibolite and banded iron formation.

118 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

 Fig. 2. Generalized geological map of Rajgarh area, northeastern Rajasthan (after Singh, 1982).

and rest on erosional surface veneered by granules and monomict and mica 15.8 to 26.8% (Table. 3). The recalculated percentage of the
spherical to ellipsoidal 5 to 100 mm sized pebbles (Fig. 4a). The whole detrital framework grains shows total quartz (Qt) varying from 70 to
sandstone unit is showing fining upward sequence with tabular and 83.4%, feldspar (F) from 15.8 to 25.8% and lithic fragments (Lt) from
trough cross stratified sets and co-sets having erosional contact with 1.15 to 5.8% (Table. 4). The polycrystalline quartz (Qp) varies from
massive sandstone (Fig 4 b, c). Trough cross stratification shows 1.2 to 11.5%. The mineralogically mature and texturally immature
bidirectional pattern (Fig 4e). Individual beds in the horizontal bedded siliciclastics vary from quartzose to feldspatho-quartzose in
sandstone range in thickness from 1 to 5 cm and mostly evenly composition (Fig. 8). The detrital size varies from 0.15 to 1.50 mm
laminated (Fig 4d). with a mean size of 1.02 mm and shows a polymodal distribution.
The FA-2 is characterized by bidirectional herringbone cross- Quartz grains are fractured and angular to sub-rounded, some occurs
bedding (Fig 5a and 6f) coupled with alternation of sandstone and as semi-composite, stretched and elongated and show strong to wavy
shale (Fig 5b). The low angle (less than 15°) cross beds have unimodal undulose extinction with suture and concavo-convex contact (Fig. 7a).
palaeoflow direction (Fig 5c). The laminated sandstone unit is showing Polycrystalline quartz comprises 10 of 75% of the Qt have straight
fining upward sequence and marked by planar or trough cross-stratified crystal boundaries and elongated indicative of high grade metamorphic
sandstone at the uppermost unit (Fig 5e). origin (Fig. 7c). Feldspars (F) are mainly represented by altered and
FA-3 is marked by about 0.5m thick wave rippled sandstone and fresh microcline and plagioclase. Later show dissolution features along
has a various form such as sinous crested and interference (Fig 6a), cleavage planes (Fig. 7b, c). Lithic fragments (L) of quartz schist,
catenary crested symmetrical (Fig 6b), sinous crested asymmetrical micaceous phyllite, volcanic feldspar grain and schist are present (Fig
ripple (Fig 6c), straight crested mega (Fig 6d), and symmetrical with 7b, e). The detrital schist fragment consists entirely of muscovite
bifurcated crest ripples (Fig 6e). A brief description of the litho- crystals indicating schistosity along a micaceous layer. Low rank
facies and provisional environment of deposition is summarized in metamorphic fragment shows bending around the rigid detrital grains
Table 2. due to compactional effects. Phyllosilicates include muscovite and
biotite. Muscovite shows bending between the quartz grains indicate
Petrography high mechanical compaction (Fig. 7a). Biotite is less common than
The Rajgarh siliciclastics of the Alwar sub-basin are coarse- to muscovite and altered variety of biotite is also present. Zircon, rutile
fine- grained, poorly- to moderately sorted. The detritals are mostly and tourmaline are common accessories (Fig. 7c). Rounded zircon
angular- to sub- rounded and generally show low sphericity and marked indicates more than one cycle of transportation. Ferruginous cement
by long to suture contact (Fig. 7a). The detritals are mainly represented is abundant than carbonate (calcareous) cement occurs in irregular
by several varieties of quartz followed by feldspars, lithic fragments, patches within interspaces between detrital grains found replacing
micas, cordierite and heavy minerals. Modal analysis showed the quartz and feldspar grains (Fig. 7f). Cordierite is pale green to blue in
average composition of quartz (Q) varying from 65.4 to 76.1%; feldspar color, shows weak pleochroism and high relief than quartz and feldspar
(F) 10.5 to 27%, lithic fragments (L) 1.5 to 5%, cordierite 2.4 to 11.2% (Fig. 7b, c, d, e).

