1 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

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3 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

nghUslf;fk;
t. ghlj;jiyg;G gf;f vz;
vz;
1 kpd;D}y; (Digital Copy) 1
2 fhnzhsp> Nfl;nghyp 1
3 gyTs; njupf 4
4 xUtupr; nra;jpfs; 15
5 nra;As; FWtpdh 22
6 ciueil FWtpdh 27
7 ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G 28
8 gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 28
9 Gzu;r;rp tpjp 29

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10 nkhopg;gapw;rp 30

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11 fiyr;nrhw;fs; 36
12 nkhopg;ngau;g;G 36

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13 ,yf;fzf; FWtpdh 40
14 nra;As; rpWtpdh 42
15
16
ciueil rpWtpdh
mzpfs;
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60
17 jpiz - Jiw 62
vi
18 gh eak; ghuhl;Lf 68
19 gonkhopf;Nfw;w tho;f;if epfo;T 74
al

20 neLtpdh 76
.k

21 kdg;ghlg; gFjp 101

22 khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 103
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23 nghJj;Nju;T tpdhj;jhs; (2020) 127

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Njh];j; jkpo; ciuia

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kpd;E}y; tbtpy;
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4 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf.
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;

m) ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif M) jz;bayq;fhuk; ,) njhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y;

tpil - ,) njhy;fhg;gpak;.
2. ’kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F” ftpQH Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;>
i) ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ ii) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ
iii) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) i kl;Lk; rup M) i, ii ,uz;Lk; rup ,) iii kl;Lk; rup <) i, iii ,uz;Lk; rup
tpil- <) i, iii ,uz;Lk; rup.
3. ‘kpd;NdH jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ

n
jd;NdH ,yhj jkpo‚!” - ,t;tbfspy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;

l.i
m) mbNkhid> mbvJif M) rPHNkhid> rPHvJif
,) mbvJif> rPHNkhid <) rPHvJif> mbNkhid

da
tpil - ,) mb vJif - rPH Nkhid.
4. fUj;J 1: ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG.
ka
fUj;J 2: njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup ,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup> 2 jtW
vi
tpil - ,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup.
al

5. nghUj;Jf.
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1) guyp R. ney;iyag;gH M) epyTg;g+ - 2) jp.R. eluhrd;
.k

,) fpil - 3) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; <) ca;Ak; top - 4) fp. uh[ehuhazd;

m) 4>3>2>1 M) 1>4>2>3 ,) 2>4>1>3 <) 2>3>4>1
w

tpil - <) 2> 3> 4> 1.

w

6. nghUj;Jf.

m) Fuq;Ffs; - 1) fd;Wfisj; jtpHj;jd M) gRf;fs; - 2) kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;jd

w

,) gwitfs; - 3) Fspuhy; eLq;fpd <) tpyq;Ffs; - 4) Nka;r;riy kwe;jd

m) 1>3>4>2 M) 3>1>2>4 ,) 3>2>1>4 <) 2>1>3>4
tpil - M) 3> 1> 2> 4.
7. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) #upa xspf;fjpH M) kio Nkfq;fs; ,) kioj; Jspfs; <) ePH epiyfs;

tpil - ,) kioj;Jspfs;.
8. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;

m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy; ,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jbePH cwpQ;rg;gLjy;

tpil - M) kzy; ms;Sjy;.
5 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
9. ’ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngaH nghope;njd” - jbj;j nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G

m) tpidj;njhif M) cupr;nrhy; njhlH ,) ,ilr;nrhy; njhlH <) <Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk;

tpil - <) <Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk;.
10. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp ntg;gkakhjy; fl;Lg;gLj;j

KbAk; - ,j;njhlH czHj;JtJ

m) fhHgd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ M) gRikf;Fby; thAf;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ

,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ <) Gtpapd; ,af;fk; NtWgLfpwJ
tpil - m) fhHgd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ.
11. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;ffhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd. mit ---
m) mwNthH> JwNthH M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
,) kd;wq;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; Rq;fKk;

n
tpil - M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;.

l.i
12. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; NjHe;njLf;f.

da
m) cupikj;jhfk; - 1. ghurPff; ftpQH M) mQ;Qhb - 2. g+kzp
,) [yhYj;jPd; &kp - 3. gf;jtr;ry ghujp <) jkpoH FLk;g Kiw - 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp
m) 2>4>3>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 2>4>1>3 <) 2>3>4>1

ka tpil - ,) 2>4>1>3.
vi
13. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W [yhYj;jPd; &kp Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk; ,) tQ;rid <) ,it midj;Jk;

al

tpil - <) ,it midj;Jk;.

.k

14. ’cth cw te;J $Lk;

cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhH” - ahH ahH?
w

m) rlhA> ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;> Ffd; ,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd; <) ,uhkd;> rtup

tpil - ,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd;.
w

15. ’vq;fs; je;ijaH ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy - xU

w

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy“ - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ

m) jdpf;FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw ,) jha;topr; r%fKiw <) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw
tpil - <) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw.
16. ’fhtpndk; fyNdƒ RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” - ,j;njhlupy; „fyd;… czHj;Jk; nghUs;

m) NghHf;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp ,) ,irf;fUtp <) Ntshz; fUtp

tpil - ,) ,irf;fUtp.
17. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;

m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) CHtyk; <) tpz;kPd;

tpil - M) fhtpak;.
18. ’tpz;NtWƒ tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW” - ,j;njhlH jUk; KOikahd nghUs;.
6 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
m) tpz;Zk; ntz;kjpAk; NtW NtW
M) tpz;ntspAk; nrq;fjpUk; NtW NtW
,) ntz;kjpAk; KfpYk; NtW NtW
<) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjpH> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW
tpil - <) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjpH> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW.
19. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; NjHT nra;f.
m) trk;G M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW ,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fup
tpil - ,) fLf;fha;.
20. ’Fopkhw;W” ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlHGila nrhy;?
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) Gtpapay; <) Ntshz;ik
tpil - M) fzpjk;.
21. nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y> mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; - fhuzk; -

n
m) Neub> kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; fsk;

l.i
M) nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs;> thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
,) nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy

da
<) m> M> , - midj;Jk;
ka tpil - <) m> M> , - midj;Jk;.
22. $w;W: ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsHfs; nrd;id Nehf;fp te;jdH.
fhuzk;: fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;> Jzp rhHe;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
vi
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup
al

tpil - <) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup.

.k

23. nghUj;Jf.
w

m) jpUty;ypf;Nfzp MW - 1) khtypGur; nryT M) gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2) fy; Nfhlup

,) gy;yhtuk; - 3) mUq;fhl;rpafk; <) vOk;g+H - 4) $tk;
w

m) 1>2>4>3 M) 4>2>1>3 ,) 4>1>2>3 <) 2>4>3>1

w

tpil - ,) 4> 1> 2> 3.

24. ’cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthH” - ,j;njhlH czHj;Jk; gz;G

m) NeHkiwg; gz;G M) vjpHkiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz; gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;

tpil - ,) Kuz; gz;G.
25. ’tpspawp Qkyp” - ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ?

m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahop

tpil - ,) eha;.

26. MHg;gupf;Fk; fly;

mjd; mbj;jsk;
nksdk;ƒ kfh nksdk; - mbfs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ
7 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; $j;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePHj;jOk;gy; ,y; <) Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpiz mirf;f ,ayhJ.
tpil - <) Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpiz mirf;f ,ayhJ.
27. Vo; Mz;L ,aw;wp XH <uhW Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; …..

1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;. 2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
m) 1 rup 2 jtW M) 1 jtW 2 rup ,) 1 jtW 2 jtW <) 1 rup 2 rup
tpil - <) 1 rup 2 rup.
28. nghUj;Jf.

m) Mke;jpupif - 1) gl;lj;J ahid M) muR cth - 2) %q;fpy;

,) foQ;R - 3) ,lf;if thj;jpak; <) fio - 4) vil msT
m) 3>1>4>2 M) 4>2>1>3 ,) 1>2>3>4 <) 4>3>2>1

n
tpil - m) 3>1>4>2.

l.i
29. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

da
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G ,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G <) fhl;rp kiwT
tpil - <) fhl;rp kiwT.
ka
30. ’gyH JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd;” - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzH M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia> Nfht+HfpohH
vi
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyH <) fupfhyiz> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH
tpil - M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia> Nfht+HfpohH.
al

31. mjpra kyupd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ

.k

m) fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M) Ml;fsw;w nghOij

,) gr;irak; ,oe;j epyj;ij <) midj;ijAk;
w

tpil - <) midj;ijAk;.

32. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
w

$w;W 1: fij tbtpyhd tbtk; cilaJ.

w

$w;W 2: ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ

m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW M) $w;W 1>2 rup
,) $w;W 1>2 jtW <) $w;W 1 jtW> $w;W 2 rup
tpil - m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW.
33. cz;L gpwe;J tsHe;j ,le;jdpy; - ,j;njhlupy; nganur;rk;
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J ,) tsHe;j <) ,le;jdpy;
tpil - ,) tsHe;j.
34. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlH
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;> jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ <) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;
tpil - M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
8 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
35. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp

m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk; ,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGup

tpil - ,) jpz;btdk;.
36. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.

m) jdpj;jkpo;j; je;ij - 1. K. tujuhrdhH M) Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQH - 2. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

,) jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3. jpU.tp.f <) nkhop QhapW - 4. NjtNeag; ghthzH
tpil - m) jdpj;jkpo;j; je;ij - 1. K. tujuhrdhH.
37. r.j. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;

m) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpOk; ,) rkzKk; jkpOk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;

tpil - <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;.

n
38. ehd; ntw;Wntspapy; miye;Jnfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; Njbagb vd;W Rfe;jp

l.i
Rg;gpukzpad; NjLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) jkJ tPl;L Kftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;i ,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;Gfis

da
tpil - ,) jkJ milahsj;ij.
39. filnaO ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;dHfs; ka
m) Ma; mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spAk; XupAk; <) ghupAk; fhupAk;
vi
tpil - M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;.
al

40. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f.

.k

m) md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
w

M) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk;

w

nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;.

,) rpdk;vd;Dk; NrHe;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
w

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.

tpil - ,) rpdk;vd;Dk; NrHe;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.

41. flypd; ngupJ

m) cw;w fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp

M) gad; Muhahky; xUtH nra;j cjtp
,) jpidasT nra;j cjtp
tpil - M) gad; Muhahky; xUtH nra;j cjtp
9 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
42. gpd;tUk; ehybahH ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
m) ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;ifƒ jpUNtW
’ey;yhH eatH ,Ug;g eak; ,yhf;
njs;spaH MjYk; NtW.
fy;yhHf; nfhd;whfpa fhuzk; - njhy;iy
M) ey;yit vy;yhk; jPathk; jPaTk;
tpidg;gad; my;yJ Nty;neLq; fz;zha;
ey;ythk; nry;tk; nraw;F.
epidg;g tUtnjhd; wpy;“
,) Copy; ngUtyp ahcs kw;W xd;W
#opDk; jhd;Ke;J cWk;.
tpil - m) ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;ifƒ jpUNtW
njs;spaH MjYk; NtW.

43. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ - vjw;F?

m) nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp M) gad; J}f;fhH nra;j cjtp

,) jpidj;Jiz ed;wp <) nra;e;ed;wp tpil - nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp .

n
44. nghUj;Jf.

l.i
m) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - 1) NrHe;jhiuf; nfhy;yp

da
M) gad;J}f;fhH nra;j cjtp - 2) Qhdj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ
,) rpdk; - 3) nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
ka
<) fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp - 4) ed;ik flypd; ngupJ
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 1>2>3>4 <) 2>3>4>1 tpil - M) 3>4>1>2
vi
45. glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f.
m) vz;zpa vz;zpahq;F va;Jg vz;zpahH
al

jpz;zpaH Mfg; ngwpd;

.k

M) cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;NjHf;F

mr;rhzp md;dhH cilj;J.
w

,) tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;

w

kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.

tpil - M) cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;NjHf;F
w

mr;rhzp md;dhH cilj;J.

46. ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

’kdNkh khl;Ltz;b m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL

ghijnahOq;fpy; Nghf mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT
epidf;Fk; khL M) nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT
,g;gb ,Ue;jhy; vg;gb efUk;
,) mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthHf;Fk;
tho;f;ifr; rf;fuk;
cs;sopf;fy; Mfh muz;.
CH NghFk; ghijapy; tpil -
rf;fuk; cUz;lhy; tpil M) nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
mJNt mwpTƒ mJNt njspT“ ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
10 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
47. gpd;tUk; ehybahH ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
m) gioak; vdf;fUjpg; gz;G my;y nra;Ak;
’rPupahH Nfz;ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha;
nfOjifik NfL jUk;
khupNghy; khz;l gaj;jjhk; - khup
M) vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhHf;F ,y;iy
twe;jf;fhy; NghYNk thyUtp ehl! mjpu tUtNjhH Neha;
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPupahH el;G“ ,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iyƒ jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;

tpil - ,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iyƒ jPapdj;jpd;

my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.

48. my;yy; gLg;gJ}k; ,y; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;?

m) ths;Nghy; giftH M) nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gtH ,) vz;zpahq;F va;JgtH <) jPapdj;jhH

n
tpil - <) jPapdj;jhH.

l.i
49. jpz;zpaH vd;gjd; nghUs;

m) mwpTilatH M) kd cWjpAilatH ,) jPf;fha;thH <) mwptpdhH

da
tpil - M) kd cWjpAilatH.
50. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwtH ka
m) murH M) nrhy;ypagb nra;gtH ,) J}JtH <) cwtpdH
tpil - ,) J}JtH.
vi
51. nghUj;Jf.
al

m) ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1) jPf;fha;thH

M) nrj;jhH - 2) rPH mopf;Fk; #J
.k

,) tWik jUtJ - 3) fs; cz;gtH

w

<) ,fy;Nte;jH NrHe;J xOFthH - 4) clk;ghL ,yhjtH

w

m) 1>2>3>4 M) 2>3>4>1 ,) 4>1>3>2 <) 4>3>2>1

w

tpil - <) 4>3>2>1.

52. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjtH

m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpeJ

; fhj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batH M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilatH
,) muriur; rhHe;J tho;fpd;wtH <) #jhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fopg;gtH
tpil - m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $batH.
53. vspaJ> mupaJ vd;gd

m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz - ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz M) nrhy;tJ - nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ

,) rpWik gy nra;tJ - giftH njhlHG <) nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ - cUTfz;L vs;shjJ
tpil - M) nrhy;tJ - nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ.
11 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rpf; nfhs;

1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf.

m) fhisfisg; g+l;b taiy cOjdH. M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;jdH.

,) fhisapy; g+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ. <) new;gapHfs; kioePupy; %o;fpd.
tpil- ,) fhisapy; g+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.
2. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhliuj; NjHf.

m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;. M) Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.

,) twl;rp vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ. <) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
tpil- m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;.
3. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL -------- mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

n
m) nghUl;Fwpg;G M) nrhw;Fwpg;G ,) njhlHf;Fwpg;G <) vOj;Jf;Fwpg;G

l.i
tpil - m) nghUl;Fwpg;G.
4. ’caHjpiz vd;kdhH kf;fl; Rl;Nl

da
m‡wpiz vd;kdhH mtuy gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y; ---------

m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak; ,) njhy;fhg;gpak;

ka <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
tpil - ,) njhy;fhg;gpak;.
vi
5. ahH? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czHj;Jk; jpizfs; KiwNa -------

m) m/wpiz> caHjpiz M) caHjpiz> m/wpiz

al

,) tpuTj;jpiz> m/wpiz <) tpuTj;jpiz> caHjpiz

.k

tpil M) caHjpiz> m‡wpiz.

6. nghUj;jp tpil NjHf.
w

m) mtd; mts; mtH - 1) csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik

w

M) ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2) csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik

,) ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3) jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngaHfs;
w

<) ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4) gjpypL ngaHfs;

m) 4>1>2>3 M) 2>3>4>1 ,) 3>4>1>2 <) 4>3>1>2
tpil - m) 4>1>2>3.
7. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; NjHf.

m) Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tplhky; vOJjy;

M) Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJjy;
,) epWj;jf;Fwpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;
<) ty;ypd nka;fisj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,lhky; vOJjy;
tpil - ,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;.
12 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
8. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlHfspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.

m) ghiy ghbdhd; - 1) Njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghHj;jhd;.

M) ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2) Njupidg; ghHj;jhd;
,) Njiu ghHj;jhd; - 3) ghypidg; ghbdhd;
<) Njiug; ghHj;jhd; - 4) ghiyj; jpiz ghbdhd;
m) 4>1>3>2 M) 2>3>1>4 ,) 4>3>1>2 <) 2>4>1>3
tpil - ,) 4>3>1>2.
9. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPH vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;? nghUj;jkhd rPupidf; nfhz;L Nfhbl;l

,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;.
m) md;Ng ----------------------------------------------- (MHtkha; Æ jfspaha;)
M) thd;kio ----------------------------------------- (J}wypy; Æ nghope;jpbd;)

n
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ----------------------------------- (,yhjhH Æ ,y;yhH)

l.i
<) ntz;zpyT --------------------------------------- (fha;fpwJ Æ xspHfpwJ)
c) nta;Nahd; --------------------------------------- (fha;e;jpl Æ xspHe;jpl)

da
tpil - m) jfspaha; M) J}wypy; ,) ,y;yhH <) fha;fpwJ c) xspHe;jpl.

10. %d;whtJ rPH mikj;J vOJf. ka

m) fy;tp fiuapy -------------------------------- M) fy;yhNu MapDk; --------------------------------
,) ey;yit nra;apd; -------------------------------- <) mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w --------------------------------
vi
c) cz;zhJ Nehw;ghH --------------------------------
tpil - m) fw;gtH M) ifg;nghUs; ,) eyNk <) kjpg;Gk; c) ngupaH.
al

11. nghUj;Jf.
.k

m) khr;rPH - 1) fUtpsk;> $tpsk; M) fha;r;rPH - 2) ehs;> kyH

,) tpsr;rPH - 3) Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha; <) Xuirr;rPH- 4) Njkh> Gspkh
w

m) 1>2>3>4 M) 4>3>1>2 ,) 2>3>1>4 <) 3>4>2>1

w

tpil - M) 4>3>1>2
12. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
w

m) nrhy; M) nray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp

tpil - ,) fhl;rp.
13. ’fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka> Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; GJntapy;” ,f;ftpijapy; -------

gapd;W te;Js;sJ.

m) gad; gbkk; M) tpidg;gbkk; ,) nka;g;gbkk; <) cUg;gbkk;

tpil - M) tpidg;gbkk;.
14. $w;W: ctik cUtfk; Nghyg; gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

Njhd;Wk;.

fhuzk;: vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topNa fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.

