Fluid Mechanics

Presented By:
Akash Pandey
Asstt. Prof. (Sr. Grade), DME, OPJU

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 Contents
➢What is a Fluid?

➢Scope of Fluid Mechanics

➢Concept of Continuum

➢Fluid Properties

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 What is Fluid Mechanics?

What is
Fluid?

• FLUID is a substance which Deformation of fluid

deforms continuously under the
action of shearing force (however
small it is may be).
• Continuous deformation under the
application of stress constitutes flow.
• Substances with no strength.
• Includes Gases and Liquids

Deformation of solid body

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Difference between Fluid and Solid

Solid Fluid
• More compact structure. • Less compact structure.
• For a solid the strain is a • The rate of strain is
function of applied stress proportional to the applied
provided that the elastic limit stress.
is not exceeded .
• The strain in a solid is • A fluid continues to flow for
independent of the time over as long as the force is
which the force is applied applied and will not recover
and if the elastic limit is not its original form when the
exceeded the deformation force is removed.
disappears when the force is
removed.

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 What is Fluid Mechanics?

What is
Mechanics?

•The study of motion and the forces which cause (or prevent) the
motion.
Three types:
• Statics: The study of forces acting on the particles or bodies at
rest.
•Kinematics (kinetics): The description of motion: displacement,
velocity and acceleration.
•Dynamics: The study of forces acting on the particles and
bodies in motion.

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 What is Fluid Mechanics?

WHAT IS WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS FLUID
MECHANICS?

•Greek word “HUDAR” , means –

“WATER”
•It’s that branch of engineering •Mechanics of fluids
science deals with water ( at rest •It’s that branch of engineering
or in motion) science which deals with the
•Or its that branch of engineering behaviour of fluid under the
science which is based on conditions of rest (fluid statics) &
experimental observation of motion (fluid dynamics)
water flow.
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 Application Areas of Fluid
Mechanics

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 CONCEPT OF FLUID
In FLUID:
-The molecules can move freely but are constrained through a traction force called
cohesion.
-This force is interchangeable from one molecule to another.

For GASES:
-It is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate and move away from its container.
-A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its container.
-It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is thus no free surface.

For LIQUIDS:
-It is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the molecule together and can withstand
high compression, which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such as oil.
-On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed into the liquid region and the
combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules from a tensioned membrane
known as free surface.

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 Concept of Continuum
▪ It is the fluid’s bulk behavior of main concern in engineering applications.

▪ Fluid properties depend on their molecular structure. However, engineering

applications hardly analyses fluids at molecular level.

▪ A continuum concept assumes that the substance of the body is distributed

uniformly throughout, and completely fills the space it occupies.

▪ Although any matter is composed of several molecules, the concept of

continuum assumes a continuous distribution of mass within the matter or
system with no empty space, instead of the actual conglomeration of separate
molecules.

▪ In continuum approach, fluid properties such as density, viscosity, thermal

conductivity, temperature, etc. can be expressed as continuous functions of
space and time.
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 Concept of Continuum
Knudsen Number: it is a dimensionless parameter that is used to describe the
degree of departure from continuum.
K n = λ / L,
Where, λ is the mean free path and,
L is the characteristic length

If K n < 0.01, then we treat fluid as continuum.

Usually when K n> 0.01, the concept of continuum does not hold good.

Beyond this critical range of Knudsen number, the flows are known as

slip flow (0.01 < K n < 0.1),

transition flow (0.1 < K n < 10) and

free-molecule flow (Kn > 10)

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13/9/2023 11
 Density
Regardless of form (solid, liquid,
gas) we can define how much
mass is squeezed into a
particular space

Density of a material is
defined by the amount of
matter per unit volume.

Density of material may be

referred to in many ways.

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 Mass Density, 
Definition
Mass Density of a fluid, , is defined as the mass per unit
volume

• It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg

 == m
kgm-3 V m3

 water= 1000 kgm-3

air =1.23 kgm-3

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Specific Weight/ Weight Density, 

Definition
❖Specific weight of a fluid,  , is defined as the weight of the fluid per unit
volume .
❖Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance

 = the density of the material (kgm-3)

w
= = g
V g = acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)

Units: N/m3

 Water = 9.81 X 103 N/m3

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Relative Density/Specific Gravity,
SG
Definition
A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific weight of water at
standard temperature (4C) and atmospheric pressure.

 
SG = s = s
  Units: dimensionless
w @ 4C w @ 4C

Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless quantity

The specific gravity of a gas is the ratio of its density to that of either hydrogen or air
at some specified temperature or pressure.