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020 119

Fig. 3. Detailed sedimentological logs of Rajgarh Formation of Alwar sub-basin, includes tabular, trough and herringbone cross-stratified
sandstone, flat topped and rounded crested ripples marked sandstone in Macheri, New Macheri, Reni, Pinnan and Jhakad Rajgarh sections,
showing lithofacies variations, distribution of sedimentary structures and palaeoflow pattern.

INTERPRETATION sandy coastal environment. These facies formed probably by

winnowing of pebble-bearing sands under agitating conditions.
Facies Associations (FA)
Similar accumulation of pebbles has been interpreted as a lag deposit
From the lithofacies analysis of the Proterozoic sedimentary winnowed by strong storm surges (Richards, 1986; Lindsey and
succession of the Rajgarh Formation, Alwar sub-basin three facies Gaylord, 1992).
associations has been identified as:
Tidal flat/ Inter tidal Facies Association (FA-2)
River-Dominated Estuary Facies Association (FA-1) This facies association represents a tidal flat showing strong
The facies assemblage is dominated by indurated, medium- to influence of tides in a meso-macro tidal conditions. This includes
fine-grained siliciclastics with fining upward, laterally extended sandstone–shale alternation, herringbone, tangential cross stratified
erosional basal surfaces. It includes tabular/trough cross-stratified sandstone and small- scale current ripples, parallel laminated sand-
sandstones with reactivation surfaces and pebbly sandstone facies. stone facies. Herringbone cross-stratified sandstone facies shows
In estuaries, the fining and thinning upward facies successions well developed open flood and ebb tidal rhythmites (Reineck and
are bounded by sharp, often erosional bases attesting to their Singh, 1980). Large-scale tabular cross-stratified sandstones can be
deposition during decreasing flow energy, typical of channel fills interpreted as a deposit of inter-tidal flood ramps, lateral accretion
(Singh and Singh, 1995; Bose et al., 2001). Presence of cross-beds in of tidal channel bars (Casshyap and Aslam, 1992; Allen and
sandstones with foresets dipping at low angles indicates evidence of Leather, 2006; Quasim et al., 2017). Presence of small-scale cross
tidal influence, as migration of 2D and 3D-bedforms in tidal stratification in assemblage with lamination, ripple marks suggest
setting typically results in cross beds that display low angle mixed tidal flat environment. Ripple bedded sandstone facies represents
dipping foresets (Shanley et al., 1992; Plink and Bjorklund, 2005). shallow water sand flats in tidal depositional settings. The wave- or
The fining-upward facies sequences are the best recognizable current generated ripple beds are common in sandy tidal flats or
characteristic of the fluvial deposits. Pebbly sandstone suggests its relatively shallow tidal channel margin (Meyer et al., 1998). When
deposition in a distributary channel of prograding gravelly and the tidal currents are too slow to produce ripples, they produce

120 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

 
Fig. 4. Field photograph showing (a) 0.2 m thick pebbly sst (sst-sandstone) of river-dominated estuary deposit (b) Co-sets of tangential cross

bedded sandstone has planar bounding surfaces and black arrows indicate current direction (c) Laminated sandstone at the base marked by
erosional contact which separates the co-sets of cross-bedded sandstone represented by trough and planar cross-bedded sandstone (d) 2m thick

sandstone body characterized by horizontal laminated sandstone indicated less fluctuation in energy condition (e) Large scale trough cross-
bedded sandstone showing two current direction and underlain by massive sandstone with erosional contact between them (f) Sigmoidal cross
beds with cross-bedded sandstone.