13 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
,) $w;Wk; rup> fhuzKk; rup <) $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW
tpil - m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW.
15. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; NjHT nra;f.

m) neUQ;rpf; fl;fpd; GJkyH Kl;gae; jhq;F ..... M) fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ ....
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk; ..... <) nte;jhW nghd;dpd; me;jp g+g;g ....
tpil - ,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk; ....
16. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltH
m) rptQhd KdptH M) kapiyehjH ,) MWKfehtyH <) ,sk;g+uzH
tpil - M) kapiyehjH
17. $w;W 1: fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J kuigf; fhg;gJ> ,ak;GtJ>

n
ntspg;gLj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.

l.i
$w;W 2: Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W ePyNfrp
m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW M) $w;W 2 rup> $w;W 1 jtW

da
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW
tpil - m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW. ka
18. rupahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; NjHf.
m) fhij - 1) fe;jGuhzk; M) rUf;fk; - 2) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
vi
,) ,yk;gfk; - 3) #shkzp <) glyk; - 4) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 3>4>2>1 <) 4>3>1>2
al

tpil - m) 4>3>2>1.
.k

19. jtwhd ,iziaj; NjHf

m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahH M) Mrpupag;gh - mfehD}W
w

,) fypntz;gh - J}J <) Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;

tpil - m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahH.
w

20. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; NjHf.

w

m) fHzd; Njhw;whd; Ngh. M) tajpy; rpwpats;> MdhYk; jiytp!

,) ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. <) ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;.
tpil - M) tajpy; rpwpats;> MdhYk; jiytp.
21. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; NjHf.
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfp tpl;l tbtq;fs;.
M) goq;fijiaf; nfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KbahJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;jpfs;.
<) tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhopapd; %yk; tpsf;FtJ.
tpil - <) tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhopapd; %yk; tpsf;FtJ.

22. ’rhgtpNkhrdk;”> ’mfypif” fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatH

m) F. mofpuprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd; ,) n[aNkhfd; <) v];. ,uhkfpU~;zd;
tpil - M) GJikg;gpj;jd;.
14 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
23. gz;Gf;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;jHfNshL nghUj;Jf.
m) mwk; - 1) fHzd; M) typik - 2) kDePjpr;Nrhod;
,) ePjp - 3) gPkd; <) ts;sy; - 4) jUkd;
m) 3>2>1>4 M) 4>3>2>1 ,) 2>4>3>1 <) 4>3>1>2
tpil - M) 4>3>2>1.
24. FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf.
m) ngz; - 1) rkhjhdk; M) Gwh - 2) tPuk;
,) juhR - 3) tpsf;F <) rpq;fk; - 4) ePjp
m) 2>4>1>3 M) 2>4>3>1 ,) 3>1>4>2 <) 3>1>2>4
tpil - <) 3>1>2>4.
25. $w;W: 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; XH ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ.
fhuzk;: nghjNyH> iuk;Ngh> ntHNyd;> ky;yhHNk KjyhdtHfs; FwpaPl;baj;ij tsHj;jhHfs;.

n
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup

l.i
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
tpil - M) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup.

da
26. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;jHfspd; cs;sj;J czHTfisf; Fwpg;ghf czHj;Jk;
FwpaPLfs; ka
m) ctik M) ctNkak; ,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik
tpil - <) cs;Siw ctik.
vi
27. ’jpl;lk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ’tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf jtq;fs; vjw;fhf?” vd;W
al

vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ’tuk;” vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ?

m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if ,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpisT
.k

tpil - ,) jpl;lk;.
28. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp vJ?
w

m) FwpaPL M) gbkk; ,) mq;fjk; <) njhd;kk;

w

tpil - m) FwpaPL.
w

÷uõìz uªÌ Eøµ°ß

Cøn¯ÁÈz ÷uºÄPÒ GÊu
C¢uU SÔ±møh µÁÄ®!
£›_PøÍ öÁÀ»Ä®!
15 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
E}y;ntsp

,se;jkpNo
 rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpapd; ftpijj; njhFg;G epyTg;g+.

 epyTg;g+ vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; ,lg;ngw;Ws;s ftpij,se;jkpNo.

 rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w ftpij xU fpuhkj;J ejp.

 ,UKiw rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpg; gupR ngw;wtH rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;.

 ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ftpij E}y;fs; xspgg

; wit> rHg;gahfk;> #upa epoy;> g+[;aq;fspd; rq;fpyp

jz;bayq;fhuk;
 mzp ,yf;fzj;ijf; $Wk; E}y;fspy; xd;W jz;bayq;fhuk;.

 tlnkhop ,yf;fzE}y; fhtpajHrk;.

n
 fhtpajHrk; E}iyj; jOtp vOjg;gl;l E}y; jz;bayq;fhuk;.

l.i
 jz;bayq;fhuj;jpd; MrpupaH jz;b.

gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil

da
 ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;gpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l ftpij gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil.

 ma;ag;g khjtdpd; ftpij E}y;fs; kiof;Fg; gpwFk; kio> ehndd;gJ NtnwhUtd;> ePHntsp
ka
neLey;thil
 ghz;bad; neLQ;nropaid ghl;Lilj;jiytdhf nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ neLey;thil.
vi
 kJiuf; fzf;fhadhupd; kfdhH ef;fPuH.
al

 ef;fPuH ,aw;wpa E}y; neLey;thil.

.k

 gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspy; xd;W neLey;thil.

 neLey;tilapd; mbfs; 188.

w

 thilf;fhyk; Jd;gk; kpf;fjhf mike;jpUe;jJ jiytpf;F.

w

 ntw;wpf;F VJthf ey;y thilahf mike;jpUe;jJ jiytDf;F.

tpUe;jpdH ,y;yk;
w

 [yhYj;jPd; &kpapd; ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jtH Nfhy;kd; ghHf;];.

 [yhYj;jPd; &kpapd; ftpijfis jkpopy; nkhopg;ngaHj;jtH vd;.rj;jpa%Hj;jp.

 [yhYj;jPd; ftpijfSf;F jkpopy; itj;j jiyg;gpd; ngaH jhfq;nfhz;l kPndhd;W.

 jhfq;nfhz;l kPndhd;W vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w ftpij tpUe;jpdH ,y;yk;.

 ghurPfj;jpd; kpfr; rpwe;j ftpQHfSs; xUtH [yhYj;jPd; &kp.

fk;guhkhazk;
 fk;guhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpatH fk;gH.

 ,uhkhazj;jpw;F fk;gH ,l;lg; ngaH ,uhktjhuk;.

 fk;gH fhyk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L.

 ftpr;rf;futHj;jp fk;gd;.
16 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
jpUf;Fws;
 jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;

 Fws; ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;.

 gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fspy; xd;W jpUf;Fws;.

 ,uz;lb ntz;gh Fws;.

 jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ milaLj;j fUtpahFngaH.

 cyfg;nghJkiw> mwtpyf;fpak;> jkpoH jpUkiw vd gy;NtW ngaHfisf; nfhz;lJ jpUf;Fws;

 ‘ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL“ vd;wtH ghujpahH

 ‘ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk“ vd;wtH ghujpjhrd;.

 133 mb cauKs;s jpUts;StH rpiyapid epWtpAs;s ,lk; fd;dpahFkup.

n
,jpy; ntw;wpngw

l.i
 ctikf; ftpQH vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgtH Rujh

 Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngaH ,uhrNfhghyd;

da
 fhtpak; vd;Dk; ,jio elj;jpatH Rujh

 ftpQH Rujh elj;jpa ,yf;fpa VLfs; ,yf;fpak;> tpz;kPd; CHtyk;

ka
 jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ ghujpjhrd; tpUJ

 jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ

vi
,ilaPL
al

 „,Jtiu… vd;w njhFg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ftpij ,ilaPL.

GwehD}W
.k

 xsitf;Fg; gupR juhky; fhf;f itj;j rpw;wurd; neLkhd; mQ;rp

w

 vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W GwehD}W

 Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpaJ GwehD}W

w

 GwehD}W E}Yf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngaHfs; Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L

w

 jkpoupd; NghH> tPuk;> ehfupfk;> gz;ghL newpg;gl;l tho;f;ifKiw vLj;Jiug;gJGwehD}W

 mjpakhdplk; el;G ghuhl;batH xsitahH

nja;tkzpkhiy
 ,uhkypq;fH ,aw;wpaJ jpUtUl;gh
 jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghkhiy nja;tkzpkhiy
 jpUtUl;ghtpy; Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; nja;tkzpkhiy
 nrd;idf; fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;J KUfg;ngUkhdpd; mUis Ntz;b ghlg;gl;lJ nja;tkzpkhiy
Njthuk;
 jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;L
 Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghbatH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH

 jpUKiwiaj; njhFj;jtH ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp

17 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mfehD}W
 ghly; vz;zpw;F Vw;gj; jpizfs; tupirahf itj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gl;l E}y; mfehD}W

 vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W mfehD}W

 mfehD}w;wpy; cs;s gpupTfs; %d;W

ÎÎfspw;wpahidepiu kzpkpilgtsk; epj;jpyf;Nfhit

 fspw;wpahidepiuapy; cs;s ghlypd; vz;zpf;if 120

 kzpkpilgtsj;jpy; cs;s ghlypd; vz;zpf;if 180

 epj;jpyf;Nfhitapy; cs;s ghlypd; vz;zpf;if 100

 nea;jy; jpiz ghLtjpy; ty;ytH mk;%tdhH

cg;gq;fop

n
 cg;G tpisAk; fsj;jpd; ngaH msk;.

l.i
 flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePH Njq;fpapUf;Fk; gFjpapd; ngaH cg;gq;fop
 fly;ei
P ug; ghj;jpfspy; Njf;fp ntapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;Gg; gbtj;jpw;F Vw;wtifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l

da
,lk; cg;gsk;
ftpijfs;
ka
 ghujpapd; ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaHj;jtH eFyd;

rpyg;gjpfhuk;
vi
 rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk; ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak;

 rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpatH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

al

 21 euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ Ngupaho;

.k

 17 euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ kfuaho;

 16 euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ rNfhlaho;

w

 7 euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ nrq;Nfhl;Laho;

w

nka;g;ghl;bay;
 njhy;fhg;gpaiuj; jkpo;r;rhd;NwhH> „xy;fhg; ngUk;Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpad;… vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;wdH
w

 njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu vOjpatH ,sk;g+uzH

mjprakyH
 „mjd; gpwFk; vQ;Rk;… vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w ftpij mjpra kyH

 jkpo;ejpapd; FWehty; fhdy; tup

GwehD}W
 fha;ney; mWj;Jf; ftsk; nfhspNd vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH gprpuhe;ijahH

 ghz;ba ehl;by; ,Ue;j CH gprpH

Kfk;
 jkpopd; etPd ngz; ftpQHfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;
18 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
 gpy;fpupk; GNuhfpuh]; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatH [hd; gd;ad;

 [hd; gd;ad; vOjpa nkhop Mq;fpy nkhop

 gpy;fpupk; GNuhfpuh]; vd;Dk; Mq;fpy E}ypd; jOty; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;

 ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; MrpupaH vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhH

 fpwpj;Jt rka ,yf;fpak; ,ul;rzpa ahj;upfk;

 fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH vr;. V. fpUl;bzdhH

rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
 rpWghzhw;Wg;gilia ,aw;wpatH ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH

 gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspy; xd;W rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

 ey;ypaf;Nfhlid ghl;Lilj;jiytdhf nfhz;L ghlg; ngw;w E}y; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

n
 rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; mbfs; 269

l.i
 gupRg; ngw;w ghzd; guprpy; ngwg; NghFk; ghzid murdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;JtJ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

da
 ey;ypaf;NfhldJ epyg;gFjp jpz;btdk;

ciueil
ka
xUtupr; nra;jpfs;
 Ie;jpizfisg; NgRgJ njhy;fhg;gpak;
vi
 ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy; eil

 rq;fg;ghly;fspy; Kf;fpakhd xU gz;G xypf;Nfhyk;

al

 „jkpo; mofpay;… vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatH jp.R.eluhrd;

.k

 jpwdha;Tf; fiyiaj; jkpOf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatHfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH jp.R.eluhrd;

 jp.R.eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
w

ÎÎftpijnaDk; nkhop> jpwdha;Tf;fiy > jkpo; mofpay;> jkpopd; gz;ghl;L ntspfs;

w

 „eilngw;wpaYk;… vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,ay; fpstpahf;fk;

w

 „eiletpd;nwhOFk;… vd;W nra;Aspay; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpak;

 ’Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rpÉ Vid ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp" - vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;

 cyfg; Gtp ehs; Vg;uy; 22

 MHbf; gFjp cUfpajw;F fhuzk; Gtp ntg;gkhjy;

 gRikFby; thAf;fspd; mjpfupg;gpd; tpisT Gtp ntg;gkiljy;

 If;fpa ehl;L mitapd; cWg;G ehLfs; 193

 ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;Tj;Jiw fle;j 110 Mz;Lfspy; kpf; ntg;gkhd Mz;lhf mwptpj;j Mz;L 2009

 nts;sngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;W kzy; ms;StJ

 epyj;jb ePH kl;lj;ij jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ,d;wpaikahjJ kzy;

 eLtzuR Njrpa NguplH Nkyhz;ikia mikj;j ehs;> Mz;L brk;gH 23-2005

19 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
 NguplHfspypUe;J jw;fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kd;ndr;rupf;iffspy; xd;W

flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf; fhLfis tsHj;jy;

 ,aw;if Row;rpNa ,aw;ifr; rkepiy

 Mde;j; Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mike;Js;s khepyk; F[uhj;

 cyfr; Rw;W#oy; ehs; [_d; -5

 kdpj r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myF FLk;gk;

 ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; Nghy xd;iw xd;W rhHe;J ,Ug;git FLk;gk;> jpUkzk;

 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwhj nrhy; jpUkzk;> FLk;gk;

 FLk;gk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; gapd;Wte;j E}y; jpUf;Fws; (1029 Fws;)

 „FLk;G… vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; $b tho;jy;

n
 „,y;…> „kid… Mfpa ,uz;L thoplq;fisf; Fwpg;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak;

l.i
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;Fkplk; Gf;fpy;

 jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;Fkplk; „Gf;fpy;… vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; ,yf;fpak; GwehD}W

da
 jpUkzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J jdpahf thOkplk; jd;kid

 Nruehl;L kUkf;fs; jha Kiw Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; gjpw;Wg;gj;J

ka
 rpyk;Gfop Nehd;G Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fpak; Iq;FWE}W

 tpupe;j FLk;g Kiwiag; gw;wp ghbatH xf;$H khrhj;jpahH

vi
 tpupe;j FLk;g Kiwiag; gw;wp NgRtJ njhy;fhg;gpak;
al

 ,d;iwa r%f mikg;gpd; myFfs; $l;Lf;FLk;gk;> jdpf;FLk;gk;

 jkpoH FLk;g Kiwapd; MrpupaH gf;jtr;ry ghujp

.k

 jkpo;r;r%fk;> gz;ghL rhHe;j khdpltpay; Ma;Tfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wtH gf;jtr;ry ghujp

w

 goq;Fb> ehNlhbfs; cs;spl;l tpspk;Gepiyr; r%fq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpj;jtH

gf;jtr;ry ghujp
w

 thoplj;ij Fwpf;Fk; Kjd;ikr;nrhy; kid

w

 CHNjhWk; nghJthd ,lj;jpy; ngupa kuj;jpdbNa mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ kd;wk;

 kd;wk; vd;gJ mk;gyk;

 kd;wnkd;gJ kuj;jbapy; cs;s jpz;iz

 „Iahz; nla;jp ikahb mwpe;jhH fiyfs;… vd;gJ rpe;jhkzp

 Fopkhw;W vd;gJ ngUf;fy; tha;g;ghL

 khztHfs; vOj gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; gidNaL> rPjhsg; gj;jpuk; (jhio kly;)

 J}f;fpd; kw;nwhU ngaH mir

 kpfr; rpwe;j E}w;gapw;rpAilatHfs; muritapy; thjk; Gupe;j nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; E}y; kJiuf;fhQ;rp

 „vd; xUtd; rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW… vd;wtH jpUts;StH

 xUtd; ,wf;FksT gbf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W $wpatH jpUts;StH
20 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
 fy;tpf;fw;fg; gpupAk; fhyk; Xjw;gpupT
 Xjw;gpupTf;F MFk; fhy vy;iy %d;W tUlq;fs;
 c.Nt.rhtpd; ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu capHkPl;rp;
 „jkpo; jhj;jh… vd miof;fg;ngw;wtH c.Nt.rh.
 goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisj; Njb mr;rpy; gjpg;gpj;jtH c.Nt.rh.
 c.Nt.rh. E}yfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; nrd;id jpUthd;kpa+H
 kpy;ldpd; E}y; RtHf;f ePf;fk;
 kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhupd; MrpupaH nksdFU
 ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrpupaH gpd;dj;J}H ehuhazrhkp
 'kQ;ry; Fspg;ghl;b ikapl;L Kg;ghYk;
kpQ;rg; Gfl;l kpftsHe;jha;“- vd;w ghly; mbfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; jkpo;tpL J}J

n
 kdg;ghlk; nra;a ,Ue;j Rtb gpugthjp Rtb

l.i
 tpj;jpahuk;gk; -- fy;tpj; njhlf;fk;
 cghj;jpahaH -- MrpupaH

da
 Kjypy; tUk; khztdpd; ngaH Ntj;jhd;
 ,e;jpahtpy; %d;W E}w;whz;Lfshf Mq;fpNyaHfspd; Ml;rpf;F mbj;jskhfTk; mjpfhu
ka ikakhf
tpsq;fpa flw;fiu efuk; kjuhrg;gl;bdk;
 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Eiothapy; nrd;id
vi
 jkpofnkq;Fk; gutp thOk; jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L milahsk; nrd;id
al

 gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ fy;Nfhlhup

 gy;yhtu Filtiuf; Nfhapy; tbtikj;jtH Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd;

.k

 fpof;fpe;jpa tzpf epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH gpuhd;rp]; Nl

w

 ngz;fSf;nfd 1914Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;l fy;Y}up ,uhzpNkup fy;Y}up

 nrd;idapd; goikiag; giwrhw;Wgit rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy

w

 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nghJ E}yfk; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;

w

 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlHtz;bepiyak; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk; ,uhaGuk;

 Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa E}yfk; mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;

 „fpuhd; fNg… tpLjpapy; Y}kpaH rNfhjuHfs; jpiuapl;l rpy Jz;Lg;glq;fspy; xd;W uapypd; tUif

 mirAk; cUtq;fisg; glk;gpbf;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH jhk]; My;th vbrd;

 glg;gpbf;Fk; fUtpNahL jpiuapLk; fUtpiar; NrHj;Jj; jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; tpe;ijiaf;

fz;Lgpbj;jtH Y}kpaH rNfhjuHfs;
 fhl;rpfs; khWtij czHj;j xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kq;fyhff; fhl;bf; ,Us; Mf;fpf;

fhl;LtJ fhl;rp kiwT

 xw;iwf; Nfhzf;fiy vd;gJ ehlfk; (single dimension art)

 Gjpa jpiuauq;Ffs; tuf; fhuzkhdtH rhkpf;fz;Z

21 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
 XH murd; xU ehis vt;thW xJf;fp gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpUts;StH Fwpgg
; pll
; mjpfhuk; kbapdi
; k

 gyH JQ;rTk; jhd; JQ;rhd; vd;W ghbatH Nfht+Hf;fpohH

 kdNk xU Ntshz;ikf;Fl;gl;l Nkyhz;ikAilaJ vd;W $WtJmwnewprr

; huk; - 16tJ ghly;

 ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G gd;dhl;L tzpfk; epfOk; ,lkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ jkpo;ehL

 Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; gl;bdg;ghiy

 gy ehLfspy; ,Ue;J nghUl;fs; te;j nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gJ gl;bdg;ghiy

 rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLk; kpfg; ngupa JiwKfk; Krpwp

 gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,uz;lhk; gj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd;dd; ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;

 epUthf Nkyhz;ikg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ehybahH

 tho;Tf;Fk;> tHj;jfj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; nrhd;dtH `puhf;spl];

n
 nt.,iwad;G vOjpa E}y; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik

l.i
 nt.,iwad;G vOjp jkpo; tsHr;rpj;Jiwapd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd guprpidg; ngw;w ftpij E}y;

tha;f;fhy; kPd;

da
 kapiy rPdp. xU jkpo;j; NjdP

 r.j.rw;Fzj;jpd; ciuiaf;Nfl;l MHtj;jpy; kapiy Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y; fpwpjJ

ka ; tKk; jkpOk;

 kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkpapd; Kjy; E}y; fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;

 ftpd; fiyfs; Fwpj;Jj; jkpopy; ntspte;j KOikahd Kjy;E}y; jkpoH tsHj;j moFf;fiyfs;
vi
 kapiy Ntq;flrhkpapd; kPl;LUthf;f Kaw;rpf;Fr; rupahd E}y; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
al

 kapiy Ntq;flrhkp „nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp… vd;Dk; ,jopy; vOjpa Ma;Tf;fl;Liu mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp

 kNfe;jpu tHkd; vOjpa E}y; kj;jtpyhrk;

.k

 rq;ffhyg; gRk;g+z; ghz;bad; nfhbapd; rpd;dk; ahid

w

 neQ;rk; ,sfp tpupnta;j tpupnta;j mwptpNy RlH VWfpwJ vd;wtH ghujpahH

 jkpo;ehl;by; tPjpfs; NjhWk; jkpo;g; gs;spf;$lq;fs; kypf vd;nwOJ vd;W ney;iyag;gUf;F fbjk;
w

vOjpatH ghujpahH
w

 MZk; ngz;Zk; XUapupd; ,uz;L jiyfs;> mit xd;wpnyhd;W jho;tpy;iy vd;wtH ghujpahH

 ngz;iz jho;ik nra;Njhd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;> ngz;iz milj;jtd; fz;iz mil-

j;jhd; ,f;$w;Wf;F cupatH ghujpahH

 cj;jk Nrhod; vOjpaJ Kjy;fy;

 jQ;irr; rpWfijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s fij Kjy;fy;

22 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
FWtpdh
nra;As;
1. ftpQH rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH?
ciog;ghspfspd; clypy; tpaHit nts;sk; Kj;JKj;jhfg; g+j;jpUf;Fk;.

me;j nts;is Kj;Jfs; xt;nthd;Wk; jkpopd; Gfiog; ghl>

jkpNo eP Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH ftpQH rpw;gp
2. efuk; gl;ilj; jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ - tpsf;fk; jUf.
efuk; gl;ilj; jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ.

thfdg; Gifahy; gbe;j mOf;Ffs; kior;rhuyhy; J}a ntz;ikahf khwpd.

 xUehs; Njhd; w paJ #upad; . fl; b lq; f s; kioahy; gl; i lj; jP l ; l g; gl; L #upadpd;
nghd; f jpHfshy; nts;is itukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

n
3. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?

l.i
epiyahik Fwpj;J rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J

da
,uhkdplk; kpFjpahd md;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;lts; rtup.
,uhkidf; fz;ljhy;> ngha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mope;jJ.
ka
jhd; ePz;l fhyk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ> gpwtp xope;jJ vd;W rtup czHfpd;whs;.
4. vjpHghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;JfpwhH?
vi
vjpHghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp cUtfg;gLj;Jk; Kiw

vjpHghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp „tpUe;jhspfs;… vd;W cUtfg;gLj;JfpwhH.

al

5. Jd;G csJ vdpd; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy;
.k

vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; M. rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;
w

nghUe;Jk; gonkhop
w

m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;

6. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;StH ahiur; Rl;LfpwhH?
w

Kay;thUs; jiy

mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtH Kaw;rp nra;Nthiutpl Nkk;gl;ltH.

7. Qhyj;jpd; ngupaJ vJ?

Qhyj;jpd; ngupJ

cupa fhyj;jpy; xUtH nra;j cjtp cyfj;ijtpl ngupajhFk;.

8. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?

kwf;ff; $lhjJ

xUtH ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;wpia kwf;ff; $lhJ.

kwf;ff; $baJ

xUtH ekf;Fr; nra;j jPikfis clNd kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.

23 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
9. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd top

xUtUila nry;tk; Fiwahky; ,Ug;gjw;F top gpwH ifg;nghUis tpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gJ.

10. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
rpdj;ijf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;

xUtH rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

rpdj;ijf; fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
11. ,ilaPL - vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
,ilaPL ftpijapy; cs;s FwpaPL

vz;zk; ntspaPL Nfl;ly;

12. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.

n
l.i
trdk; ftpij
kf;fs; NgRk; vspa nrhw;fshy; mikAk;. ahg;gpyf;fz newpfSf;F cl;gl;L mikAk;

da
njhil eaq;fs; (vJif> Nkhid) njhil eaq;fs; (vJif> Nkhid) ,lk;ngWk;
,lk;ngwhJ. ka
mb tiuaiw ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;. ,yf;fzj;jpw;F cl;gl;l mb tiuaiw ,Uf;Fk;

13. vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk; - ahHf;F?

vi
vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;
al

fiyj;njhopy; kpFe;j ftpQHfSf;F vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;.

14. fyptpoh> xyptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
.k

fyptpoh
jpUkapiyapy; eilngWk; tpohf;fs; kf;fSf;F vOr;rpkpf;fjhf mike;Js;sJ.
w

xyptpoh
w

kapiyapy; Nfhtpy;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj;jpy; jpUtpoh eilngWfpwJ.

gq;Fdp cj;jputpoh Muthu tpohthf (xyptpoh) cs;sJ.
w

15. ’jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsH jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs” - njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu vOJf.
gjTiu
jUkkpF nrd;idapy; - mwk; nra;NthH epiwe;Js;s nrd;idapy;
fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js; - fe;jNfhl;lj;Jf; Nfhtpypy;
tsH jyNkhq;F - vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;
fe;jNtNs - KUfNd
16. ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtH - njhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Kuz; eak;
ngUq;fly; - rpWFb
,t;tbfspy; ngupa - rpwpa vd;Wk; Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fs; mike;Js;sd.
24 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
17. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs;

njhy;fhg;gpak; vl;L tifahd nka;g;ghLfisf; $WfpwJ. mit

eif (rpupg;G) mr;rk; (gak;)

mOif ngUkpjk; (ngUik)

,sptuy; (rpWik) ntFsp (Nfhgk;)

kUl;if (tpag;G) ctif (kfpo;r;rp)

18. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.

xUKf vopdp

Nkilapd; xU gf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J> kw;nwhU gf;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf;Fr; nry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLk;

jpiu> xUKf vopdp

n
nghUKf vopdp

l.i
Nkilapd; eLtpy; xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;Jk;gb> ,U gf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; tUkhW mikf;fg;gLk;

da
jpiu> nghUKf vopdp
19. ’%r;R epd;W tpl;lhy;
Ngr;Rk; mlq;Fk;”
ka
- ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf.
vuptijg; gpbq;fpdhy;> nfhjpg;gJ mlq;Fk;.
vi
20. kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ
al

kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytpl;lhy;> jtwhd ghijapy; nry;y NeupLk;.

.k

vdNt> kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky;> ey;y topapy; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

21. ’cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;NjHf;F mr;rhzp md;dhH cilj;J” -
w

,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.

w

ctik

NjH kpfg;ngupajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; mr;rhzp rpwpjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

w

nghUs;

xUtH cUtj;jpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtuhy; kpfg;ngupa nray;fisr; nra;a ,aYk;.

vdNt> xUtupd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L vs;sp eifahlf; $lhJ.
22. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
kd cWjpapd; Njit

xUtupd; kdk; cWjpahf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk> xU nraiy ey;y Kiwapy; nra;J Kbf;f
,aYk; vd;W jpUf;Fws; $WfpwJ.
23. eQ;Rz;gtH vd ts;StH ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhH?
eQ;Rz;gtH

fs; cz;gtiu ts;StH eQ;Rz;gtH vd ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhH.

25 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
24. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?

nra;aj;jfhjd

murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;Lgtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; jFjp my;yhjtw;iwr; nra;af; $lhJ.

25. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?

giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz;

xUtUf;F mopT tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp mwpNt MFk;.

giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj ghJfhg;G muzhf miktJ mwpT MFk;.
26. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?

mQ;rj; jfhjd

thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;rj; Njitapy;iy.

n
mQ;rj; jFe;jd

l.i
cwTilNahH Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlHGf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.

da
27. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?

tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ

ka
xUtUf;F tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ #jhl;lk; MFk;.
28. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
vi
vdf;Fg; gpbj;j Fws;
al

 ’nrhy;Yjy; ahHf;Fk; vspa mwpathk;

nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;”
.k

Fws; gpbj;jjw;fhd fhuzk;

w

rpyH ntWk; tha;r;nrhy; tPuHfshf kl;LNk ,Ug;ghHfs;.

mt;thW ,Ug;gtHfis ,bj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; ,f;Fws; mike;Js;sjhy; vdf;F ,f;Fwisg;
w

gpbf;Fk;.
w

29. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;StH vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH?

rpwe;j Jiz

ey;y ,dNk (ew;Fzk; cilatHfs;) xUtUf;Fr; rpwe;j Jiz MFk;.

gif

jPa ,dNk (jPaFzk; cilatHfs;) xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gj;ijj; jUk; gif MFk;.

30. fPo;ePHf; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.

nghUs;

ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ KbahJ Nghd;wjhFk;

fs;Sz;L kaf;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gtidj; jpUj;JjYk; KbahJ.
26 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
31. ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpdd
; hy; cs;s kdpjHfspd; ciog;ig ehk;

rpej
; pgg
; jpyi
; y. xU NjePiug; gUFk;NghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J

cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.

NjePUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;G

Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; kiytho; kf;fs; jpdf;$ypfshf Ntiy nra;fpwhHfs;.

kiytho; kf;fs; ,aw;ifg; NguplHfshYk;> fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; jhf;Fjy;fshYk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
,j;jifa kdpjHfspd; Mgj;jhd ciog;gpypUe;Nj ekf;Fj; NjePH fpilf;fpd;wJ.
32. mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahH $Wtd ahit?
mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp

Fiwe;j epyj;jpy; tpise;j ney;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mij mWj;J ahidf;F toq;fpdhy;> xU

khjk; tiu toq;f ,aYk;.

n
mJNghy> mwpTil Nte;jd; jd; ehl;L kf;fsplk; Kiwg;gb tup t#ypj;jhy;> ehl;bd;

l.i
nry;tk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk;.

da
33. nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
nrtpawpTW}c Jiw
ka
murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;JtJ>
nrtpawpTW}c Jiw MFk;.
vi
34. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.
Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;Ff; fhuzk;
al

jdf;Fs;Ns jd;idj; njhiyj;jjhy; Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjhf Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;

.k

$WfpwhH.
w

35. ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdH?

,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; Gyk;gpa tpjk;
w

 ‘,j;jid nfhLikfSf;Fg; gpwFk; ,t;Tyfk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa!

thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa!
w

fly;ePH tw;wpg; Nghftpy;iyNa!

,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk; mopahky; jhkjpg;gJk; VNdh? “ vd;W kf;fs; Gyk;gpdH

÷uõìz Eøµ ÁÇ[S®

_¯]¢uøÚ -&
E¯º]¢uøÚ ÂÚõ &
ÂøhPøÍ Bi÷¯õ¾®
Ãi÷¯õ¾® £izx \u®
Ai¨÷£õ® !!!
27 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
FWtpdh
ciueil
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
eil gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; njhlHfs;  eilngw;wpaYk; „eil etpd;nwhOFk;…
nghUs;  eil mofpay; nad;gJ ghf;fspd; Xirj;jpwk; MFk;.
2. „MSf;nfhU kuk; tsHg;Nghk;… vd;Dk; Kof;fj;njhlH thapyhf vtw;iw typAWj;Jtha;?
Kof;fj;njhlH thapyhf ehd; typAWj;JtJ.
xt;nthUtUk; kuk; tsHf;f Ntz;Lk;.  vjpHfhyj;jpy; kuk; ekf;F tukhFk;
xt;nthUtUk; kuj;jpd; gaid czuNtz;Lk;.
3. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;i f tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;g Lj;j pad; tpisit
,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlHfshf;Ff.
kdpjd; jd; Nguhirahy; ,aw;if tsq;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
,aw;ifiar; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit kdpjd; ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;.

n
4. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

l.i
Gf;fpy;  jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;Fkplk; „Gf;fpy;… vdg;gLk;.
jd;kid  jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF fztDk; kidtpAk; jdpahf thOkplk; „jd;kid…

da
MFk;.
5. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; ahit?
ka
mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs;

 epfz;Lfs;  ed;D}y;  fhupif  jz;bayq;fhuk;  ePjpE}y;fs;

6. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
vi
fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk;
al

fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; 1869Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

fhypd; nkf;fd;rp vd;gtH E}y;fs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;> ehzaq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;jhH.
.k

7. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.

gpd;dzp ,ir
w

jpiug;glj;jpy; fijf;F cap&l;LtJ gpd;dzp ,ir MFk;.

gpd;dzp ,irr; NrHg;Gk;> nksdKk; jpiuapy; czHTfis ntspg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd.
w

8. gUtj;Nj gapH nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.

w

gUtj;Nj gapH nra;

coTj;njhopypy;> tpij tpijj;jy;> ehw;W eLjy;> mWtil nra;jy; vd gyepiyfs; cs;sd.
coTj;njhopypy;> xt;nthU epiyiaAk; Vw;w gUtj;jpy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
ek; tho;tpy; ve;j Neuj;jpy; vijr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbntLj;Jr; nra;jhy;> tho;tpy;
ntw;wpaila ,aYk;.
9. „jkpoH tsHj;j moFf; fiyfs;… E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
jkpoH tsHj;j moFf; fiyfs; - E}y; Fwpg;G
jkpoH tsHj;j moFf; fiyfs; E}iy ,aw;wpatH kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp
ftpd;fiyfs; Fwpj;J jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; E}y;.  jkpof murpd; gupR ngw;w E}y;.
10. ’tpupngU jkpoH Nkd;ik
Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw
capHg;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd;“ - ahH> ahiug; gw;wp> vjw;fhff; $WfpwhH?
kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; jkpo;j;njhz;bidg; ghuhl;b ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; $wpAs;shH.
28 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gfs; ,irepiw msngil

mLf;Fj;njhlH ÎÎrpwhmH
ÎÎCd;w Cd;w ÎÎKj;J Kj;jha; njhopw;ngaH

MFngaH ÎÎkiyjy; ÎÎeif ÎÎmOif ÎÎ,sptuy;

ÎÎePyk; ÎÎkUl;if ÎÎmr;rk; ÎÎngUkpjk; ÎÎntFsp
,ilf;Fiw ÎÎctif
ÎÎcsJ ÎÎ,yhj gz;Gj;njhif

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f ÎÎmUe;jpwy; ÎÎneLtop ÎÎnts;sUtp

ÎÎed;dhL ÎÎnrk;gupjp ÎÎnre;jkpo;
njhif
ÎÎngUq;fly; ÎÎntq;fjpH ÎÎfUe;jlk;
ÎÎmutf;fly;
ÎÎneLNty; ÎÎed;nkhop ÎÎntq;FUjp
<Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk;
ÎÎnre;epwk; ÎÎnfhLq;Nfhy; ÎÎnjhy;newp
ÎÎmilah ÎÎmwpah ÎÎkwth ÎÎngha;ah

n
ÎÎGJg;ngay;
cupr;nrhw;nwhlH

l.i
nganur;rk;
ÎÎjlf;if ÎÎkhkapiy ÎÎkhjtk;
ÎÎnrhw;w ÎÎjpUe;jpa ÎÎtha;j;j ÎÎctg;g

da
cUtfk;
ÎÎnfhLj;j ÎÎ<e;j ÎÎGf;f
ÎÎtpaHit nts;sk;
k&c
ctikj;njhif
ÎÎEe;ij (Ek; je;ij)
ÎÎkyub ÎÎfly;jhid
ka Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
vz;Zk;ik
ÎÎcd;dypH
vi
ÎÎmwpTk; GfOk; ÎÎMlYk; ghlYk;
tpidj;njhif
al

Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W

ÎÎjho;fly; ÎÎfha;ney; ÎÎtaq;Fnkhop
ÎÎXHkpd; ÎÎtsHjyk; ÎÎtpupfly;
.k

msngil tpidahyizAk;ngaH
nrhy;ypir msngil ÎÎnrw;wtH ÎÎghjfH ÎÎcaHe;NjhH
w

ÎÎfthmd; ÎÎcohmJ ÎÎntuP,a ÎÎtis, tpidnar;rk;

w

ÎÎnte;J ÎÎrpde;J ÎÎNghe;J ÎÎrpte;J

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
w

nrhy; gFjp tpfhuk; re;jp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp

rha;g;ghd; rha; - g; g; vjpHfhy - Md; glHf;if Mz;ghy;
,ilepiy tpidKw;W tpFjp
je;jdd; jh jh \j| vdf; j; j; md; md; glHf;if Mz;ghy;
FWfpaJ ,we;jfhy tpidKw;W tpFjp
gFjp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy
tpk;Kfpd;w tpk;K - - fpd;W - m nganur;r tpFjp
epfo;fhy
,ilepiy
epidf;fpd;w epid - f; fpd;W - m nganur;r tpFjp
epfo;fhy
,ilepiy
29 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

tpae;J tpa j; e; MdJ j; j; - c tpidnar;r tpFjp

tpfhuk; ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy
tpsq;F tpsq;F - - - - , tpidnar;r tpFjp
,Ue;jha; ,U j; e; MdJ j; j; - Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik
tpfhuk; ,we;jfhy tpidKw;W tpFjp
,ilepiy
eif eF - - - - I njhopw;ngaH tpFjp
kUs; kUs; s; l; MdJ - - - if njhopw;ngaH tpFjp
gFjp tpfhuk;
ntFsp ntFs; - - - - , njhopw;ngaH tpFjp
caHe;NjhH caH j; e; MdJ j; j; - XH gyHghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

n
tpfhuk; ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy

l.i
NgRthH NgR - - t; vjpHfhy - MH gyHghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

da
,ilepiy
gopj;jdH gop j; - j; md; mH gyHghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
,we;jfhy
ka
,ilepiy
njhOjdH njhO - - j; md; mH gyHghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
vi
,we;jfhy
,ilepiy
al

te;jdd; th th \t| vdf; - j; md; md; Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

