SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SKILL DEVELOPMENT REPORT

ON

“Unleashing The Dynamic Potential of Data Structures and Algorithms”

Submitted by

STUDENT NAME (SRN)

REVA UNIVERSITY

2024

Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064

www.reva.edu.in

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I record my sincere thanks to the Director Mr. R. K. Sharma, Solid State Physics
Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organisation for providing me
an excellent opportunity to undergo training in his esteemed organization
through which I could gain an exposure to the Research and Development
environment and getting acquainted with the Laser technologies.

I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Alok Jain, Scientist 'D', Head, LASER
Division for permitting me to work in his division and making me aware of
recent trends and technologies in semiconductor laser diodes.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and obligation to. Mr. Abhishek
Sharma, Scientist 'D' for his valuable guidance. I would also like to thank, Dr.
Pramod Kumar, for their valuable guidance in making report and contribution in
lab work. I express my thanks to all the members of LASER group for providing
me support and their constant encouragement during training.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank the library staff for allowing me to
access the library and it's valuable material.

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ORGANISATION PROFILE
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is the premier

agency under the Department of Defence Research and Development in the
Ministry of Defence of the Government of India, charged with the military's
research and development, headquartered in Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958
by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate
of Technical Development and Production of the Indian Ordnance Factories
with the Defence Science Organisation. Subsequently, Defence Research &
Development Service (DRDS) was constituted in 1979 as a service of Group 'A'
Officers / Scientists direct under the administrative control of the Ministry of
Defence.
With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in developing defence
technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics,
land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems,
DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organization. The
organization includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research
& Development Service (DRDS) and about 25,000 other subordinate scientific,
technical, and supporting personnel.

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 Vision
Empowering the nation with state of art indigenous Defence technologies and
systems.

Mission
Design, develop and lead to the production of state-of-the- art sensors, weapon
systems, platforms, and allied equipment for our Defence Services.
• Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimize combat effectiveness
and to promote the well-being of the troops.
• Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build a strong
indigenous technology base.

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 Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)

GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) is one of the pioneering

laboratories of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The
main charter of the establishment is to design and develop gas-turbine engines
for military applications, besides carrying out advanced research work in the
area of gas-turbine sub-systems. In addition, it is responsible for establishing the
requisite computational, prototype manufacturing and test facilities for
components and full-scale engine development. GTRE is involved in the design,
development, and testing of gas turbines for various applications, including:

1. Aero-engines for aircraft and drones

2. Marine gas turbines for naval ships
3. Industrial gas turbines for power generation

GTRE's main focus areas include:

1. Gas turbine design and development

2. Turbine aerodynamics and thermodynamics
3. Materials science and metallurgy
4. Engine testing and validation

GTRE has developed several indigenous gas turbines, including the Kaveri
engine for the Tejas fighter aircraft and the marine gas turbine for the Indian
Navy's ships.

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Instrumentation Control Engineering Group (ICG)

The Instrumentation Control Engineering Group (ICG) is a crucial part of the

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in India. DRDO,
established in 1958, operates under the Ministry of Defence, with the mandate to
develop defense technologies, systems, and products to enhance the capabilities
of the Indian Armed Forces.

Key Functions of ICG:

Design and Development:

ICG is responsible for the design and development of advanced instrumentation
and control systems for various defense applications.
These systems are used in missiles, aircraft, naval systems, and other defense
platforms.

Research and Innovation:

The group focuses on research and innovation to stay ahead in technology and
develop cutting-edge solutions.
This includes the development of sensors, actuators, control algorithms, and
related technologies.

Testing and Evaluation:

ICG conducts rigorous testing and evaluation of the systems it develops to
ensure they meet the required standards and specifications.
This involves both laboratory testing and field trials.
Virtually every industry that specializes in repeatable production requires
industrial process instrumentation and process control equipment.

Some industries include:

Oil & Gas, Petrochemical, Wastewater Treatment, Food &Beverage

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Design and Implementation of a PWM-Based Voltage
Control System for High-Speed Multiphase Alternators
Alternators

An alternator operates on the same fundamental principle of electromagnetic

induction as a d.c. generator i.e., when the flux linking a conductor changes, an
e.m.f. is induced in the conductor. The field poles are placed on the stationary
part of the machine. Since no commutator is required in an alternator, it is
usually more convenient and advantageous to place the field winding on the
rotating part (i.e., rotor) and armature winding on the stationary part (i.e., stator)

Components of Alternator

Stator:
i) As a stationary part, the stator serves as the armature that interacts with the
rotor's magnetic field.
ii) The stator provides structural support and alignment for the rotor, ensuring
proper and efficient rotation within the magnetic field.