sand layers from suspension (Dalrymple et al., 1992) as seen in sedimentary structures like, parallel lamination and ripples associated
parallel laminated sandstones. This facies can be formed during with herringbone cross beds are interpreted to have deposited in
occasional periods of storm in intervening periods of low sediment upper sub-tidal to lower inter-tidal sub- environment. The facies
influx and in intermittent inter-tidal environment. Cross-beds interbeds of fine-grained sandstones and shale indicate its deposition
associated with laminated beds suggest their deposition on beach- in a lower shoreface transition zone of inter-tidal mixed flat
face environment under the influence of strong tidal and long-shore environment. Here, the intertidal environment is characterized by
currents. Their environment of deposition can be interpreted to be alternating levels of high energy (cross-bedded sandstones) and low
inter-tidal (Khalifa et al., 2006). Occurrence of characteristic energy (shale) condition.

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020 121

 
Fig. 5. Field photograph showing (a) 0.6 m thick herringbone cross-bedded sandstone showing bipolar current direction underlain by
massive sst (sandstone) with erosional contact between them and overlain by parallel laminated sandstone with sharp basal contact (b)
Large tabular form of sandstone body showing thin bands of shale which are intercalated between thick bedded sandstone (c) 0.3 m thick
cross bedded sandstone overlain by hummocky cross beds. Here, reactivation between them is marked by sharp line (d) 1 m thick
exposed sandstone outcrop represented by horizontally parallel laminated sandstone underlain by low angle dipping beds in between
them, there is sharp contact (e) This sandstone body is marked by erosional contact which separated planar cross-bedded sandstone and
laminated sandstone, here tangential cross-bedded sandstone indicate decrease in the energy condition and has gradational contact with
the above laminated sandstone and also exhibited reactivation surface (f) 5 m thick sandstone body exhibited tabular, tangential and
trough cross-bedding with reactivation surface and has erosional contact with the laminated sandstone in the lower half.

122 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

 
Fig. 6. (a) Exposed sandstone outcrop showing sinous crested symmetrical ripples with minor interference pattern (b) Small scale symmetrical
ripples with catenary form of crest (c) Sandstone body showing asymmetrical ripples with sinous crest (d) Large scale mega ripples are present
with straight crest form (e) Symmetrical ripples with bifurcated and rounded crest (f) Sandstone showing massive sst (sandstone) at the base
separated from herringbone cross beds of intertidal environment by sharp contact exhibited reactivation surface and concave up (hummocky)
and convex up (swaley) of 0.5 meters are also shown. Here, black arrow shows current direction.

Wave dominated shoreface to foreshore facies Association In foreshore, the bedding is 1 to 15 cm thick and bedsets are evenly
(FA-3) laminated sand with low angle discordance. The angle of dip of
This facies association includes horizontal bedded sandstone, small individual bedset is controlled by grain size. The coarser the sediment
scale symmetrical and asymmetrical ripple marks, mega ripples higher the angle of dip of bedset of laminated sand. Symmetrical and
bedding, hummocky and swaley cross-stratified sandstone, interference asymmetrical wave ripples developed on the foreshore. Wave ripples
ripple sandstone, massive sandstone and low and high angle cross are generally flat-topped and with rounded crest and pointed trough.
bedded sandstone facies. This facies association develops between Mega-ripples and small current ripples oriented in the direction of
shoreface, foreshore and offshore zone under the influence of storms flowing water more or less at right angles to the shoreline. Cross-
on a barrier ridge. The shoreface facies associations show development bedded sandstone is interpreted as a shoreface-foreshore environment.
of small current ripples sometimes also mega current ripples. Ripple bedded finer sandstones show features indicating deposition
Uppermost part of the shoreface during strong waves, wave ripples under oscillatory currents of weaker strength (Chakraborty, 1999).
and undulatory mega ripples are produced. Lower shoreface is most Asymmetrical ripples can either be the manifestation of moderately
dominated by laminated sandstone and symmetrical wave ripples as deep offshore water or of much shallower water within the range of
horizontal laminated sand produced as a result of the surges. backshore-shoreface environment. Abundant asymmetrical ripples with

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020 123

 Table 2. Characteristics of the individual facies and their depositional environment.