.k

FWfpaJ ,we;jfhy
tpfhuk; ,ilepiy
w

j; (e;) MdJ
re;jp tpfhuk;
w

GzHr;rp tpjp
w

cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng <WNghjy; Kd;dpd;wnka;jpupjy;

thdnky;yhk; = thdk; + vy;yhk; ÎÎntq;fjpH = ntk;ik + fjpH

thdnky;yhk; tpjp 1 - <WNghjy; ntk; + fjpH

cuDil = cud; + cil cuDil tpjp 2 - Kd;dpd;w nka;jpupjy; ntq;fjpH

gz;Gg;ngaH GzHr;rp ÎÎngUq;fly; = ngUik + fly;

<WNghjy; tpjp 1 - <WNghjy; ngU + fly;

nrk;gupjp - nrk;ik+gupjp tpjp 2 - ,dkpfy; ngUq;fly;

nrk; + gupjp = nrk;gupjp ÎÎnre;jkpNo = nrk;ik+jkpNo

ed;nkhop = ed;ik + nkhop tpjp 1 - <WNghjy; nrk;+jkpNo

ed; + nkhop = ed;nkhop tpjp 2 - Kd;dpd;wnka;jpupjy; nre;jkpNo

30 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epdw
; capHKd; frjg kpFk; capHtupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;

GJg;ngay; = GJik+ngay; GJg;ngay; ÎÎMq;ftw;Ws; = Mq;F+mtw;Ws;

vj;jpir = v + jpir vj;jpir tpjp 1 - capHtupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;
jiyf;Nfhy; = jiy + Nfhy; jiyf;Nfhy; Mq;f;+mtw;Ws;
,<Itopat;Tk; tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
ÎÎcd;iday;yhy; = cd;id+my;yhy; Mq;ftw;Ws;
tpjp 1 - ,<Itopat;Tk; kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk;

cd;id + a; + my;yhy; ÎÎ,depiu = ,dk;+epiu

tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng tpjp -1 kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk;
cd;iday;yhy; ,d + epiu = ,depiu
ÎÎjdpahop = jdp+Mop jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capHtupd; ,ul;Lk;

n
tpjp 1 - ,<Itopat;Tk; jdp + a; + Mop ÎÎcs;nshd;W = cs; + xd;W

l.i
tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng tpjp 1 - jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capHtupd;
jdpahop ,ul;Lk; cs; + s; + xd;W

da
ÎÎxUikAld; = xUik + cld; tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ
tpjp 1 - ,<I top at;Tk; ka ,ay;Ng cs;nshd;W
xUik + a; + cld; ÎÎKd;Dil = Kd; + cil
tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng tpjp 1 - jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capHtupd;
vi
xUikAld; ,ul;Lk; Kd; + d; + cil
al

ÎÎVionad = Vio + vd tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ

tpjp 1 - ,<I top at;Tk; Vio ,ay;Ng Kd;Dil
.k

+ a; + vd g+g;ngaH GzHr;rp
w

tpjp 2 - cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng g+g;ngaHKd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;

Vionad g+k;ghtha; = g+ + ghtha; g+k;ghtha;

w

kuGr; nrhw;fisj; njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.

w

Mw mku

 tho;f;ifapy; ve;jnthU nraiyAk; Mw mku Nahrpj;Jr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy

 MrpupaH $Wk; mwpTiufs; kdj;jpy; Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy gjpe;jJ.

mfyf;fhy;

 jd;Dila jpwikia mwpahky; rpyH mfyf;fhy; itj;Jj; Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdH.

toptopahf

 vd; FLk;gj;jpdH toptopahf tptrhaj; njhopy; nra;gtHfs;

fz;Jilg;G

 Kiwahd jpl;lkply; ,y;yhjjhy; muR jpl;lq;fs; gy fz;Jilg;ghf cs;sd.

31 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ctikj; njhliu nrhw;nwhlupy; mikj;J vOJ
jhkiu,iy ePHg; Nghy (gl;Lk; glhky; tho;jy; - gw;wpd;wp tho;jy;)

 cz;ikahd Jwtpfs; tho;f;ifapy; jhkiu ,iy ePHg;Nghy gw;wpd;wp tho;fpd;wdH.

fpzw;Wj; jtisNghy (jhd; nfhz;l fUj;Nj rupahdJ> cyf mwptpd;ik)

 vd; ez;gd; KUfd; fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy cyf mwptpy;yhky; NgRthd;.

vypAk; g+idAk; Nghy (gif)

 kjj;jhy; ehLfs; vypAk; g+idAk; Nghy; vg;NghJk; rz;ilapLfpd;wd.

mr;rhzp ,y;yhj NjHNghy (typikahd topfhl;b ,y;yhjJ Nghy)

 je;ijapy;yhj Foe;ijfs; mr;rhzp ,y;yhj NjHNghy tho topapy;yhky; Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdH.

cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy (vy;NyhUk; mwpe;j cz;ik)

n
 fhe;jpabfspd; Gfo; cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy cyfNk mwpe;jJ.

l.i
kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fisj; njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf

da
jiy - jis - jio (Kjd;ik> mbiktpyq;F> tsHr;rp)

 nrd;w jiyKiwapy; Mq;fpNyaHfspd; mbikj; jisfis cilnjwpe;J ehl;Lg;gw;iw jiof;fr;

nra;jtH fhe;jpabfs;
ka
fiy - fis - fio ( rpwg;Gr;nray;> ePf;Fjy;> %q;fpy;)
vi
 fiof;$j;jhb fapw;wpy; elg;gijf; fiyahff; fhl;b jd; FLk;gj;jpd; tWikiaf; fise;jhH.
al

miy> mis> mio (miyjy;> Gw;W> $g;gpL)

 miye;J jpupe;J> Gw;wpypUe;j ghk;igf; fz;Lgpbj;j ghk;ghl;b kFbahy; ghk;G ntsptu mioj;jhd;.
.k

tpiy> tpis> tpio ( fl;lzk;> tpisr;ry;> tpUg;gk;)

w

 tptrhaj;jpy; tpise;j ney;iy ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;f tpioe;jhH tptrhap.

nghUs; NtWghL mwpe;J njhlH mikf;f.
w

fsk;> fyk;  fsk; - Nghu;f;fsk;; fyk; - ghj;jpuk;

w

 NghHf;fsj;jpy; Gz;gl;l tPuHfSf;F fyj;jpy; ePH jug;gl;lJ.

tyk;> tsk;  tyk; - tyg;gf;fk;; tsk; - nropg;G
 Mw;wpd; tyg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePHtsj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
Gy; - Gs;  Gy; - Gw;fs;; Gs; - gwit
 Gy; jiuapy; Gl;fs; ,Ue;jd.
fhd; - fhz;  fhd; - fhL; fhz; - ghH
 fhdfj;jpy; cs;s tpyq;Ffisf; fhz;gJ kfpo;r;rp mspf;Fk;.
Cz; - Cd;  Cz; - czT; Cd; - ,iwr;rp
 rpq;fk;> khdpd; Cid Czhff; nfhs;Sk;.
jpd;ik - jpz;ik  jpd;ik - jPik; jpz;ik - typik
 jpz;ik cilatHfs;> gpwUf;Fj; jpd;ik nra;af; $lhJ.
32 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpioia ePf;fp vOJf.
1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.

thioj;Njhg;gpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; fiue;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.

2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;.

KUfd; NrhW cz;L> ghy; gUfpdhd;.

3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f RtH fl;b $iu mikj;jhH.

Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f RtH vOg;gpf; $iu Nta;e;jhH.

4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.

tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff;FUisAk; ahidf;fd;Wk; fz;Nld;.

5. Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.

n
Ml;Lg;gl;biar; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; tisfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.

l.i
6. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdH.

gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdH.

da
gj;jpiag; gbj;J Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,l;L vOJf
,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhuplk; Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wPHfNs mtHfSila
ka
Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpisT vd;d epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf
vdf; Nfl;lhH.
vi
,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhuplk;> ‘Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wHP fNs! mtHfSila
al

Ke;ija tpid ahJ? mjd; tpisT vd;d? epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ? mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy;
.k

$Wf“ vdf; Nfl;lhH.

nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; NrHj;Jk; njhluikf;f
w

(v.fh.) gyif
ÎÎgyif - kug;gyif m) gyifahy; Md Nkirapy; czT cz;ldH.
w

ÎÎgyif - gyiffs; M) gy iffs; xd;wpize;J ntw;wpiaj; jkjhf;fpd.

jhkiu
w

ÎÎjhkiu - xU tif kyH m) Fsj;jpy; jhkiu kyHe;jpUe;jJ.

ÎÎjh kiu - jhTfpd;w khd; M) fhl;by; jh kiu (jhTfpd;w khd;) thOk;.
Nfhtpy;
ÎÎNfhtpy; - Myak; m) ,e;jpahtpy; gy Nfhtpy;fs; cs;sd.
ÎÎNfh tpy; - murdpd; tpy; M) giftiu tPo;j;j Nfh tpy;iy vLj;jhd;.
ntq;fhak;
ÎÎntq;fhak; - xUtif fha; m) Fok;gpy;> ntq;fhak; NrHg;gjhy; Rit mjpfupf;Fk;.
ÎÎntk; fhak; - ngupa fhak; M) NghHfsj;jpy; tPuHfSf;F ntk; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
jiyik
ÎÎjiyik - Kjd;ik m) khztHfs; jiyikg; gz;Gld; jpfo Ntz;Lk;.
ÎÎjiy ik - jiyapy; jlTk; ik M) nts;is Kbia kiwg;gjw;F rpyH> jiy ik jlTfpd;wdH.
33 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jy;
1. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?
2. eLtz;muR 2005Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 23 md;W Njrpa NguplH Nkyhz;ik Mizak; mikj;jJ.
eLtz;muR vg;NghJ Njrpa NguplH Nkyhz;ik Mizak; mikj;jJ?
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPH nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf gazpf;fTk;
cjTfpd;wd.
rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfspd; gad;fs; ahit?
4. 1856,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlHtz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlHtz;b epiyak; vq;F vg;NghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. ’ajhHj;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;” vd;fpwhH fpupNahHrd;.

n
Mtzg;glk; Fwpj;J fpupNahHrdpd; $WtJ ahJ?

l.i
ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf

da
1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd; mtHfs; vy;yh gpur;rpidfisAk;
xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpHnfhz;Lj; jPHg;ghHfs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa jiyKiw kPJjhd;@ mtHfs; vy;yhg; gpur;rpidfisAk;
ka
xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjpHnfhz;L jPHg;ghHfs;.
2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtHfs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp
vi
Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
al

vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtHfs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ

ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
.k

3. ek; tho;fi
; fapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ $He;jf;
w

ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsHg;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.

ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ijg; nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ
w

$He;jf; ftdk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; tsHg;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.

w

4. khztHfs; ngw;NwhHfis jkJ ez;gHfshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fis ngw;NwhHfSld; gfpHe;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khztHfs; ngw;NwhHfisj; jkJ ez;gHfshfg; ghtpj;J el;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;NwhHfSld; gfpHe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf; nfhz;L mwpahikapid
mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
MrpupaUf;Ff; fPog
; g
; bjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iwj; njupe;J nfhz;L
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;.
njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
34 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
2. vq;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;blk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
vq;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
3. uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhH.
uq;fd; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhH.
4. khdk; ghHj;j g+kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
thdk; ghHj;j g+kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Ig;grp milkioapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.
Ig;grp milkioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
6. ,d;dpf;F rhaq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
,d;iwf;Fr; rhAq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; NrHj;J Kiwahd njhlHfshf Mf;Ff

n
1. Fkud; tPL ghHj;Njd;
Fkuid tPl;by; ghHj;Njd;.

l.i
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahH nty;y KbAk;

da
khwdpd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;
3. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fiyr;nry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy;> fiyr;nry;tpf;Fg; ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
4. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
ka
fhiyapy; vOe;J gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
vi
5. midtH md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahH kdk; tUk;.
al

midtiuAk; md;Gld; mioj;jtDf;Fj; Jd;gj;ij ju ahUf;F kdkÊ tUk;.

6. rhd;NwhH kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
.k

rhd;NwhHf;F kjpg;igf; nfhLj;jhy; tho;tpy; cauyhk;.

w

Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf

1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.
w

,g;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Gupe;Jtpl;lJ. ePAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;.

w

2. epyj;jf; nfswZk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwAk;.

epyj;ijf; fpsw Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f Ntz;baJ jhNd?
4. t+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPlb
; d; mUfpy; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;Nf ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L NghdhH.
5. Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy. %d;W ehl;fshfr; rpukg;gLfpwJ.
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,utpw;Fr; rpw;wg;ghitf; fhtYf;Fg; Nghfr; nrhy;.
35 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fPo;f;fhZk; njhlHfspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngaHr;nrhy;iyj; njhlHfSf;F
Vw;wthW khw;wp vOJf
1. fgpyd; jpwikahdtH vd;W --------------------- (Fkud;) njupAk;.
fgpyd; jpwikahdtH vd;W FkuDf;Fj; njupAk;.
2. New;W Kjy; ------------------------ (miz) ePHkl;lk; caHe;J tUfpwJ.
New;W Kjy; mizapd; ePHkl;lk; caHe;J tUfpwJ.
3. cq;fSf;F ------------------------ (ahH) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPHfs;.
cq;fSf;F ahuhy; ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPHfs;.
4. KUfd; ------------------------ (Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
KUfd; Ntfkhfr; nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.

n
5. ek;Kila ------------------------ (Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
ek;Kila Njitapd; msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.

l.i
fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L njhlH vOJf.

da
1. thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL  thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk;> gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;

2. rUF> tpO> kz;> miy  rUF kz;zpy; tpOe;J> miyapy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ.
ka
3. tpz;kPd;> xspH> vup> tpO  tpz;zpy; xspHfpd;w tpz;kPd; vupe;J g+kpapy; tpOe;jJ.

4. Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT  Xl;lg;ge;jaj;jpy; Fjpiu Ntfkhf jhtp XLk;.

vi
5. Foe;ij> el> jspHeil> tpO  gr;rpsq;Foe;ij jspHeil ele;J jiuapy; tpOe;jJ.
al

6. jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs;  jpiuapy; ebfidf; fz;lJk; ifjl;bdH.

njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpioia ePf;fp vOJf.

.k

1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.

w

thioj;Njhg;gpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; fiue;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.

2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;.
w

 KUfd; NrhW cz;L> ghy; gUfpdhd;.

w

3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.

Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; vOg;gpf; $iu Nta;e;jhu;.
4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; FUisAk; ahidf; fd;Wk; fz;Nld;.
5. Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
Ml;Lg;gl;biar; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; tisfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
6. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
 gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdu;.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J jkpo;g;gLj;Jf
ru;f;fhu; - muR  rk;gsk; - tUtha;  [Ptdk; - tho;f;if
khia - ngha;j;Njhw;wk;  Mj;kh - capu;/kdk;  gpugQ;rk; - cyfk;
Mj;k tprhuk; - kd vz;zk;  kD~d; - khe;jd;Ækdpjd;  ];Glk; - Nrhjid
 36 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fiyr;nrhw;fs;
E}yfk; ePjp kd;wk;
Subscription - cWg;gpdH fl;lzk; Affidavit - Miz cWjp Mtzk;
Fiction - GidT Allegation - rhl;Liu
Biography - tho;f;if tuyhW Conviction - jz;lid
Archive - Mtzk; Jurisdiction - mjpfhu vy;iy
Manuscript - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp Plaintiff - thjp
Bibliography - E}y; epuy; jpiuj;Jiw
njhlHtz;b epiyak; Artist - ftpd;fiyQH
Platform - eilNkil Animation - ,aq;Fglk;
Train Track - ,Ug;Gg;ghij Newsreel - nra;jpg;glk;

n
Railway Signal - njhlHtz;b topf;Fwp Cinematography - xspg;gjpT

l.i
Ticket Inspector - gazr;rPl;L Ma;tH Sound Effect - xyptpisT

da
Level Crossing - ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; flf;Fkplk; Multiplex Complex - xUq;fpize;j jpiuauq;f tshfk;

Metro Train - khefuj; njhlHtz;b tq;fp

cztfk;
ka Debit Card - gw;W ml;il
Lobby - Xa;tiw Demand Draft - Nfl;G tiuNthiy
vi
Checkout - ntspNaWjy; Withdrawal Slip - jpUk;gg; ngwy; gbtk;

Tips Teller
al

- rpw;wPif - tpiuTf; fhrhsH

Mini meals - rpw;WzT Mobile Banking - miyNgrp top tq;fp Kiw
.k

thD}Hjp epiyak; Internet Banking - ,izatq;fp Kiw

w

Arrival - tUif mYtyfg; nghUs;fs;

Departure - Gwg;ghL Stamp pad - ik nghjp
w

Conveyor Belt - CHjpg;gl;il Stapler - fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp

w

Take Off - thD}Hjp fpsk;Gjy; Folder - kbg;Gj;jhs;

Passport - flTr;rPl;L File - Nfhg;G
Visa - EioT ,irT Rubber Stamp - ,Oit Kj;jpiu
Domestic Flight - cs;ehl;L thD}Hjp Eraser - mopg;ghd;
jkpohf;fk; jUf

1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.

 fw;Nwhiug; gpd;gw;Wk; Gijay; fy;tp.
2. 2. A new language is a new life.
 xU GJnkhop GJ tho;f;if.
3.. If you want people to understand you. Speak their language.

 kf;fs; cq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s> mtHfspd; nkhopapy; NgRq;fs;.

 37 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.

nkhopfspd; mwpT Qhdj;jpd; Eiothapy;.