Rotor
The rotor in an alternator serves as the magnetic field source. When the rotor
spins, it creates a rotating magnetic field within the alternator. This rotating
magnetic field interacts with the stator windings (stationary coils of wire),
inducing an alternating current (AC) in these windings through electromagnetic
induction.
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There are primarily two types of rotors used in alternators:
i) Salient (or projecting) pole type
ii) Non-salient (or cylindrical) pole type

i) Salient pole type: In this type, salient or projecting poles are mounted
on a large circular steel frame which is fixed to the shaft of the alternator. The
individual field pole windings are connected in series in such a way that when
the field winding is energized by the d.c. exciter, adjacent poles have opposite
polarities.
ii) Non-salient pole type: In this type, the rotor is made of smooth solid
forged-steel radial cylinder having a number of slots along the outer periphery.
The field windings are embedded in these slots and are connected in series to the
slip rings through which they are energized by the d.c exciter.

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Alternator Woking Principle and Operations
The principle of an alternator is based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, which states that a voltage is induced in a conductor when it is
exposed to a changing magnetic field.

The rotor winding is energized from the d.c. exciter and alternate N and S poles
are developed on the rotor. When the rotor is rotated in anti-clockwise direction
by a prime mover, the stator or armature conductors are cut by the magnetic flux
of rotor poles. Consequently, e.m.f. is induced in the armature conductors due to
electromagnetic induction. The induced e.m.f. is alternating since N and S poles
of rotor alternately pass the armature conductors. The direction of induced e.m.f.
can be found by Fleming’s right hand rule and frequency is given by:

NP
f= 120

where N = speed of rotor in r.p.m.

P = number of rotor poles

The magnitude of the voltage induced in each phase depends upon the rotor flux,
the number and position of the conductors in the phase and the speed of the rotor

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RECTIFIERS
i) A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC supply into unidirectional
DC supply. This process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC) is also called as rectification.
ii) Semiconductor diodes are used to convert AC to DC because they allow
current to flow in only one direction (unidirectional).

Types of Rectifiers

1. Half Wave Rectifier

i) It is a simple type of rectifier made with single diode which is connected in

series with load. For small power levels this type of rectifier circuit is commonly
used.
ii) During the positive half of the AC input, diode becomes forward biased and
currents starts flowing through it.
iii) During the negative half of the AC input, diode becomes reverse biased
and current stops flowing through it.
iv) Because of high ripple content in the output, this type of rectifier is seldom
used with pure resistive load.

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the
following two ideal equations

V peak V peak
V rms = V dc =
2 π

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Rectifier Efficiency (η)

The percentage of total ac power that is converted into useful dc output power

D . C output power P DC
η= =
A . C input po wder P AC

2
Im
RL 4
π
2 ( 2
)R L
η= = π η = 40.6%
I 2m ( R f + R L + R s)
[R + R L + R s ]
4 f

Under best condition only 40.6% of the ac input power is converted into dc
power

Ripple Factor

ϒ = √¿¿

Im Im
Now for a half wave circuit, 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝐷𝐶 =
2 π

This indicates that the ripple content in the output are 1.211 times the dc
component i.e. 121.1% of dc component.
The ripple factor is very high.
Therefore a half wave rectifier is a poor converter of ac to dc.
The ripple factor is minimized using filter circuits along with the rectifier

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2.Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
i) Using the same secondary voltage, this bridge rectifier can produce almost
double the output voltage as compared with full wave center-tapped
transformer rectifier.
ii) During the positive half of the input AC diodes D1 and D2 are forward
biased and D3 and D4 are reverse biased. Thus load current flows through D1
and D2 diodes.
iii) During the negative half cycle of the input diodes D3&D4 are forward
biased and D1&D2 are reverse biased. Therefore load current flows through
D3&D4 diodes.

Rectifier Efficiency ( η)

P DC output
η=
P AC input

4 2
I R
2 m L
η= π
2
Im¿¿¿
8 RL
η= 2
π ¿¿

But if R f + Rs ≪ R L,neglecting it from denominator

8 RL 8
η= 2 = 2
π RL π
8
% ηmax = 2
×100=81.2
π

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Ripple Factor

Ripple Factor = √ ¿ ¿

For full wave I RMS=I m / √ 2 and I DC =2 I m / π

Ripple factor =√ ¿ ¿ = 0.48

Ripple factor = ϒ = 0.48

This indicates that the ripple contents in the output are 48% of dc component
which is less than that for the half wave rectifier

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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique used to control the amount of

power delivered to a load without significant energy loss. It works by switching
the power supply on and off at a high frequency and varying the duration of the
"on" time within each cycle. The ratio of the "on" time to the total cycle time is
called the duty cycle, and it determines the average power delivered to the load.

Open loop

In an open-loop PWM system, the duty cycle of the PWM signal is set based on
predetermined parameters without feedback from the system. The control does
not adjust automatically to changes in the load or external conditions.

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