Facies Lithofacies Subfacies Texture Sedimentary structures Depositional Depositional

Associations processes environment

Coarse grained,
Pebbly poorly sorted, Channel fill
Sandstone — pebbles embedded Thickly and thinly laminated —— deposit
in fine grained
matrix.

Facies Association-1 Small and large Texturally and Planar bounding surface with Migration of River-dominated
River-dominated scale planar compositionally tangential and non-tangential straight crested estuarine
estuarine deposit Tabular cross stratified mature quartzose foresets bedform deposit
association cross- sandstone type sandstones,
(FA-1) stratified medium to coarse-
sandstone grained

Low angle planar Fine to medium Tangential cross bed and Low amplitude River-dominated
cross stratified grained, moderately wavy bedding at certain migrating mega estuarine
sandstone sorted horizons. ripple. deposit

Large scale trough Medium to coarse Large scale (> 100 cm thick) Migration of River-dominated
cross stratified grained, moderately trough cross stratification. lunate crested estuarine
Trough sandstone to poorly sorted bedform. Fallout deposit
cross- of suspended
stratified sediment at slack
sandstone water period.

Small scale trough Fine to medium Sigmoidal trough cross Migration of River-dominated
cross stratified grained, poorly stratified. sinous crested estuarine
sandstone sorted bedform. deposit

Herring- —— Medium to Medium scale bidirectional Periodic reversal Tidal flat

bone cross- coarse grained, cross beds. in current
stratified moderately to direction as a
Facies Association-2 sandstone. poorly sorted result of tidal
Tidal flat/intertidal sandstone. action.
facies association
Hetrolithic — Intercalation of Intercalation of sandstone Tidal Tidal flat /
(FA-2)
facies well sorted, very and shale. rhythmites inter tidal
fine grained sand- environment
stone and shale.

Horizontally — Medium to Parallel bedding Lower flow Foreshore

stratified coarse grained, regime, horizontal environment
sandstone moderately to bedding produced below fair
poorly sorted by low velocity weather wave
current. base

Massive — Fine grained. Structure less Rapid deposition Tidally to

sandstone shoreface

Symmetrical Fine grained, Small scale as well as large Ripples that form Wave
Facies association-3 ripple moderately scale, crest of the ripples are by wave action influenced
Wave dominated sandstone sorted mainly straight crested, are symmetrical foreshore
shoreface to fore- straight transverse crested, ripples and have
shore facies transverse sinous crested out fairly straight
association (FA-3) Rippled of phase and inphase and crest
sandstone catenary crested.

Asymmetrical Fine to medium Large scale, crest of the Asymmetrical Wave

ripple grained, ripples are bifurcated crested ripples develop influenced
sandstone moderately and sinous crested and inter- in unidirectional shoreface
sorted. ference ripple. flow and the lee
side faces down
stream in the
direction of
current flow.

124 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

Fig. 7. Microphotograph of Rajgarh sandstone (a) Showing K-feldspar (K) boundary corroded by ferruginous cement, monocrystalline quartz
(Qm) with undulose extinction and muscovite (M) bending between the more resistant quartz grain. (b) Monocrystalline quartz (Qm) showing
micro cracks, cordierite (Crd) grains appears to float in between the detrital grain, altered microcline (K) and metamorphic lithic fragments
(Lm). (c) Polycrystalline quartz (Qp) with relatively straight boundaries are elongate in shape and iron cement (Fe) coating around cordierite
(Crd). (d) Fine to medium grained, dominantly possessing monocrystalline quartz (Qm), cordierite (Crd) appears to float in between or over the
more resistant quartz grains and fresh plagioclase (P). (e) Phyllite lithic fragments (Lm) showing compaction around grains, cordierite (Crd),
muscovite (M) squeezed in between grains. (f) Ferruginous cement (Fe) corroded the quartz grain and filling the pore spaces reduces the
porosity and intergranular cordierite (Crd) is also present.