5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
 vd; nkhopapd; vy;iyNa vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.
nkhopngaHg;Gg; gFjpiag; gbj;J> ,UgJ Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; mjd;
jkpohf;fj;ijAk; vLj;J vOJf.
In 1977 shocked at the environmental devastation caused by deforestation in her beloved Kenya Wangari Mathai founded
the Green Belt Movement. For thirty years the movement has enabled many women to plant trees in their regions providing
them with food fuel and halting soil erosion and desertification. She used the movement to enlighten the people on the fruits
of representative democracy. This led Kenya to Kenyas first fully democratic elections in a generation. In the election Mathai
was elected to the Parliament and made a Minister of environment. She was conferred a Nobel Prize in 2004 because of her
outstanding success in guiding Kenyan women to plant more than thirty million trees. She has transformend the lives of tens

n
of thousands of women through sustainable social forestry schemes.

l.i
1977Mk; Mz;by; jdJ capupDk; ,dpa nfd;ah ehl;by; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l NguopT
fz;L kdk; ntJk;gp tq;fhup kj;jha; gRik tshf ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. ,e;j ,af;fj;jhy; gy
Mg;gpupf;fg; ngz;fs; jkJ gFjpfspy; kuq;fis el;L> mjd; topahfj; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd

da
czitAk; vupnghUisAk; jhNk <l;baNjhL epy;yhky; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; epytpa kz; mupg;ghy; epyk;
ghiytdkhtijAk; jLj;J epWj;jpdH. mtH ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; topahf
kf;fshl;rpapd;
mj;jiyKiwapdH
gad;fis
midtUf;Fk;
mwpar;
ka
Kjy;
nra;jhH.
Kiwahfj;
,J
NjHjypy;
gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ. ,j;NjHjypy; tq;fhup kj;jha; ehlhSkd;w
vi
cWg;gpdufj; NjHT nra;ag;gl;Lg; gpwF Rw;Wr;#oy; mikr;ruhdhH. nfd;ag; ngz;fSf;F
topfhl;b> %d;W Nfhb kuq;fis el;L tsHj;jjhy; mtuJ jd;dykw;w gzpiag; ghuhl;b> 2004Mk; Mz;L
al

tq;fhup kj;jha;f;F Nehgy; gupR toq;fg;gl;lJ. epiyahd tsHr;rpia cWjp nra;Ak; r%ff; fhLfs;
tsHg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd ngz;fspd; tho;tpy; kWkyHr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
.k

(v.fh.) Green Belt Movement - gRik tshf ,af;fk;

Environmental Devastation - Rw;Wr;#oy; NguopT Deforestation - fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLjy;

w

Founded - Njhw;Wtpj;jy; Green Belt Movement - gRik tshf ,af;fk;

Thirty Years - Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs; Women - ngz;fs;
w

Food - czT Fuel - vupnghUs;

w

Soil erosion - kz; mupg;G Vw;gLjy; Desertification - ghiytdkhjy;

Democracy - kf;fshl;rp Election - NjHjy;
Representative - gpujpepjp Generation - jiyKiw
Parliament - ehlhSkd;wk; Minister - mikr;rH
Environment - Rw;Wr;#oy; Movement - ,af;fk;
Success - ntw;wp Social forestry scheme - r%ff; fhLfs; tsHg;Gj; jpl;lk;
jkpohf;fk; jUf
In terms of human development objectives education is an end in itself not just a means of an end. Education is a basic
human right. It is also the key which opens many economic social and political doors for people. It increases access to income
and employment opportunities. While economists generally analyse the importance of education largely as a means for better
opportunities in life-and that is the main theme of tis chapter-let it be clearly stated that educating people is a worthy goal in itself
irrespective of the economic rates of return.
 38 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
kdpj tsHr;rp Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fy;tp vd;gJ epiwthd xd;whFk;. NtW Kbtpw;fhd top
my;y. fy;tp vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gil cupik kl;Lkd;wp> kf;fspd; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay;
ghijf;fhd jpwTf;NfhyhfTk; cs;sJ. fy;tpNa Ntiytha;g;ig mjpfupj;J> tUkhdj;ij caHj;Jfpd;wJ.
tho;tpy; rpwe;j tha;g;Gfis cUthf;FtNj fy;tpapd; nghJthd Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nghUspay;
ty;YeHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. vd;whYk;> ve;jg; nghUshjhug; gpujpgyDk; vjpHghuhky; fy;tpiag; nghJthf
vy;NyhUf;Fk; Gfl;Ltjd;%yk; xUehl;bd; trjp tha;g;GfisAk; tUthiaAk; mjpfupf;f KbAk; vd;gNj
fy;tpia Muha;e;j nghUshjhu ty;YeHfspd; fUj;jhFk;.
jkpohf;fk; jUf.

The Serious dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India|s status in the international community
of nations or with her educational and social needs. In this matter. India compares unfavourably not only with other independent
Dominions of the commonwealth but even with certain British colonies. She possesses only one public ibrary on any consider-
able size and even this institution is inadequate to serve the need of the capital city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing

n
any library at all. The rural population is completely neglected. There are no travelling libraries to reach them of kind that are to
be found even is some backward countries.

l.i
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise in the rate of literacy.

da
The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even magazines and newspapers in the absence of
sufficient public libraries and reading room> most of them cannot attain regular reading habits.

ka
ehl;by; E}yf trjpfspd; fLikahd gw;whf;Fiw> fy;tp kw;Wk; rKjha NjitfSf;F Vw;g> E}yf
trjpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy. ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; E}yf trjpfs;> fhkd;nty;j; mikg;gpYs;s rpy
Rje;jpu ehLfisAk;> gpupl;ldpd; fhydp mikg;gpy; cs;s rpy FbapUg;Gfis tplTk; rhjfkw;w epiyapy;
vi
cs;sd. xU nghJ E}yfj;ij fzprkhd mstpy; ehL ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> mJ jiyefUf;fhd Njitiag;
al

g+Hj;jp nra;a NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. xU rpy efuq;fs; kl;LNk E}yfq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhfg; ngUikgl;Lf;
nfhs;syhk;. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; Kw;wpYk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. mq;F mtHfis ehbr; nry;Yk; elkhLk;
.k

E}yfq;fSk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> ,e;j trjpfs; kpfTk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l ehLfspy;$l cs;sd vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. E}yfq;fspd; tsHr;rp kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sJ. mjpfupf;Fk; gs;spfSf;Fk;> fy;tp fw;NghH
w

vz;zpf;iff;Fk; Vw;g E}yfq;fspd; tsHr;rp ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy. Gj;jfq;fisAk;> gj;jpupiffisAk;>

w

nra;jpj;jhs;fisAk; thq;fpg; gbf;f trjpapy;yhNjhHf;Fk; nghJ E}yfq;fs; jFe;j mstpy; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;

gbf;Fk; gof;fk; tsUk;. mJ ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; gbf;Fk; gof;fk; epiwa NgUf;F ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpLk;.
w

jkpohf;fk; jUf.

Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary he was something more than that. He is known as a great champion
of the underprivileged even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere of activity was very wide and when he took
up any issue he went deep into it understood all the aspects of it and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it.
Communal differences in our society were deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came
on the scene.
ngupahH rpwe;j r%fr; rPHjpUj;jthjp kl;Lky;y. mjw;FNky; rpwg;ghd ,ay;GilatH. mtH xLf;fg;gl;Nlhupd;
rpwe;j jiytH vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhH. mtH rPHjpUj;jg;gzpfspy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdhH. mtUila
rpe;jidfSk; nray;fSk; kpfTk; MokhdjhfTk; gue;j kdg;ghd;ik cilajhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ve;j xU
nray;ghl;ilAk; Mo;e;J rpe;jpj;J mjidg; Gupe;J mjd;gb midj;Jg; gpur;ridfSf;Fk; epue;juj; jPHT
fhZk;tiu ciog;ghH. ngupahH ,e;jr; r%f fhl;rpapd; jpiuapy; tUk;tiu r%fk; Vw;wj;jho;T epiwe;j xU
rKjhakhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
39 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
jkpohf;fk; jUf.
Popular as the Cultural Capital of India Tamil Nadu is extremely well-known for its marvellous temples and other archi-
tectural gems. The state rose to prominenece primarily because of its well-known and outstanding Tanjore paintings that flourished
at the time of Chola dynasty in ancient Tanjavoor. In this traditional art form the paintings showcase the embellished form of the
sacred deities of the region. The deities in the paintings are festooned with glass pieces pearls semi-precious stones and gold and
other vibrant colours. In the modern times Tanjore paintings look up to human figures animals floral motifs and irds as muses.
,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhuj; jiyefuk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; jkpo;ehl;by; rpwe;j Nfhapy;fSk;> fl;llf;fiy rpd;dq;f-
Sk; cs;sd. jQ;rht+upy; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; jioj;J tsHe;j jQ;rht+H Xtpaq;fs; khepyj;jpw;F ngUk; Gfioj;
Njbj; je;jd. ,it ghuk;gupa fiy Kiwapy>; myq;fhuf;fw;fs; gjpff ; g;gl;l flTsHfspd; Gdpj Xtpaq;fspy; fz;zhb
Jz;Lfs;> Kj;Jfs;> tz;z fw;fs;> jq;fk; kw;Wk; gy tz;zq;fis xl;l itj;J jahupff ; g;gLfpdw
; d. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;j
Xtpaq;fs; kdpj cUtq;fspYk;> tpyq;Ffs;> g+f;fs;> gwitfs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
jkpohf;fk; jUf.
A White woman about 50 years old was seated next to a black man. Obviously disturbed by this> she called the airhostess.
“Madam what is the matter?" the hostess asked.
“you placed me next to a black man. Give me an alternative seat"
The hostess replied. “Almost all the places on this flight are taken. I will go to see if another place is available." The hostess went

n
away and came back a few minutes later. “Madam just as I thought there are no other available seats in the economy class. We

l.i
still have one place in the first class."
Before the woman could say anything the hostess continued. “It would be scandalous to make someone sit next to someone so
disgusting"

da
She turned to the black guy and said “Sir a seat awaits you in the first class."
At the moment the other passengers who were shocked by what they had just witnessed stood up and applauded.
Take a lesson from the sun who shines his light on everyone. ka
Or the rain tha falls on every single shore.
No distinction of our race or the colour of our face.
Nautres gifts are there for all men rich or poor.
vi
(Courtesy: S.S.S. Bal Vikas)
Ik;gJ taJila xU nts;isf;fhu ngz;kzp tpkhdj;jpy; jd; mUfpy; xU fWg;gH ,d Mz; mkHe;jpUe;jijf;
al

fz;L nghWf;fhky; jdf;F xU khw;W ,Uf;if Vw;ghL nra;Ak;gb tpkhdg; gzpg;ngz;zplk; Nfl;lhs;.
.k

tpkhdg; gzpg;ngz;> Njbg; ghHj;J jpUk;gp te;J ’rhjhuz tFg;gpy; ve;j ,Uf;ifAk; fhypapy;iy“ vdf;$wp>
’Kjy; tFg;gpy; xd;W cs;sJ“ vd;whs;.
w

me;j nts;isf;fhu ngz;kzp mtSf;F gjpyspf;FKd;> tpkhd gzpg;ngz; Ke;jpf;nfhz;L ’gpbf;fhj xU-
tupd; mUfpy; kw;wtiu mku itg;gJ ntWf;fj;jf;fjhFk;“ vdf; $wpf;nfhz;Nl fWg;gpd kdpjuplk; ’Iah>
w

Kjy; tFg;gpy; cq;fs; ,Uf;if> jq;fis vjpHghHf;fpwJ“ vdf; $wpdhs;.

me;j epkplj;jpy;> kw;w gazpfs; midtUk; mq;F ,jw;F Kd;dH ele;jij mwpe;jpUe;jjhy;> vOe;J epd;W if jl;bdH.
w

xt;nthUtupd; kPJk; jd; xspia gpufhrpf;fr; nra;Ak; #upadplkpUe;Jk;> my;yJ xt;nthU flw;fiuapYk;
nghopfpw kioaplkpUe;Jk; xU ghlk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ekJ ,dj;jpNyh> ekJ Kfj;jpd; epwj;jpNyh ve;j tpj;jpahrj;ijAk; ghHf;ff;$lhJ. gzf;fhuNuh> VioNah>
vy;yh kdpjUf;FNk ,aw;ifapd; gupRfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
jkpohf;fk; jUf.
I make sure I have the basic good habits which include respecting my elders greeting people when I meet them wishing them
well when departing etc. Other than this observing the law serving the poor and downtrodden> helping the sick and needy giving
shelter to the homeless assisting someone with a physically challenged etc. are also other good habits of mine. To lead on a peaceful
life I develop other good habits writing listening to music dancing singing etc. are other such habits which fulfil the needs of my soul.
ehd; ey;y gof;fq;fshd ngupatHfis kjpj;jy;> gpwiur; re;jpf;Fk;NghJ tzf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;>
gpupAk;NghJ tho;j;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw tsHj;J nfhs;tjpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;. NkYk;> rl;lj;ijg;
gpd;gw;Wjy;> Vio ghkuHfSf;Fk; NehahspfSf;Fk; cjTjy;> Mjutw;NwhUf;Fj; jq;Fkpl trjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;> cly;
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F cjTjy; Nghd;w ey;y gof;fq;fs; vd;DilajhFk;. mikjpahd tho;f;if elj;Jtjw;Fg; gpw
ey;y gof;fq;fshd ,ir> vOj;J> ghly;> eldk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;W vd; Md;k Njitiag; g+Hj;jpr; nra;J nfhs;fpNwd;.
40 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,yf;fzj;NjHr;rp nfhs;
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?

jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs;

vOj;jpidj; njspthf cr;rupf;fg; gof Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fztpjpfis mwpe;J ftdj;Jld; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
2. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlH mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd ahit?

nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlH mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd

ehy;tifg; nghUj;jq;fs; rpwg;ghf mika Ntz;Lk;.  jpiz ghy; vz; ,lk; Mfpad
3. caHjpizg; gd;ikg; ngaHfs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlHfis vOJf.

MrpupaHfs; ghlk; fw;gpj;jdH.  ngz;fs; tpisahbdH

n
4. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;fisr; NrHj;Jj; njhluikf;f

l.i
khztHfs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldH.

da
mwptpay; khztHfs; tupirapy; epd;W fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldH.
5. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; NrHj;Jk; ,UNtW njhlHfis mikf;f.
ka
Kd; - mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;  mtd;Kd; te;J $wpdhd;
jhNd - mts; jhNd nrd;whs;  mts;jhNd nrd;whs;
vi
nfhz;L - Gj;jfj;ijf; nfhz;L nrd;W vOjpdhd;.  mtd; Gj;jfj;ijf;nfhz;L vOjpdhd;.
tpl;lhd; - mts; ghiyf; Fbj;Jtpl;lhs;.(Fbj;J Kbj;jhs;)
al

mts; ghiyf; Fbj;J tpl;lhs;(Fbj;jJk; fPNo tpl;lhs;)

.k

6. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;fk;

w

njhlHfspy; fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOjpdhNyh ,lk; khw;wp ,l;lhNyh nghUs; khwptpLk;.

(v.fh.) mts;> mf;fhs; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whs;.  (v.fh.) mts; mf;fh> tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whs;.
w

7. ryry> te;J te;J> fyfy> tpk;kp tpk;kp> ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf; fpstpj; njhlHfis vOjp> mtw;iw
w

vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf.

,ul;ilf; fpstpj; njhlHfis vOJk; Kiw

,ul;ilf;fpstpj; njhlHfisr; NrHj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.

,ul;ilf;fpstp nrhy; gpupe;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.  (v.fh.) ryry> fyfy
8. jpUtsHr;nry;td;> jpUtsH nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rupahd njhlH vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fztpjp ahJ?

rupahd njhlH - jpUtsHnry;td;

,yf;fz tpjp - tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypdk; kpff;$lhJ
9. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?

ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs;

,aw;rPH ntz;lis (kh Kd; epiu> tpsk; Kd; NeH)  ntz;rPH ntz;lis (fha; Kd; NeH)
41 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
10. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk;

nra;Aspd; midj;J mbfspYk; xNu njhil (vJif> Nkhid) tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;.
nra;Aspd; mbfspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l njhilfs; tUtJ gy tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;.
11. khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
gbkk; ntspg;gLk; tpjk;

ftpQH khe;Njhg;igg; ngz;zhfTk;> tre;jfhyj;ijg; gl;lhilahfTk; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwhH.

gl;lhilia cLj;jpa ngz;zpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk;> khe;Njhg;gpy; tre;jfhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wj;ijAk; xg;gpLfpwhH.  ,f;ftpijapy; cs;shHe;j xg;gPL> gbkkhf ntspg;gLfpwJ.
12. njhd;kk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
njhd;kk;

 goq;fij> Guhzk; vd;W nghUs;.  njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLk; tdg;GfSs; xd;W.

n
goq;fijiaj; Jizahff; nfhz;L xU fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.

l.i
13. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlHfis vOJf.

da
njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; njhlHfs;

,td; ngupa mupr;re;jpud;  fHzd; Njhw;whd;Ngh

14. cs;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
mijf; file;jhy;
ka
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
vi
MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij
al

eP mwptha; my;yth? - ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?

ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk;
.k

,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kq;fs;

ghw;fly; - mKjk; - Myfhyk;
w

15. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU GJf;ftpij vOJf.

w

,utpy; thq;fpNdhk;
,d;Dk;
w

tpbaNtapy;iy
FwpaPl;L cj;jp - Rje;jpuk;
16. tpau;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
tpau;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;
Mjpiug;gUf;if - tpau;itj;Jsp  mKjRugp - cyfr; nropg;G
17. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.
FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;
Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; njhlu;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rl;Lk; nghUs; midtUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhlu;gpd; thapyhf FwpaPl;Lg;nghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
42 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
rpWtpdh
nra;As;
1. ’nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; g+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk;” njhlH

ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

jkpopd; rpwg;ig czHj;Jk; ,aw;if mofpay; ntspg;ghL

ctik

ÎÎnrk;gupjp (rpte;j #upad;) kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd;.

rpte;j #upad; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiyAr;rpapy; nrd;W nky;y nky;y kiwthd;.
,jidf; ftpQH mofpay; jd;ikNahL ’kiyNkl;by; jiyrha;g;ghd; #upad;” vd;fpwhH
 ’nre;epwj;Jg; g+f;fhlhk; tdnky;yhk;”
mt;thW nrf;fr; rpte;j #upadpd; khiy Neuf; fjpHfs; (iffs;) gl;ljhy; fhnly;yhk; rpte;J

n
l.i
rptg;G epwj;Jg; g+q;fh Nghy; khwptpl;lJ.
#upadpd; rpte;j fjpHfs;Nghy; njhopyhsHfspd; iffs;

da
#upadpd; iffs; rpte;jJNghy; fhiyKjy; khiytiu cioj;j njhopyhsHfspd; iffSk;
rpte;J cs;sJ vd;W ctikg;gLj;Jfpd;whH ka
njhopyhsHfspd; tpaHit Kj;Jfs; jkpio tpae;J ghLk;

khiy Neuj; njhopyhHfspd; iffs; rpte;Jk; tpaHit Kj;Jfs; nts;spkzpNghy; clnyq;Fk;

vi
Kj;JKj;jha;g; g+j;jpUf;Fk;.
g+j;jpUf;Fk; nts;is Kj;Jf;fs; jkpopd; Gfio tpae;JghLk;.
al

 ’,j;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j mUikahd nre;jkpNo cd;idtpl vdf;F cw;w Jiz NtW
.k

cz;lh? ”
w

vd mofpay; jd;ikNahL jkpopd; ngUikiag; $Wfpd;whH ftpQH rpw;gp

fhl;rp eak;
w

nrk;gupjpapd; fjpHfs; - njhopyhsHfspd; iffshfTk;> njhopyhsHfspd; tpaHit - nts;sp

w

Kj;JfshfTk;> nts;sp Kj;Jfs; - jkpo;g;ghLk; ftpQHfshfTk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. Vq;nfhypePH Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

ghlypd; ,lk; Rl;Ljy;

ghly; tupfs; ,lk; ngw;w ,yf;fpak; - jz;bayq;fhuk; (ciu Nkw;Nfhs; ghly;)

ghlypd; MrpupaH - jz;b

ghly; vOjpajd; fhuzk; - mzp ,yf;fzj;ijr; rpwg;igf; $Wk; ,e;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpia tpsf;f ciu Nkw;Nfhs; ghlyhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

ghly; tupapd; nghUs;

Vq;nfhypePH Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - flyhy; #og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; ,Uis mfw;Wk;