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 Specific Volume, v
Definition
The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit mass or the inverse of
density

v = 1/ = V/m
Units: m3/kg

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 No-Slip Boundary Condition
▪ Fluid particles in contact with
solid boundaries will adhere to
the boundaries and will have
same velocities as the solid
boundaries.

▪ Movement of a fluid over solid

boundary can be visualized as
layers of a fluid moving one
above the other.

▪ The velocity of fluid layers

increases as the distance from the No-Slip is a consequence of
solid boundary increases. the fluid viscosity

▪ When fluid moves, it generates

shearing stress

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 Viscosity
▪ Viscosity is a fluid property whose effect is understood when the
fluid is in motion.

▪ Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes

the internal friction of a moving fluid.

▪ The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to

deformation at a given rate.

▪ A fluid with a large viscosity resists motion, whereas a fluid with

low viscosity offers less resistance and flows easily.

▪ Due to fluid friction shear stress can be identified between the

fluid elements.
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 Viscosity

Fig. 1 Parallel flow of fluid Fig. 2 Two adjacent layers of a moving fluid

▪ Such a fluid flow where x-direction velocities, for example, change with y-coordinate
is called shear flow of the fluid.
▪ The dragging effect of one layer on the other is experienced by a tangential force F
on the respective layers.
▪ This force F acts over an area A, and this generates shear stress

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
▪ The relation between shear stress and
velocity gradient is given by Newton’s
Law

𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝉 ∝ 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

du
 = (1.1)
dy

 = shear stress (tau)

 = viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient

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 Viscosity
Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

▪ Viscosity is due to: Definition

❖It defined as the ratio of
(a) Cohesive forces between dynamic viscosity to mass
molecules density
(b) Molecular collisions 𝝁
𝝑=
𝝉 𝝆
𝝁=
𝒅𝒖ൗ
𝒅𝒚
SI Unit – m^2/s
SI Unit - Ns/m^2 or Pa-s CGS Unit – cm^2/s or Stokes
CGS Unit – Dyne-s/cm^2 or Poise
10 Poise – 1 Pa-s

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 Temperature v/s Viscosity (Liquid And
Gases)
• Viscosity is caused by the cohesive forces
between the molecules in liquids and by the
molecular collisions in gases, ant it varies
greatly with temperature.
Viscosity
• The viscosity of liquid decreases with
Liquids
temperature, whereas the viscosity of gases
increases with temperature.

• This is because in a liquid the molecules possess

more energy at higher temperature and they can
oppose the large cohesive intermolecular forces
Gases
more strongly.

• As a result, the energized liquid molecules can

Temperature move more freely.

• In gases, the intermolecular activities are

negligible and the gas molecules at high
temperature move randomly at higher velocity.
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 Newtonian &
Non Newtonian Fluid

obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
of viscosity

Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine

not obey refer

Fluid Newton’s law Non Newtonian fluids
of viscosity

Example: Blood, Milk, Toothpaste, Slurries, Paint, Starch

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 Non Newtonian Fluid

*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that point

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 Compressibility
Compressibility of any substance is the measure of its change in
volume under the action of external forces namely pressure

−∆𝑝
𝐸 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = lim
∆𝑉→0 ∆𝑉
( )
𝑉
𝑑𝑝
𝐸= 𝜌
𝑑𝜌
Substances with high value of E will have small change in volume for a large
change in pressure.

E for Water = 2 × 106 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

E for Air = 101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

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 Surface Tension, σ

Surface tension
• defined as the force acting on a unit length of a
line drawn in the liquid surface

Surface tension
• Surface tension tend to reduce the surface area of
a body of liquid
p
• The internal pressure within the droplet, p and the
surface tension forces, must be in equilibrium.
 

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 Surface tension
• Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting on
the droplet
• The magnitude of surface tension forces are very
small compared to other forces
• Normally are neglected

2r = pr 2

2 pr
p= = Units : N/m

r 2
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 6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid

If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube will take
a shape as in figure (a) and (b).

13/9/2023 Figure (a) and (b) 28

 Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a small-
diameter tube

4 cos 4 cos 2 cos

h= @ h= @ h=
gd d gr
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
 = surface tension
Units= m @ mm  = wetting (contact) angle
 = specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube
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 Vapour Pressure, Pv
Vapour Pressure
• Defined as the pressure at which a liquid turns to
vapour
• The pressure exerted by its vapour in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature

• The molecules which moves above the surface of

the liquid exert pressure in the confined surface

Vapour Pressure

Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m2 or Pascal

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