crests oriented parallel to current direction are also an upper shoreface shoreface (Cheel and Leckie, 1993; Brenchly et al., 1993; Allen and
feature (Reading, 1978). Symmetrical ripple marks with rounded crest Leather, 2006). Depositional condition for the facies comprised wave
reflects planning-off during tidal reversal. The facies suggest deposition and storm-related processes operating on a shallow marine shelf. Sands
in wave-dominated shoreface environment (Allen and Leather, 2006). and silt were emplaced and deposited under oscillatory current related
Occurrence of interference ripple marks indicate shallow water regime to storm and their late-stage phases (Srivastava and Singh, 2017).
of backshore-shoreface environment. Swaley-type cross-beddings are Evenly laminated sandstones are produced by heavy storms, which
deposited under storm waves on shoreface. The parallel laminated erode sand from upper part of the beach and transfer them into
sandstone represents offshore transport of sand during storms on the suspension in turbulent water where they settle down in deeper part

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020 125

 Table 3. Mineralogical Composition (Percent by volume) of Sandstone of Rajgarh Formation, Alwar sub-basin, NE Rajasthan.
(Qm= monocrystalline quartz, Qv= vein quartz, Qr= recrystallized metamorphic quartz, Qs= stretched metamorphic quartz,
Mus= muscovite, Bio= biotite, Mic= microcline, Plg= plagioclase, L = Lithic fragments, Crd= Cordierite).

S. No. Qm Qv Qr Qs Mus Bio Mic Plg L Crd

M-1 84.12 2.51 0.00 0 6.00 0.00 2.51 1.79 1.08 2.15
M-2 84.51 0.44 4.00 0 0.88 0.00 0.44 5.31 1.33 3.54
M3 35.74 1.37 28.12 0 1.00 0.00 10.74 19.73 0.78 2.54
M-4 78.31 0 5.47 0 1.23 1.76 6.00 4.76 0 2.47
M-5 80.56 1.82 1.42 0 0.81 0.40 5.67 7.34 0.40 2.43
M-6 66.73 0 22.97 0 0.72 0 4.70 4.16 0 0.72
M-7 73.00 0.00 0.00 0 13.33 2.42 2.42 4.10 0.61 4.24
M-8 36.30 0 28.04 0 1.09 0 11.96 19.78 0 2.83
M-9 60.06 0 10.88 0 3.72 0 13.09 9.23 0 3.03
M-10 72.40 1.80 6.20 1.00 1.40 2.00 6.80 5.40 0.40 2.80
M-11 75.56 0.00 3.57 0 10.71 0.36 1.07 3.45 2.14 3.57
M-12 66.77 0.50 21.10 2.00 1.11 0.00 4.32 3.82 0.17 0.66
NM-1 59.24 0.00 10.73 0 5.00 0.00 12.91 9.10 0.68 2.99
NM (-1) 62.13 0 12.69 0.20 1.62 1.42 5.48 11.78 0.51 4.16
NM-2 68.00 0.00 2.53 0 6.13 5.20 0.67 6.27 5.07 6.13
NM-4 62.09 0.00 21.03 0 3.97 0.50 2.15 4.14 4.97 1.32
NM-6 62.07 0.00 24.90 0 0.57 0.38 4.21 5.17 1.72 0.96
NM-8 64.22 0.00 1.27 0 3.80 0.00 16.71 8.10 2.53 3.80
NM-9 67.35 0 7.65 0 1.31 0.93 7.09 11.38 0.37 3.92
NM-10 61.18 0 8.41 0 4.92 2.95 9.66 7.60 3.22 2.06
R-1 80.59 0 0.76 0 1.09 0.65 9.05 6.65 0.76 0.44
R-2 76.13 0 2.48 0 0.71 0 7.34 10.79 1.50 1.06
R-3 56.83 0 0.62 3.11 0.72 0 11.08 23.40 0.10 4.14
R-4 54.59 0 0.60 0.34 3.95 0 6.44 24.89 0.17 9.01
R-5 74.47 0 1.13 3.14 0.13 0 0 21.13 0.00 0.00
R-6 60.28 0 1.40 1.40 2.14 0 9.58 21.67 0.56 2.98