43 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ghly; tpsf;fk;
fjputd; jkpo;
ÎÎcaHe;j kiyfSf;F ,ilNa Njhd;Wgtd; ÎÎcaHe;j nghjpifkiyapUe;J Njhd;wpats;
ÎÎflyhy; #og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis ÎÎcyfj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; mwpahik
mfw;Wgtd; vd;Dk; mf ,Uis mfw;Wgts;
ÎÎkf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gLgtd; ÎÎrhd;Nwhuhy; njhog;gLgts;
ÎÎxspHfpd;w fjputdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd; ÎÎjdf;F epfupy;yhj jkpohf ,Uf;fpd;whs;.
3. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ghly; tupfs;
gtze;jpg; Gytupd; ghly; ftpQH. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ghly;
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; tOty kPz;Lke;j goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
fhy tifap dhNd - ed;D}y; nka;rpypf;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th> th!

n
- epyTg;g+

l.i
,U ghf;fspd; fUj;Jfspy; cs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;
,yf;fzg;ghly; ,yf;fpag; ghly;

da
gioad fopjy; kPz;Lk; me;jg; goik eyk;
ÎÎjkpo; nkhopfF; ,yf;fzf; fUj;Jfs; Mapuk; ÎÎKw;fhyj;jpy; Kr;rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsHj;jdH
ka
,Ue;jhYk; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g gad;ghl;by; ghz;ba kd;dH
,y;iynad;why; mij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. ÎÎme;jr; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; murp ePjhd;.
ÎÎnrhw;fSk; kuGfSk; gad;gltpy;iy vdpy; ÎÎjkpo; My; Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy;
vi
fhyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; fopj;Jtpl NtNuhb tsHe;jJ. ghupKjy; ts;sy;fis
al

Ntz;Lk;. <d;W je;jha;

Gjpa GFjYk; ÎÎfilNaO ts;sy;fshd ghup> Ma;> vopdp>
.k

ÎÎehs;NjhWk; jkpo;nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; nkhop es;sp> kyad;> Ngfd;> Xup MfpNahH jkpo;
tsHr;rpf;F Vw;g ,yf;fzk; GjpJ Gjpjhf tsHj;jdH.
w

,aw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;whH.

w

tOty fhy tifap dhNd nka;r; rpypHf;fj; jkpof

; F
; apNy! $tp th!
ÎÎGjpa ,yf;fzk; tUtJ Fw;wkpy;iy ÎÎ,j;jifa rpwg;Gila jkpNo kPz;Lk; me;jg;
w

ÎÎfhyj;jpd; Ntw;WikNa ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; goikahd kuG ,yf;fpaq;fSld; th! th!

vd;fpwhH ed;D}yhH. vd;W $f;Fuy; ,Lfpd;whH ftpQH
ÎÎGJf;ftpijf;F toptpl;lJ. ÎÎkuGf;ftpijia tuNtw;fpd;wJ
ÎÎGJ ,yf;fz E}y; Njhd;w fhuzhkhdJ ÎÎkuGf;ftpQHfs; Njhd;w fhuzkhfpwJ.
4. ’ePHepiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjpHfs; - ,f;ftpijapd; mb>
J}q;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd” vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypd; njhlHr;rpaha; miktijg; gw;wp
vOJf.
Vw;wg;ghly;

ÎÎ’%q;fpy; ,iy NkNy J}q;Fk; gdp ePNu

J}q;Fk; gdp ePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd” vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
44 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
%q;fpypd; kPJ ,Uf;Fk; gdpj;Jspia fjputd; thq;fpf;nfhs;fpwhd;.
ePH epiyfspy; cs;s jz;zPiu xspf;fjpHfs; cwpQ;rpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
Jspia cwpQ;rpagpd; ePH epiyfis cwpQ;r te;Jtpl;lhd; fjputd; vd;gJ mjd;
njhlHr;rpahf cs;sJ.
5. thilf; fhyj;jpy; NfhtyHfs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; NjbdH?
FspHfhy es;spuT

Nkfk;jhd; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; #o;e;J vOe;jJ

cyfNk FspUk;gb Gjpa kioiag; g+kpnaq;Fk; nghopa itj;jJ.
jho;thd gFjpfspy; nts;sk; ngUfpaJ. ,jidf; NfhtyH ntWj;jdH.
vUikfs;> gRf;fs;> MLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nklhd epyj;jpy; Nka tpl;ldH.
NfhtyHfspd; Jd;gk;

n
tof;fkhf jhk; gofpa ,lj;ij tpl;Lg; gpupe;J NtW ,lj;jpw;Fg; ngaHe;jdH.

l.i
gpupTj; Jd;gk; NfhtyHfis thl;baJ.

da
NfhtyHfspd; jiyapy; #bapUe;j ePz;l ,jo;fSila fhe;js; kyH frq;fpaJ.
NfhtyHfs; xd;WNrHe;J nfhs;sp neUg;ghy; iffSf;Fr; #Nlw;wpdH.
ka
iffs; #NlwpdhYk; mtHfspd; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
Fspupdhy; tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gk;
vi
tpyq;Ffs; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd  kuq;fspypUe;J gwitfs; tPo;e;jd
Fuq;Ffs; Fspuhy; eLq;fpd  gRf;fs; ghy; Fbf;f te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpHj;jd.
al

6. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;Tfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.

.k

gpwg;ghy; ehy;tH

mNahj;jpapd; murd; jrujdpd; kfd; ,uhkd;.  ,uhkDf;F cld;gpwe;j jk;gpfs; %d;W NgH.
w

vdNt> gpwg;ghy; ,uhkd; ehy;tH Mdtd;.

w

FfNdhL ItH

,uhkd;> fq;if fiuapy; NtlH Fyj; jiytd; Ffidf; fhz;fpwhd;.

w

,uhkd;> Ffdpd; md;gpw;F Ml;gl;lhd;.

Ffidj; jd; jk;gpahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> FfNdhL ItH Mdhd;.
Rf;uPtDld; mWtH

fpl;fpe;ijapy;> thduq;fspd; jiytd; Rf;uptPidf; fhz;fpwhd;.

Rf;uPtidj; jd; jk;gpahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> Rf;uPtDld; mWtH Mdhd;.
tPlzNdhL vOtH

,yq;if Nte;jd; ,uhtzdpd; jk;gp tPlzd;.

rPijiaf; ftHe;J te;jJ jtW vd tPlzd; ,uhtzdplk; $Wfpd;whd;.
,uhtzd; Vw;f kWf;fNt> mtidtpl;L ePq;fp ,uhkDld; nrd;W NrHfpwhd;.
,uhkd; tPlzidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> tPlzNdhL vOtH Mdhd;.
45 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
7. ’tUgtH vtuhapDk; ed;wp nrYj;J" - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;

[yhYj;jPd; &kpapd; ftpijapd; jkpohf;fj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

[yhYj;jPd; &kpapd; ftpijia „jhfq;nfhz;l kPd;fs;… vd;w ngaupy; jkpohf;fk; nra;jtH
vd;. rj;jpa%Hj;jp.
tpsf;fk;

Mde;jk;> kdr;NrhHT> mw;gj;jdk;> tpopg;GzHT Mfpait ek; tPl;bw;F tUk; vjpHghuhj

tpUe;jhspfs; vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid Mfpait tPl;bw;F tUfpd;wd.
tUgtHfs; vtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfis ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy;> ,it midj;Jk; ek; tho;tpy; VNjDk; XH mDgtj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $bait.

n
8. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vOJf.

l.i
rlhA

da
,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwnaLj;J> ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;Lr; nrd;whd;.
rlhA vd;Dk; fOF Nte;jd; ,uhtzid ,ilapy; jLf;f Kaw;rpj;jhd;.
ka
rlhA> ,uhtzDld; rz;ilapl;Lf; fhag;gl;lhd;.
,uhkidr; re;jpj;jy;
vi
rlhA> ,uhkdplk; ele;jtw;iwf; $wp ,we;Jtpl;lhd;.  ,uhkdpd; je;ijapd; ez;gd; rlhA.
al

vdNt> rlhA jdf;Fk; je;ijjhd; vd;W vz;zp mtDf;fhd ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffis ,uhkNd
.k

nra;jhd;.
,Wjpr; rlq;F
w

,uhkd;> tpwfpw;F mfpy;> re;jdf; fl;ilfisf; nfhz;L te;jhd;.

w

jUg;igg; Gw;fis xOq;Fgl mLf;fpdhd;.  g+f;fisf; nfhz;Lte;J J}tpdhd;.

ed;dPiuf; nfhz;Lte;jhd;.  kzypdhy; Nkil mikj;jhd;.
w

Nkilf;F jd; je;ijahfpa rlhAitf; nfhz;L te;jhd;.

9. %d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W" - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.

,t;tupfs; ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fpak; - ,ilaPL (,Jtiu vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;G E}yhFk;.)

MrpupaH - rp. kzp
%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;whdit

vz;zk; - ntspaPL - Nfl;ly; ,it ,izjy; vd;gJ Kf;fhyKk; xd;whdJ NghyhFk;.

tpsf;fk; - Kbahik

rpytw;iw ehk; nrhy;y tpUk;GNthk;. Mdhy;> VNdh mijr; nrhy;y ekf;Fr; nrhy; tuhky;
jtpj;J nrhy;y KbahkNy tpLfpd;Nwhk;.
46 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

kdg;GOf;fk;

ehk; vjpHghHf;fhkNyNa jpBnud khw;wq;fs; gy ele;JtpLfpd;wd.

ehk; xd;iwf; Fwpitf;f mJ VNjh xd;whf khwp Vkhw;wj;ijj; jUk;.
,JNghd;w kdg; GOf;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rpfs; gy cz;L.
Vkhw;wk;

Fjpiu tiua Kad;why; FjpiuNa tuhJ; mJ fOijahfTk; tuyhk;. ,uz;Lk; fye;J xU

tpyq;fhf te;J Vkhw;wKk; juyhk;.
Jd;gKk; ,d;gKk;

vypiag; gpbf;f nghwpitj;jhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; vypg;nghwpapy; ek;tpuNy khl;bf;nfhz;L

eRq;fptplj;jhd; nra;fpwJ.
jz;zPuhtJ fpilf;Fkh vd Vf;fj;Jld; xU ghijapy; ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ ,d;nrhy; Ngrp

n
rpyH ,sePH nfhLg;gJk; cz;L.

l.i
%d;whd fhyk; xd;whFkh?

da
vz;zk; - ntspaPL - Nfl;ly; ,it %d;Wk; xNu Neuj;jpy; rupahfg; nghUe;Jtjpy;iy.
mt;thW nghUe;jpdhy; mJ ,we;jfhyk; epfo;fhyk; vjpHfhyk; %d;Wk; xNufhykhf khwpaJ NghyhFk;.
ka
10. thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij

epWTf.
vi
thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij epWTjy;

mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpia xsit Nghw;Wjy;

al

thapw;fhtyNd thapw;fhtyNd!  guprpyHf;F thriy milf;fhj thapy; fhtyNd!

.k

kiwnghUs;

,utyHfSf;fhf ,uTk; jpwe;jpUf;Fk; mjpakhd; fjTfs;

w

ghly;nghUs;

ts;sy;fisf; fz;L mtHjk; nrtpfspy; mwpthHe;j nrhw;fis Jzpr;rYld; $Wgts; ehd;.

w

ftpijapd; rpwg;gwpe;J gupRg;nghUs; jUthHfs; ts;sy;fs; vd;Dk; Vq;Fk; kdk; ftpQHfSf;F cz;L.
w

tpiue;J XLk; Fjpiufisf; nfhz;ltd; neLkhd; mQ;rp ve;j jFjpia mwpahjtdh!

ghlhz; jpiz tpsf;fk;

ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd; fy;tp> xOf;fk;> tPuk; nfhilj;jd;ik> ts;sy;jd;ik> NghHj;jpwd;>

gilgyk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; Gfo;e;J ghLjNy ghlhz; jpizahFk;||
,g;ghlypy; xsit mjpakhdpd; jkpo;g;Gyik> ts;sy; jd;ik> nfhilj;jd;ik> gilgyk;
Nghd;wtiw kiwnghUshf tpsf;fpdhYk; ,J ghlhz; jpizNa MFk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;J.
11. ­­­­,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahH cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhH?

,uhkypq;f mbfs; Ntz;Lk; cwT

,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;jpYs;s KUfdplk; jdf;F Ntz;ba cwtpidg; gw;wp

Ntz;LfpwhH.
47 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
Ntz;Lk; cwT

rpwe;jtHfs; xUnewpg;gl;l kdj;Jld; KUfdpd; jpUtbfis epidj;jpUg;ghHfs;.

mj;jifa rpwe;jtHfspd; cwT Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH ,uhkypq;f mbfshH.

Ntz;lhj cwT

tQ;rfHfs; kdj;jpy; xd;iw itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ntspapy; kw;nwhd;iwg; NgRthHfs;.

mj;jifa tQ;rfHfspd; cwTfs; jd;id neUq;fhky; fhf;Fk;gb Ntz;LfpwhH.

12. gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;jH vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhH?

gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh

jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisAila ngupa CH jpUkapiy.

n
kapiyapy; vOr;rpkpf;f tpohf;fs; eilngWk;.

l.i
,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL jpUtpohf;fisf; nfhz;lhLthHfs;.

da
kapiyapy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj;jpy; tpoh eilngWfpwJ.

gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpoh Muthuk;kpf;f tpohthf cs;sJ.

ka
g+k;ghtha;! ,t;tpohitf; fhzhky; nrd;wJ KiwahFNkh? vd;fpwhH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH.

13. ’ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G” - ,j;njhlupd; top gz;lkhw;W thzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
vi
gz;lkhw;W thzpfk;
al

,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; ehk; nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.

.k

gzk; xU ,ilepiy nghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ.

gzk; nghUl;fis thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

w

goq;fhyj;jpy; nghUl;fis thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; gzk; gad;ghl;by; ,y;iy.

w

gzj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf> jq;fsplKs;s nghUl;fisf; nfhLj;J> jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd

w

nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhz;ldH.

xU nghUisf; nfhLj;J> kw;nwhU nghUis thq;FtJ gz;lkhw;W Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.

epyKk; nghUSk;

xt;nthU epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fSk; jq;fsplk; cs;s nghUisf; nfhLj;J NtW nghUis
thq;fpf; nfhz;ldH.
epyk; nfhLj;j nghUs;
ÎÎFwpQ;rp (kiy) ÎÎNjd;> jpid> fpoq;F
ÎÎKy;iy (fhL) ÎÎtuF> rhik> ghy;nghUl;fs;
ÎÎkUjk; (tay;) ÎÎney;>
ÎÎnea;jy; (fly;) ÎÎkPd;> cg;G
48 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
14. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPof
; f
; hZk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; nghUj;jp vOJf

JQ;rpdhH nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yH vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghH fs;cz; gtH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
mzp tpsf;fk;

ctikiaAk; ctNkaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUG kiwe;J tUtJ

vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
rhd;W

JQ;rpdhH nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yH vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;Rcz;ghH fs;cz; gtH.
nghUs;

n
cwq;Ffpd;wtH ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltH my;yH.

l.i
mJNghy> fs; cz;gtUk; eQ;Rz;gtNu MthH.

da
nghUj;jk;

ctik - cwq;Ffpd;wtH ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltH my;yH

ctNkak; - fs; cz;gtH eQ;Rz;gtNu
ka
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctikAk; ctNkaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; „Nghy… vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;J
vi
te;Js;sJ.
vdNt> ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
al

15. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
.k

vOJf.
ehl;bd muq;fpd; mikg;G
w

rpw;g E}yhrpupau;fs; $wpa ,ay;Gfs; khwhj ed;dpyj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;jhu;fs;.

w

nghjpif kiy Nghd;w caupa kiyapypUe;J %q;fpiyf; nfhz;L te;jhu;fs;.

%q;fpypy; xU rhz; msT ,ilntspAs;s fZf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
w

E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb muq;fk; mikj;jdu;.

jk; ifg;ngUtpuypy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F mstpidf; nfhz;ljhf %q;fpiy ntl;bdu;.
mij muq;fk; mikf;Fk; Nfhyhff; nfhz;L mjpy; VONfhy; mfyKk;> vl;Lf;Nfhy; ePsKk;
xU Nfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;ba muq;fj;ij mikj;jdu;.
muq;fpd; J}zpw;F Nky; cj;jpug; gyifia itj;jdu;.
cj;jpug; gyiff;Fk; jsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gyiff;Fk; ,ilNa ehd;F Nfhy; msT ,Ue;jJ.
muq;fpd; cs;Ns nry;yTk; ntspNa tuTk; ,U thapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
Nky;epiy khlj;jpy; Ik;G+jq;fis tiue;J itj;jdu;.
J}z;fspd; epoy; muq;fpy; tpohjgb> tpsq;Ffis Vw;wpdu;.
Xtpa Ntiyg;ghLkpf;f Nky; tpjhdj;ij mikj;jdu;.
49 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
rpwe;j Kj;Jfshy; nra;ag;gl;l khiyfis muq;fk; KOtJk; njhq;f tpl;ldu;.
,t;thW> rpwg;ghd Ntiyg;ghLfSld; muq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
16. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijAk; kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; nrhw;rpkpopy; milf;Fk;

Kaw;rpNa vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; nfhz;L epWTf.

kdpjd; jd; tho;ehspy; ,g;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpd;whd;.
Mdhy;> mtd; epidg;gJNghyNt ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. mijf; ftpQd; jd; ftpijapy;
mikj;JtpLfpd;whd;.
17. mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf> jkpo;ejp $Wfpwhu;?
mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb Kisf;Fk; tpjk;

Nghu; %z;lJ Fz;Lkio nghope;jJ; epyq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld.

mstpl Kbahj JauKk;> rpy kdpju;fSk; kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sdu;.

n
Fz;Lfshy; jhf;fg;gl;ljhy; kuq;fs; midj;Jk; mope;jd.

l.i
kdpju;fspd; epidTfspy; kl;LNk kuq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

da
mj;jifa epiyapy; Nghupd; Foe;ijg; Nghy mjpra kyu; Njhd;wpaJ.
kyu; Njhd;wf; fhuzk;
ka
kyupd; tpij ahidapd; vr;rj;jpypUe;J te;jpUf;fyhk;
ahu;kPNjh xl;bapUe;j tpij capu; ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;.
vi
mjprakyu; tUifahy; epfo;e;jit

mjpra kyiu Nehf;fp tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; tuj; njhlq;fpd.

al

nrbapypUe;J fhLfs; cUthFk;.  fhLfs; kioiag; nghopar; nra;Ak;.

.k

ftpij czu;j;Jk; nra;jp

NghupdhYk; NguopTfspdhYk; kdpj ,dk; mope;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

w

vj;jifa mopTfs; Neupl;lhYk; kdpjDf;Fr; rpwpjsNtDk; jd;dk;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;.

w

jd;dk;gpf;ifapd;%yk; tplhKaw;rp nra;J kPz;Lk; kfpo;r;rpahd epiyia mila ,aYk;

w

vd;gij ,f;ftpij czu;j;JfpwJ.