Table 4. Percentage of detrital petrofacies modes based on Grazanti, 2019 of (Reineck and Singh, 1980; Ghosh, 1991; Araby and Motilib, 1999).
Rajgarh Sandstone, Alwar sub-basin, Northeastern Rajasthan, India. (Q= total Presence of trough and tabular cross stratified sandstone, parallel
quartzose grain, F= total feldspar, L= total unstable lithic fragments, Lm= lamination and occasional swaley-type cross-beds indicate deposition
Metamorphic lithic fragment, Ls= Sedimentary lithic grains, Lv= Volcanic in upper shore-face (Storms et al., 2005). Collectively, the facies
lithic fragments).
assemblage represents deposition under wave and storm action in a
S. No. Q F L Lm Lv Ls shoreface. Further, general lack of herringbone structures, which are
believed to be diagnostic feature of tidally influenced shallow marine
M-1 96.02 2.79 1.20 0.75 0 0.25
M-2 92.31 6.25 1.44 0.67 0 0.33
and coastal deposits, again indicates a wave dominated and/or storm-
M-3 66.94 32.23 0.83 0.67 0 0.33 dominated shoreface environment.
M-4 88.62 11.38 0.00 0.67 0.33 0
M5 87.23 12.34 0.43 0.83 0 0.17 FLOW PATTERN
M-6 91.01 8.99 0.00 0.50 0.25 0.25 In majority of the locations, current roses indicate bi- and uni-
M-7 93.65 5.56 0.79 0.57 0.00 0.43 modal with rare polymodal pattern with the vector mean oriented
M-8 66.97 33.03 0.00 0.67 0 0.33 towards northwest and southeast. Unimodal flow direction around
M-9 76.07 23.93 0.00 0.29 0.14 0.57 Rajgarh indicates fluvial environment and this view are further
M-10 86.45 13.12 0.43 0.50 0 0.50 supported (Singh, 1982a). Palaeoflow pattern and environmental
M-11 92.48 4.87 2.65 0.78 0 0.22 setting of these sediments indicate radial palaeoslope (Singh, 1982a).
M-12 91.48 8.35 0.17 0.38 0.13 0.50 Based on the available palaeoflow pattern, it is concluded that the
NM-1 75.51 23.75 0.73 0.71 0 0.29 provenance site towards the east and south. The initial basin was like
NM (-1) 80.85 18.60 0.55 0.75 0 0.25
a fault bounded basin which favored flood deposition of debris flows
NM-2 85.46 8.40 6.14 0.40 0.1 0.50
and boulder sheets in a confined intermontane environment. At this
NM-4 88.07 6.67 5.26 0.63 0. 0.38
stage, detrital supply was maximum from the southwest, and fluvial
NM-6 88.67 9.57 1.76 0.57 0 0.43
NM-8 70.72 26.52 2.76 0.78 0 0.22 dispersal was down the basin axis towards the northwest (Singh, 1984).
NM-9 79.92 19.68 0.40 0.29 0.14 0.57 The palaeoflow reversal is the characteristic feature of FA–2 indicated
NM-10 77.26 19.17 3.57 0.38 0 0.63 by herringbone cross beds. The palaeoflow pattern measured from
R-1 83.17 16.05 0.78 0.67 0 0.33 cross stratified siliciclastics of the Rajgarh suggests NW and NW-SE
R-2 80.02 18.45 1.53 0.63 0 0.38 directed bipolar and unidirectional palaeoflow pattern. Bipolar
R-4 63.81 36.00 0.20 0.44 0 0.56 palaeoflow pattern observed in the tidally influenced coastal
R-3 63.66 36.24 0.11 0.33 0 0.67 environment (Selly, 1980). Due to the weak reversing flow,
R-5 78.84 21.16 0.00 0.71 0 0.29 unidirectional palaeoflow pattern is common in the estuarine setup
R-6 66.47 32.94 0.59 0.38 0.13 0.50 (Allen, 1980).

126 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The study of quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments and the other
accessory minerals give the indication of the lithologic and tectonic
sources. Different quartz varieties disclose different types of lithologic
provenances (Blatt and Tracy, 1996; Basu et al., 1975). Presence of
monocrystalline quartz grains in the studied siliciclastic are indicative
of granitic sources whereas the polycrystalline are derived from the
gneissic and other highly metamorphosed rocks. The presence of
undulatory quartz in the studies siliciclastic suggests a metamorphic
source. The K-feldspar observed are mostly derived from plutonic
felsic and high grade metamorphic rocks such as granite and gneiss
while plagioclase feldspar is mainly common in low-grade
metamorphic rocks (Boggs, 2006). Micas present in these siliciclastic
point towards a low-grade metamorphic rocks such as quartzite, schist,
gneiss and granite and source of these siliciclastic is located in the
immediate vicinity. The lithic fragments are the reliable proxy of the
source, reveal a mixed provenance consisting of felsic plutonic and
metamorphic rocks. Rounded zircon indicates more than one cycle of
transportation and therefore confirms the presence of sedimentary and
metamorphics in the adjoining locality.
Sandstone considered to be the mixture of three principle Fig. 8. The proposed classification of Rajgarh Formation Siliciclastic
constituents: Quartz (Q), Feldspar (F) and Lithic fragments (L) and after Garzanti (2016), 15 fields are obtained by considering all three
can be readily defined on the basis of QFL ternary diagram in which QFL components provided. Q=quartzose; F=feldspathic; L=lithic;
samples are fall in quartzose and feldspatho-quartzose field (Fig. 8). lFQ=litho-feldspatho-quartzose; lQF=litho-quartzo-feldspathic;
In the QFL and LmLsLv ternary diagrams (Grazanti, 2019), the studied qLF=quartzo-lithofeldspathic; qFL=quartzo-feldspatho-lithic;
sandstone falls in the stable continental block provenance and orogenic fQL=feldspatho-quartzo-lithic; fLQ=feldspatho-litho-quartzose.
belt fields indicating their derivation from an uplifted basement (Fig.
9 a,b). Basement uplifts bounded by the faults support the feldspatho-
quartzose nature into adjacent basin whereas craton interiors are shield The Rajgarh Formation siliciclastic deposited in a wide range of
domains of low lying granitic and gneissic coverage which produce depositional environment ranging from fault bounded fluvial to
sand on erosion. Feldspatho-quartzose nature is a characteristic of marginal marine setting (Fig.10). The Rajgarh Formation out-
residual or local deposits derived from the basement rocks. The cropping in the study area is reinterpreted as river-dominated estuary
mineralogically mature and texturally immature studied siliciclastic to wave dominated shoreface to foreshore facies association occurred
coupled with abundant angular to sub-rounded grains and feldspar in a hierarchical manner suggest development of fining upward
support the sediments to be mostly derived from the first cycle origin. sequence. The siliciclastics of the Alwar sub-basin identified as
The presence of unaltered feldspar in the studied sandstone gave an quartzose and feldspatho-quartzose in nature, coarse- to fine-grained,
idea of origin from a moderate to high relief source coupled with rapid poorly sorted to moderately sorted and having subangular to
erosion and deposition in nearby fault bounded basin with minor subrounded grains generally show low sphericity. Roundness varies
reworking. In general, the petrographic study advocates a mixture of from angular to sub rounded and contact ranges from long to
felsic plutonic and metamorphic sources for the studied siliciclastic. suture contact and large amount of muscovite bending around more

Fig. 9. Sandstone classification and composition of Rajgarh Formation after Grazanti (2019). Q=quartz; F=Feldspar, L=lithics (Lm=metamorphic,
Lv=volcanic, Ls=sedimentary).