18. vq;fpUe;Njh tUfpwJ

tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpnahd;W

gwitfSk; tuf; $Lk; ehis - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk;

ftpQu; jkpo;ejp vOjpa „mjpra kyu;… ftpijapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghUs;

Nghupy; mope;j ,lj;jpy; xU kyu; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

me;j kyiu Nehf;fp vq;fpUe;Njh tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; tUfpd;wd.
ehis gwitfSk; tuf; $Lk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;.
50 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
tpsf;fk;

Nghupdhy; Vw;gl;l mopTfspy; kf;fs; tUj;jj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.

me;epiyapy;> kf;fs; kdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; ek;gpf;if kPz;Lk; kfpo;r;rpahd tho;itj; jpUg;gp
mspf;Fk; vd;gJ nghUs;.
,f;ftpijapy;> kdpjdpd; ek;gpf;if kyuhf gbkg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
19. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk – ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;

nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
ctik

ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk

nghUs;

xU rpwpa epyg;gug;gpy; tpise;j ney;yhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjid mWj;J ahidf;F ,l;lhy; xU

n
khjk; tiu ahidf;F czT toq;f ,aYk;.

l.i
Mdhy;> ahid tpis epyj;jpw;Fs; GFe;jhy; mJ cz;gijtpl fhypy; kpjpg;gl;L tPzhtJ

da
mjpfkhFk;.
tpsf;fk;
ka
xU kd;dd; jd; ehl;L kf;fsplk; rupahd mstpy; tup tR+y; nra;jhy; mjpf msT tup
tR+ypf;f ,aYk;.
vi
kd;dd; jd; Nguhirahy; kf;fsplk; mjpfg;gbahd tup tR+y; nra;a epidj;jhy; ahid
GFe;j epyk;Nghy tPzhFk;.
al

20. filnaO ts;sy;fisAk; mtu;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

.k

 filnaO ts;sy;fSk; mtu;fs; nra;j nray;fSk;

ts;sy;fs; nray;fs;
w

Ngfd;  fhl;by; Fspupy; eLq;fpa kapYf;Fj; jd;Dila Miliaf; nfhLj;jtd;

ghup  gw;Wf; nfhk;gpd;wp ,Ue;j Ky;iyf;Fj; jd; Njiuf; nfhLj;jtd;
w

kiyakhd;  FjpiufisAk; gpw nry;tq;fisAk; ,utyu;f;F ,y;iy vd;W $whky;

nfhLj;jtd;
w

jpUKbf;fhup
Ma; Mz;bud;  ePy tz;zf; fy;iyAk; ehfk; nfhLj;j MilapidAk; ,iwtDf;Ff;
nfhLj;jtd;
mjpfkhd; neLkhd;  ,wthj jd;ikiaf; nfhLf;ff; $ba ney;ypf;fdpiaj; jhd; cz;zhJ
mQ;rp
xsitf;Ff; nfhLj;jtd;
es;sp  jd;dplk; cs;s nry;tq;fis ,y;iynad;dhJ midtUf;Fk; nfhLj;-
jtd;
ty;tpy; Xup  kiy ehl;ilf; $j;ju;f;Fg; guprhff; nfhLj;jtd;

21. ‘<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; Vionad Xu;kpd;“ - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk;

,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;> Fkhu gUtk;> ,ul;rzpa rupj glyk;

 Mrpupau; - vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu;
51 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghUs;

,iwkfd; kf;fs;kPJ kpfTk; md;Gf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

vdNt> mtu;fs; jd;idf; fapw;why; fl;Lk;NghJk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jhu;.
me;jf; fl;bypUe;J tpLgl ,ayhky; Xu; Vioiag; Nghy ,iwkfd; ,Ue;jhu;> ,ij ePq;fs;
vz;zpg; ghUq;fs; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;.
22. nfhil toq;Fjypy; ePq;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf.
nfhil toq;Fjypy; ehd; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtd

nfhil toq;FtJ vd;gJ ntWk; gzkhfj;jhd; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjy;y.

gpwuplk; ifNae;j kdkpy;yhky;> rhiyfspy; Ngdh> Gj;jfk; Nghd;wtw;iw tpw;gtu;fsplk;
nghUl;fs; thq;FtJk; xUtpj nfhiljhd;.
thOk;NghJ FUjpf; nfhilAk; (,uj;jjhdk;)

n
,we;j gpwF cly; nfhilAk; (cly; cWg;G jhdk;) toq;fyhk;.

l.i
gpwe;j ehs; Nghd;w ed;dhspy; ehk; kl;Lk; kfpo;r;rpAld; nfhz;lhlhky;> Mjutw;NwhUf;F

da
ek;khy; Kbe;j nghUisf; nfhLj;J mtu;fisAk; kfpo;r;rp mila nra;ayhk;.
23. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; tUk;

mzpia tpsf;Ff.
ka
mzp
vi
 epuy;epiw mzp
mzp tpsf;fk;
al

xU nrhy; xU tupirapy; epWj;jp> mtw;NwhL nghUs; njhlu;Gila NtWnrhy;iy mLj;j

.k

tupirapy; epWj;JtJ epuy;epiw mzp MFk;.

Fwl;gh
w

md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

w

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
nghUs;
w

md;Gld; tho;tNj tho;f;ifapd; gz;G.  mwj;NjhL tho;tNj tho;f;ifapd; gad;.

mzp nghUj;jk;

,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> Kjybapy; md;G> mwd; Mfpa nrhw;fs; mike;Js;sd.

mjw;F ,izahf ,uz;lhtJ mbapy; gz;G> gad; Mfpa nrhw;fs; mike;J nghUs; jUfpd;wd.
vdNt> ,J epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.
24. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

md;Gld; tho;tNj ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;G.

mwj;NjhL tho;tNj ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gad;.
mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho Ntz;Lk;.
52 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mt;thW tho;gtu; Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiutpl Nkk;gl;ltu;.
xUtu; cyfj;jpy; tho Ntz;ba newpNahL tho Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW tho;gtu; thdj;jpy; ciwA nja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
25. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ? - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.
kz;ZyFk; tpz;ZyFk; <lhfhJ

xUtu; jdf;F ve;jtpj cjtpAk; nra;ahj epiyapy;> jhd; mtUf;Fr; nra;j cjtpf;F
kz;ZyFk; tpz;ZyFk; <lhfhJ.
cyiftpl ngupaJ

cupa fhyj;jpy; xUtu; nra;j cjtp rpwpjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Mdhy;> mtu; nra;j cjtp cyfj;ijtpl ngupajhFk;.
fliytpl ngupJ

n
ve;jtpj gaDk; vjpu;ghuhky; xUtu; nra;j cjtp fliytpl ngupaJ.

l.i
26. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.

da
rpdj;jhy; tUk; NfLfs;

rpdj;jhy; jPikahd tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;.  Kfkyu;r;rpiaAk; mfkyu;r;rpiaAk; mopj;JtpLk;.

ka
rpdNk xUtUf;Ff; nfhba gifahFk;.  rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
jd;idNa mopf;Fk; neUg;G Nghd;wJ rpdk;.
vi
xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;igr; rpdk; mopj;JtpLk;.
27. fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
al

rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

.k

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.

mzp  VfNjr cUtf mzp

w

mzp tpsf;fk;
w

ftpQu; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uz;L xg;gPLfspy; xd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jp> kw;nwhd;iw

cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;. (Vfk; - xd;W> Njrk; - gf;fk;)
w

Fwl;gh

rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
nghUs;

jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G rpdk; MFk;.

rpdk; xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; mopf;Fk;.
mzp nghUj;jk;

,dj;ij ghJfhg;Gg; glfhf cUtfg;gLj;jptpl;L>

gpwtpia flyhf cUtfg;gLj;jhjjhy;> ,J VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.
53 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
28. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f
,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
gapd;W te;Js;s mzp
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp njhopy; ctik mzp MFk;.
mzp tpsf;fk;
xU nghUspd; njhopiy> kw;nwhU nghUspd; njhopYf;F ctik $WtJ njhopy; ctik
mzp MFk;.
rhd;W
mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f
,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu;
nghUs;
jPapy; Fspu; fha;gtu; kpfTk; neUq;fpAk; nry;yhky;> tpyfpAk; nry;yhky; Fwpg;gpl;l

n
njhiytpNyNa ,Ug;ghu;.

l.i
mJNghy> murDld; goFgtu; kpfTk; neUf;fhkYk;> tpyfpr; nry;yhkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

da
nghUj;jk;
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; murNdhL goFgtupd; nraYf;F jPf;fha;gtupd; nray; ctik $wg;gl;Ls;sjhy;>
,J njhopy; ctik mzp MFk;.
29.
ka
mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws;top ePtpu; fUJtd ahit?
mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws;top ehd; fUJtd
vi
xUtUf;F mopT tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp mwpT MFk;.
al

giftuhy; mopf;f Kbahj ghJfhg;G muz; mwpT MFk;.

kdk; mJ NghFk; topapy; nry;ytplhky;> ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtJ mwpT.
.k

vg;nghUis ahu; nrhy;yf; Nfl;lhYk; mjd; cz;ikg; nghUisf; fhz;gNj mwpT.

cyfk; vj;jifa newpapy; nry;fpwNjh> me;newpapy; jhDk; nry;tNj mwpT.
w

gpd;du; tUk; Jd;gj;ij Kd;dNu mwpe;Jf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;gtUf;F eLq;Fk;gbahf tuf;$ba

w

Jd;gk; xd;Wk; ,y;iy.

30. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPo;f;fhZk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; nghUj;jp vOJf.
w

JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;.

mzp tpsf;fk;
ctikiaAk; ctNkaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUG kiwe;J tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L
ctikazp MFk;.
rhd;W
JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;.
nghUs;
cwq;Ffpd;wtu; ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;.
mJNghy> fs; cz;gtUk; eQ;Rz;gtNu Mthu;.
54 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghUj;jk;
ctik - cwq;Ffpd;wtu; ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;
ctNkak; - fs; cz;gtu; eQ;Rz;gtNu
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctikAk; ctNkaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; Nghy vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
vdNt> ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
31. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
kdj;jpl;gj;jpd; mtrpak;
xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;F kd cWjp ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
kd cWjpiaj; jtpu kw;w vJTk; gad;glhJ.
xU nraiy ehd; vspjhf nra;JtpLNtd; vd;W $WtJ midtUf;Fk; vspjhdJ.
Mdhy;> kd cWjp cs;stuhy; kl;LNk mr;nraiyr; nra;J Kbf;f ,aYk;.
xUtu; kdcWjp cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;> epidj;j nraiy epidj;jg;gbNa elj;jp Kbg;ghu;.

n
xUtupd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L ,fof;$lhJ. ngupa NjUf;Fk; rpwpa mr;rhzpjhd; cs;sJ.

l.i
32. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu; mwptdtw;iw

da
vOJf.
rpw;wpdk; Nruhik
kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifawpT kdj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
ka
xUtiu cyfj;jhu; kjpf;Fk; nrhy; ahNuhL Nru;f;fpwhNuh mtupd; jd;ikiag; nghUj;Nj nrhy;yg;gLk;.
xUtUf;Fr; rpwe;j Jiz ey;y ,dj;NjhL NrUjy;
vi
xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gj;ijj; jUk; gif jPa ,dj;NjhL NrUjy;
al

33. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;?

ths;
.k

thisg;Nghy ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;gtu;fSf;F mQ;rj; Njitapy;iy.

cwTilNahu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
w

ghk;G
w

cs;sj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if.

xU Fbirapy; ghk;Gld; tho;tJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
w

34. R+Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tpsf;Ff.

R+J
xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gj;ij cUthf;fp> Gfiof; nfLj;J> tWikiaj; jUtJ R+jhl;lk; MFk;.
R+jhLkplj;jpy; xUtUila fhyk; fopAkhdhy;,
mJ mtUila guk;giur; nry;tj;ijAk; ew;gz;GfisAk; nfLf;Fk;.
fs;
cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;.
mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mthu;.
fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ
ePupy; %o;fpa xUtidj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
55 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ciueil - rpWtpdh
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
xypf;Nfhyq;fs;

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;

ve;jj; njhd;ikahd nkhopahf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ rkpf;iQapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; Njhd;wpd.

ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;

xU nkhoprhHe;j ftpij ,irNahLk; ,irf;fUtpNahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpd;wJ.

xypg;gpd;dy;

ftpijapd; XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J xU fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.

,ij me;jf; ftpijapd; xypg;gpd;dy; (sound texture) vd;fpd;Nwhk;.
ty;ypd xypapy; czHr;rp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

n
ÎÎfw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;

l.i
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf - jpUf;Fws;
nrhy;ypd; td;ik vOj;jpYk; xypg;gJ xypf;Nfhyj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

da
2. kionts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

kionts;sg; NguplH Vw;gLk;NghJ nra;a Ntz;ba Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffs;

NguplH Vw;gl;l NghJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait

ka
Nguplupd; jd;ikia gjw;wkilahky; czuNtz;Lk;.
vi
Gay;> kio gw;wp thdpiy Muha;rr
; p ikak; ntspapLk; jfty;fisj; njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
al

thdpiyj; jfty;fSf;F Vw;g kf;fs; tpopg;Gld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jPaizg;Gj;Jiw> fhty;Jiw Mfpatw;Wld; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;.
.k

jd;dhHtj; njhz;L epWtdq;fis kf;fSld; xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.

w

r%f Clfq;fis ew;nraYf;fhf rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

tUq;fhyq;fspy; nra;a Ntz;bait
w

tUq;fhyq;fspy; Ngupliuj; jhq;Fk; Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

w

ePHtopg; ghijfSf;fhd njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW mikj;j ePHtopg;ghijfis ehk; njhlHe;J guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 „r%ff; fhLfs; tsHg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij… XH ,af;fkhf tsHj;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf; fhLfis tsHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. NguplH Nkyhz;ik Mizak; - tpsf;fk; jUf.

NguplH Nkyhz;ik Mizak;

,e;jpa eLtz; muR NguplH Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij tbtikj;jJ.

NguplH Nkyhz;ik 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 23 Mk; Njjp mikj;jJ.
Nguplh;fs; vd eLtz; muR mwptpj;jit

ÎÎGay;> nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> twl;rp> Rdhkp> epyr;rupT> jPtpgj;J> #whtsp> gdpg; G ay; >
Ntjp tpgj;Jfs;
56 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
NguplH Nkyhz;ik mikg;gpd; gzpfs;

NguplH fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW mikg;Gfis xUq;fpizj;J nrayhw;Wk;.

,e;j mikg;gpw;fhf gy;NtW FOf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
khepyk;> khtl;lk;> Cuhl;rp> rpw;W}h; vd midj;J epiyfspYk; FOf;fs; mikj;J nrayhw;Wk;.
4. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlHr;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; - tpsf;fk; vOJf.

tpupe;j FLk;gk;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; jdpf;FLk;g mikg;G tpupTngw;wJ.

fztd;> kidtpAld; ahNuDk; xUtupd; je;ijAk; NrHe;J tho;e;jdH.
,t;tifahd FLk;gKiw „tpupe;j FLk;gKiw… MFk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; nrtpypj;jhAk;(tsHg;Gj;jha;)> NjhopAk; (nrtpypj;jhapd; kfs;) FLk;gj;jpy;
Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdH.

n
FLk;g tho;tpd; gad;

l.i
FLk;g tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; jiytDk; jiytpAk; (fztDk; kidtpAk;) ,ize;J>
jd; gps;isfSlDk; mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa cwtpdNuhLk; NrHe;J> kidawk; fhj;J te;jdH.

da
kidawk; fhj;jNy FLk;g tho;tpd; gad; vdf; fUjpdH.
$l;Lf;FLk;gk; ka
rq;f fhyj;jpy; gps;isfNshLk; cwtpdNuhLk; tho;e;j epiyNa tpupe;j FLk;gk;.
,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> fztd;> kidtp> gps;isfs;> jhj;jh> ghl;b vd midtUk;
vi
,ize;J tho;fpd;wdH.
al

,t;thW> ,ize;J thOk; FLk;gk; $l;Lf;FLk;gk; MFk;.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahf $l;Lf;FLk;gk; cs;sJ.
.k

5. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdH vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
w

FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?

FLk;g cWg;gpdH vd;w Kiwapy; ehd; FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs;

w

tPl;by;> vd;dhy; nra;a KbAk; Ntiyfis ehNd nra;Ntd;.

w

vd; cilfis ehNd Jitg;Ngd;.

tPl;by; ngw;NwhH ,y;yhjNghJ> tPl;ilj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.
fhiy rpw;Wz;bia ehNd jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;.
tPl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisf; filf;Fr; nrd;W thq;fp tUNtd;.
6. ePq;fs; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPHfs;?

ehd; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; kl;LNk fl;Lg;gLj;JNtd;.

khztd; #oy; mwpNtd;
khztdpd; jd;ik> mtd; fle;J te;j ghij> tPl;bd; #oy;> ngw;nwhH my;yJ cw;NwhH
epiy kdntOr;rp> kdcuk; midj;ijAk; fz;L Nfl;L cz;L capHj;J cw;wwpe;J cjtpl
KidNtd;.
57 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khztd; gw;wp vd;Dila ghHit

khztd; vd;gtd; rKjhak; vd;Dk; Njhl;lj;jpy; g+f;fj; Jbf;Fk; g+r;nrb.

fy;tp vd;Dk; jz;zPiu nkd;ikahf mjd; NtUf;Fg; gha;r;RNtd;.
md;G vd;Dk; Qhdj;ijj; njd;wy; Nghy; tUb czHj;JNtd;.
nrb tsu tsu mijg; ghHj;J kfpo;tJNghy; khztd; fy;tpawpthy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftijf;
fz;L kfpo;Ntd;.
GayhYk;> fLk; fhw;whYk;> ngUkioahYk; tPo;e;Jtplhky; fhf;Fk; gw;Wf;nfhk;G Nghy;
r%fj;jPikfspy; tPo;e;J tplhky; fhg;Ngd;.
khztid ehd;> ehisar; r%fj;jpy; kyUk; kyuhf epidj;Jg; Nghw;WNtd;.
md;ghy; tsUk; khztHfis md;ghy; kl;LNk jpUj;jp md;ig kl;LNk mtHfs;

n
cs;sj;jpypUe;J g+f;fr; nra;Ntd;.

l.i
7. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

da
kzy; vOj;J

Kjd;Kjypy; gps;isfs; kzypy; jhd; vOjpg; gofpdhHfs;.

ka
MrpupaH Kjypy; jd;tpuypdhy; kzypy; vOj khztHfs; mjd;Nky; vOjpg; gofp> gpd;G jhkhfNt
vi
vOjpg; gofpdH.
,k;Kiwapy; vOj;Jfs; tupirahfTk; ed;whfTk; mike;jJ.
al

Xiyr; Rtb vOj;J

.k

,sk; gps;isfSf;F cghj;jpahaH Xiyia xOq;fhf eWf;fpj; Jisapl;Lf; fapW Nfhj;J jUthH.
w

MrpupaHfs; Kjypy; jhq;fs; vOjpa Xiyr;Rtb vOj;jpd;kPJ khztHfis vOjr; nra;tH

nky;ypa vOj;jhzpfs; nfhz;L Vl;by; khztHfs; vOjpg; gofpdH.
w

ifnaOj;J
w

vOj;Jfs; xd;NwhL xd;W glhky; vOjNtz;Lk;.  tupNfhzhky; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Gs;sp> fhy;> nfhk;G> tpyq;F Kjypait tup vOj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;
Rtbfspd; tiffs;

gidNahiy  rPjhsg; gj;jpuk;

vOj;jhzpfspd; tiffs;

klf;nfOj;jhzp> thnuOj;jhzp> Fz;nlOj;jhzp

,f;fhyj;jpy; vOJk; Kiw

,f;fhyj;jpy; fhfpjj;jpy; Ngdh vd;Dk; vOJNfhiyAk; ngd;rpy; vd;Dk; fupf;NfhiyAk; nfhz;Nl

ngUk;ghYk; vOJfpd;wdH.
fhfpjq;fSk; vOJNfhy;fSk; gy tz;zq;fspy; cs;sd.
58 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fzpdpapy; vOJk; Kiw

fhfpjg; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwf;f Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;gl;Ls;sjhYk; rpf;fdk; fUjpAk;

ngUk;ghyhNdhH fzpdpapy; ,d;W tpirg;gyif %yk; vOjp tUfpd;wdH.
,izajs Ngr;nrOj;J Kiw vOj;J (google voice typing)

,iza jsj;jpy; rpyH NgRtNj vOj;jhf khw;w ,aYk; mt;thNw Ngr;nry;yhk; vOj;jhfTk;
E}yhfTk; khwptUk; #oy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy;> ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs;

nrd;id efuk; gz;ghl;L milahsk; kpf;f efuk; MFk;.