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020 127

 


Fig. 10. Cartoon represents vertically stacked river-tide-wave- dominated facies associations in a fluvial to marginal marine environment from

the Rajgarh Formation of the Alwar sub-basin. Three facies associations were identified for the Proterozoic sedimentary succession of the
Rajgarh Formation, Alwar sub-basin and Paleoflows are marked with associations.

detrital quartz grain indicate high mechanical compaction which sedimentation (Fig. 11A). During the stage II, Dogeta Graben
indicates that Rajgarh Formation has undergone diagenesis and experienced down warping and reactivated block faulting in the
compaction instead of metamorphism. Chemical weathering under eastern part gave rise to the Baswa horst and Surer Graben (Fig. 11B).
semi-humid condition destroys feldspar and lithic fragments much During stage III, basin development indicates reactivation of Surer
faster than mechanical weathering even under short transport and high fault and subsidence of the individual depositories and outpouring of
topographic relief. Presence of feldspar indicates quick burial and less basic volcanics along these ruptures (Fig. 11C). The stage IV, marks
subsidence which easily explained Alwar sub-basin deposition by fast the initiation of Alwar sedimentation with the tilting of the basin
sedimentation in rapidly subsiding fault bounded basin. Ternary plot towards north and subsidence of Baswa horst and eastern part of Surer
of framework mineralogy indicates that their derivation from a stable graben. Transverse Thatra fault and longitudinal Ancheri fault
continental block supplemented by recycled sands from the pre-existing developed. At this stage the southern source area suffered rapid
sediments of the Dausa uplift in the east and BGC in the south and upliftment increasing the relief many folds. Coarse clastic of Alwar
southeast. deposited in fluvial to marginal marine environment (Fig. 11D). It is
Deposition of various stratigraphic units and their sedimentological evidenced by the facies associations include river-dominated estuary,
framework suggest a series of stages in the evolution of Alwar sub- tidal flat/ intertidal and wave dominated shoreface to foreshore (Fig.10).
basin. During initial stage a down sag Dogeta graben was formed due Fig. 11E shows the subsidence of the entire Alwar sub-basin and the
to brittle deformation of the crust which received carbonate sediment eastern barrier between this and the Bayana Basin and psammopelitic
under stable shelf condition and no terrigenous sediment due to lack sequence deposited in tidal flat and bars.
of drainage system and then up warping of the basement and its erosion
followed by weak tectonic movement resulting in the Alwar basin and Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Chairman,
Baswa block (Singh, 1982a). Basement lithology of the Baswa block Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for
is demarcated by a fault on both side and being protected from erosion providing all necessary facilities for research work. Prof. Santanu
for a longer period before the onset of Delhi sedimentation. It indicates Banerjee, IIT Bombay, is highly thanked and acknowledged for his
that both Surer and Riwas-Rajpura faults were active before Delhi help in identification and confirmation of mineral cordierite.

128 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.95, FEB. 2020

Fig. 11. Map showing location, syn-sedimentary dislocation and various tectonic blocks of the eastern part of the Alwar sub-basin (after Singh,
1982a). Evolutionary trend of Alwar sub-basin (mainly eastern part) after Singh, 1982a. A. Development of main Alwar sub-basin (I); B.
Downwarping and reactivated block faulting birth of Baswa horst (II) and Surer graben (III); C. Eruption of basic flows; D. Wider downwarping
and origin of Thatra graben (IV) ; E. Major downwarping and marine transgression submerging all the barriers between different basins.

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(Received: 4 September 2019; Revised form accepted: 11 October 2019)

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