,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;lf;fiy Kiwapy; gy fl;llq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld.

n
goikahd fl;lq;fs; nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahskhf cs;sJ.

l.i
jkpo;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;

da
Mq;fpNyaHfs;> Mtzq;fis Kiwahfg; ghJfhj;jdH.
Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhf;f „nkl;uh]; nuf;fhl; Mgp];… fl;lg;gl;lJ.
ka
nkl;uh]; nuf;fhl; Mgp]; rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
,J ,d;W „jkpo;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;… vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
vi
mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;
al

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iwAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; mwptjw;F mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.

nrd;idapy; ,uz;L mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sd.
.k

mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; nrd;idapd; milahsj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

w

E}yfk;

nrd;idapy; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; mike;Js;sJ.

w

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nghJE}yfk; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; MFk;.

w

9. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.

fhl;rpapd; Mw;wy;

fij efu;Tf;F cjTtJ fhl;rp MFk;.

jpiug;glj;jpy; trdj;ijf; fhl;bYk; fhl;rpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
fhl;rpfs; mLj;jLj;J itg;gjd;%yk; fij nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L

Kjy; fhl;rpapy; Njhop xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; njhlu;tz;bg; gazr;rPl;ilf; nfhLg;ghs;.

mLj;j fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp njhlu;tz;bapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
vz; 7> tPiuah njU... vd;W xUtu; Kftupiar; nrhy;Yk;NghNj fhl;rp me;j Kftupapy;
nrd;W epw;Fk;.
59 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fhl;rp kiwT> fhl;rp cjak;

fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kq;fyhff; fhl;b ,Us; Mf;fpf; fhl;Ltu;.
,J fhl;rp kiwT vdg;gLk;.
mLj;j fhl;rp njhlq;Fk;NghJ ,Ul;lhf ,Ue;j gFjp rpwpJ rpwpjhf ntspr;rkhf khwp
KOf;fhl;rpAk; njupAk;.
,J fhl;rp cjak; vdg;gLk;.
fyit> mopg;G

xU fhl;rp kiwAk;NghNj mLj;j fhl;rp njupaj; njhlq;FtJ fyit MFk;.

gioa fhl;rpia mopj;Jf; nfhz;Nl mLj;j fhl;rp Njhd;WtJ mopg;G MFk;.
10. Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf.

n
Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ehd; gupj;Jiug;gd

l.i
Ntshz;ikapYk; Nkyhz;ikiaf; filg;gpbg;gJ fl;lhakhFk;.

da
kz;zpw;F Vw;w gapu;tifiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;
epyj;ijr; rupahd Kiwapy; cOJ gf;Ftg;gLj;Jjy;  tpij tpijj;jy;
ka
ePu; gad;ghl;il newpg;gLj;Jjy;  fis vLj;jy;  cukpLjy;
mWtil nra;jy;
vi
gjg;gLj;jp> ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;w midj;Jr; nray;ghLfisAk; rupahd Kiwapy; nra;jhy;
al

kl;LNk Ntshz;ikapy; ntw;wp ngw ,aYk;.

11. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
.k

epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;fhdr; nra;jpfs;

w

FbauR> Copad;> nre;jkpo;r;nry;tp vd ,jo;fspy; jkpo; tsu;j;j ,kaNk!

ngsj;jk; tsu;j;j jkpiog; gf;Ftkha; gUff; nfhLj;jtu;!
w

fpwpj;jtj; jkpiof; fps;sptstd;Nghy; ms;spf;nfhLj;jtu;!

w

rkzj; jkpior; rhkhdpaDf;Fk; nfhz;L Nru;j;jtu;!

,Uz;l fhyj;jpd; tuyhw;iw ntspr;rj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;jtu;!
kNfe;jputu;kd;> eurpk;ktu;kd;> ee;jptu;kd;> nfhq;Fehl;L kd;du;> JSehl;L kd;du;fisg; gw;wp
Ma;e;jwpe;jtu;!
fsg;gpuu;fspd; Ml;rpia Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; Nehf;fpatu;!
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> ghyp> Mq;fpyk; vd gd;nkhop mwpe;j ghtyu;!
kiwe;JNghd jkpo; E}y;fspd; gue;Jfple;j jkpio tiue;Jf; nfhLj;jtu;!
nre;jkpo;g; gzpapy; nrhy;yha;Tr; nra;jtu;!
tPWnfhz;L jkpoha;e;j jkpowpQu;!
60 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mzpfs;

ctik mzp
mzp tpsf;fk;:-

ctik> ctNkak; ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUG ntspg;gilahf tUtJ ctik mzp MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;:-

ÎÎclk;ghL ,yhjtH tho;f;if Flq;fUs;

ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;:-

mfj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if

xU Fbirapy; ghk;Gld; tho;tJ Nghd;wJ.

n
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;:-

ctik - Fbirapy; ghk;Gld; tho;tJ

l.i
ctNkak; - mfj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; thOk; tho;f;if

da
ctk cUG - mw;W
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctik> ctNkak; ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUG ntspg;gilahf
ka
tUtjhy;> ,J ctik mzp MFk;.
nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUk; epiyazp
vi
mzp tpsf;fk;:-

nra;Aspy; Kd;dH te;j xNu nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ nrhw;nghUs;
al

gpd;tUk; epiyazp MFk;.

.k

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly; :-
w

ÎÎvg;nghUs; ahHahHtha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
w

vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;:-
w

ve;j xU nghUisAk; ahH nrhy;yf; Nfl;lhYk;>

mg;nghUspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikiaf; fhz;gNj mwpthFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;:-

,f;Fwspy; „nghUs;… vd;Dk; nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J „fUj;J… xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy;
,J „nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUk; epiyazp… MFk;.
nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzp

mzp tpsf;fk;

,UNtW nghUs;fSf;fpilNa xw;Wikia Kjypy; $wpg; gpd; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nghUs;

Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
61 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

ÎÎXq;fypil te;J caHe;NjhH njhotpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePH Qhydj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;
kpd;NdH jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;(W) VidaJ

jd;NdH ,y;yhj jkpo; - jz;bayq;fhuk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

fjputd; jkpo;
ÎÎcaHe;j kiyfSf;F ,ilNa Njhd;Wgtd; ÎÎ caHe;j nghjpifkiyapUe;J Njhd;wpats;

ÎÎflyhy; #og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis ÎÎ cyfj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk;

mfw;Wgtd; mf ,Uis mfw;Wgts;

ÎÎkf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gLgtd; ÎÎ rhd;Nwhuhy; njhog;gLgts;

n
ÎÎxspHfpd;w fjputdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd; ÎÎ jdf;F epfupy;yhj jkpohf ,Uf;fpd;whs;.

l.i
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

jkpOf;Fk; fjputDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s gad; rhHe;j xw;Wikia Kjypy; $wp mtw;Ws;

da
jkpo; jd;NdupyhjJ vd;w jd;ikiag; gpd;dH NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J nghUs;
Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;. ka
epuy;epiw mzp
mzp tpsf;fk;
vi
xU nrhy; xU tupirapy; epWj;jp> mtw;NwhL nghUs; njhlHGila NtWnrhy;iy mLj;j
al

tupirapy; epWj;JtJ epuy;epiw mzp MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;
.k

ÎÎmd;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

w

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;
w

md;Gld; tho;tNj tho;f;ifapd; gz;G.  mwj;NjhL tho;tNj tho;f;ifapd; gad;.

w

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> Kjybapy; md;G> mwd; Mfpa nrhw;fs; mike;Js;sd.

mjw;F ,izahf ,uz;lhtJ mbapy; gz;G> gad; Mfpa nrhw;fs; mike;J nghUs; jUfpd;wd.
vdNt> ,J epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.
VfNjr cUtf mzp
mzp tpsf;fk;

ftpQu; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uz;L xg;gPLfspy; xd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jpAk;

kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;

62 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G rpdk; MFk;.

rpdk; xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; mopf;Fk;.
mzpg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghlypy;> Rw;wk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gk; vd cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mdhy;> tho;f;ifiaj; Jd;gf;flyhfNth> tho;f;ifg; gazj;ijf; fly; gazkhfNth
cUtfpf;ftpy;iy.  vdNt> ,/J VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.
njhopy; ctikazp
mzp tpsf;fk;

xU nghUspd; njhopYf;F kw;nwhU nghUspd; njhopiyf; fhuzk; fhl;b ctikf; $WtJ
njhopy; ctik mzp MFk;.

n
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

l.i
mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f

da
,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;JxOF thu;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;
ka
kd;du;fSld; goFgtu;> neUg;gpy; Fspu; fha;gtiug;Nghy> neUg;gpw;F kpf mUfpYk; nry;yhky;>
kpf njhiytpw;Fk; nry;yhky; gf;Ftkhf ele;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vi
mzpg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghlypy;> kd;dUld; goFgtupd; njhopYf;F> neUg;gpy; Fspu; fha;gtupd; njhopy; ctikahf

al

$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,J njhopy; ctik mzp MFk;.

.k

jpiz
thifj;jpiz
w

jpiz tpsf;fk;
w

ntw;wp ngw;w murDk; tPuu;fSk; thifg;G+itr; R+b ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLtJ thifj;jpiz MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;
w

itafk; gdpg;g tyNdu;G tis,g;

ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngau; nghope;njd
..........................................................................
Fd; Fspu;g;gd $jpu;g; ghdhs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

jhd; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; R+o;e;J vOe;J Nkfkhf cyfk; FspUkhW Gjpa
kiog; nghope;jJ.
jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j Mau;fs; vUik> gR> ML Mfpa epiufis
NtW Nklhd epyq;fspy; Nka tpl;ldu;.
jhk; gofpa epyj;ij tpl;L ngaUk; epiyahy; tUj;jk; mile;jdu;.
63 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mtu;fs; jiyapy; R+bapUe;j fhe;js; khiy frq;fpaJ.
gyUld; Nru;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; R+Nlw;wpaNghJ mtu;fspd; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
tpyq;Ffs; Fspu;kpFjpahy; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd.  Fuq;Ffs; eLq;fpd.
kuq;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j gwitfs; epyj;jpy; tPo;e;jd.
gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd.
kiyiaNa Fspur; nra;tJ Nghd;wpUe;jJ mf;Fspu;fhy es;spuT.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghly;> Nghu;Nkw; nrd;w jiytd; ntw;wpg; ngw;W jpUk;Gtijf; Fwpf;Fk; ghlyhFk;.

vdNt> ,J thifj;jpiz MFk;.
ghlhz; jpiz
jpiz tpsf;fk;

n
xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ghlhz;

l.i
jpizahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

da
guprpyu;f;F milah thap NyhNa
fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhd; mQ;rp ka
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;? vd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
mwpTk; GfOk; cilNahu; kha;e;njd>
vi
........................................................................
al

vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

Gytu;fs;> ts;sy;fis mZfp mtu;fsplk; mwpthu;e;j nrhw;fisj; Jzpr;rYld; nrhy;yp>

.k

jhk; vz;zpaij Kbf;Fk; typikAilatu;fs;.

w

mNj Neuj;jpy;> ts;sy;fs; jk; ftpijapd; rpwg;ig mwpe;J guprspf;f Ntz;LNk vd epide;J
w

tUe;Jk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ltu;fs;.

neLkhd; mQ;rp> jd;Dila jFjpia mwpahNdh?
w

,t;Tyfpy;> mwpTk; GfOk; cilNahu; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy.

vq;fis mwpe;J gupR ju gy Ngu; cs;sdu;.
mjdhy;> vk; ahopid vLj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. fUtpg;igiaAk; RUl;bf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
kuk; ntl;Lk; jr;rd; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;why; mtDf;F kuq;fs; jtwhky; fpilf;Fk;.
fiyj;njhopypy; rpwe;j vq;fSf;F ve;j jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; czT jtwhky;
fpilf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghlypy; xsitahu; mjpakhdpd; ,utyu;f;Fg; gupR jUk; cau;e;j nfhilj;jpwj;jpidg;

gw;wpf; $wpAs;sjhy;> ,J ghlhz; jpiz MFk;.
64 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nea;jy; jpiz
Kjw;nghUs;:-

epyk; - flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;  rpWnghOJ - vw;ghL

ngUk;nghOJ - MW ngUk;nghOJ (Kd;gdp> gpd;gdp> ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy;> $jpu;> fhu;fhyk;)
fUg;nghUs;:-

nja;tk; - tUzd;  kf;fs; - gujtu;> guj;jpau;> Eisau;  G+ - nea;jy;> jhio

gz; - nrt;topg;gz;  njhopy; - kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpistpj;jy;
cupg;nghUs;:-

,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;:-

ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;

n
,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd; cohmJ nra;j ..

l.i
....................................................................
nta;a capu;f;Fk; Nehah fpd;Nw.

da
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;:-

tz;bia ,Of;Fk; vUJfspd; Jd;gj;ijj; je;ij Nghf;fpaJNghy> jiytpiaf; fz;ljdhy;

ka
vdf;Nfw;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP Nghf;Ftjw;F cupatd; vd;W jiytd; ghq;fdplk; cs;SWj;Jf; $wpdhd;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;:-
vi
,g;ghlypy;> nea;jy; epy kf;fshd gujtu;> mtu;fspd; njhopyhd cg;G tpisj;jy; Nghd;wit
al

,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ,J nea;jy; jpiz ghlyhFk;.

ghlhz;jpiz
.k

jpiz tpsf;fk;
w

xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ghlhz;
jpizahFk;.
w

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;
w

mwpTil Nte;jd; newpmwpe;J nfhspNd

Nfhb ahj;J ehLngupJ ee;Jk;
nky;ypad; fpotd; Mfp itfYk;
tupir mwpahf; fy;nyd; Rw;wnkhL
.......................................................................
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; tpsf;fk;

mwpTila murd;> tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL mjpfgbahd
nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;.
murd; mwptpy; Fiwe;jtdhfp Kiw mwpahky;> ehs;NjhWk; tupiaj; jpul;l tpUk;GtJ> ahid
jhd; GFe;j epyj;jpy; jhDk; cz;zhky; gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhky; tPzhf;FtJ Nghd;wJ.
65 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghlypy;> Xu; murd; vt;thW tup tR+ypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w newpKiwf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt> ,J ghlhz; jpiz ghlyhFk;.
Jiw
$jpu;g;ghriw
Jiw tpsf;fk;

Nghu;Nkw; nrd;w murd; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; jq;Fk; giltPl;bd; ,ay;Gfisf; $WtJ

$jpu;g;ghriw MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

itafk; gdpg;g tyNdu;G tis,g;

ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngau; nghope;njd

n
Mu;fyp Kid,a nfhLq;Nfhy; Nfhtyu;

l.i
..............................................................................
Fd; Fspu;g;gd $jpu;g; ghdhs;.

da
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

jhd; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; R+o;e;J vOe;J Nkfkhf cyfk; FspUkhW Gjpa
ka
kiog; nghope;jJ.
jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j Mau;fs; vUik> gR> ML Mfpa epiufis
vi
NtW Nklhd epyq;fspy; Nka tpl;ldu;.
al

jhk; gofpa epyj;ij tpl;L ngaUk; epiyahy; tUj;jk; mile;jdu;.

.k

mtu;fs; jiyapy; R+bapUe;j fhe;js; khiy frq;fpaJ.

gyUld; Nru;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; R+Nlw;wpaNghJ mtu;fspd; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
w

tpyq;Ffs; Fspu;kpFjpahy; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd.  Fuq;Ffs; eLq;fpd.

w

kuq;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j gwitfs; epyj;jpy; tPo;e;jd.

gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd.
w

kiyiaNa Fspur; nra;tJ Nghd;wpUe;jJ mf;Fspu;fhy es;spuT.

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;

,g;ghlypy;> jiytd; jq;fpAs;s giltPl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt> ,g;ghly; $jpu;g;ghriwj;Jiw ghly; MFk;.
guprpy; Jiw
Jiw tpsf;fk;

ts;syplk; gupR ngw nrd;w Gytu; gupR Ntz;b thapypy; epw;gJ guprpy; Jiw MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

thap NyhNa thap NyhNa

ts;spNahu; nrtpKjy; taq;Fnkhop tpj;jpj; jhk;
66 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
cs;spaJ Kbf;Fk; cuDil cs;sj;J
tupirf;F tUe;Jk;,g; guprpy; tho;f;ifg;
guprpyu;f;F milah thap NyhNa
...............................................................
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;

Gytu;fs;> ts;sy;fis mZfp mtu;fsplk; mwpthu;e;j nrhw;fisj; Jzpr;rYld; nrhy;yp> jhk;

vz;zpaij Kbf;Fk; typikAilatu;fs;.
mNj Neuj;jpy;> ts;sy;fs; jk; ftpijapd; rpwg;ig mwpe;J guprspf;f Ntz;LNk vd epide;J
tUe;Jk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ltu;fs;.
neLkhd; mQ;rp> jd;Dila jFjpia mwpahNdh?
,t;Tyfpy;> mwpTk; GfOk; cilNahu; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy.

n
vq;fis mwpe;J gupR ju gy Ngu; cs;sdu;.

l.i
mjdhy;> vk; ahopid vLj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. fUtpg;igiaAk; RUl;bf; nfhz;Nlhk;.

da
kuk; ntl;Lk; jr;rd; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;why; mtDf;F kuq;fs; jtwhky; fpilf;Fk;.
fiyj;njhopypy; rpwe;j vq;fSf;F ve;j jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; czT jtwhky;
fpilf;Fk;.
ka
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;
vi
,g;ghlypy;> xsitahu;> mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpaplk; gupR vjpu;g;ghu;j;Jg; ghba ghly; MFk;.
vdNt> ,g;ghly; guprpy; Jiw ghly; MFk;.
al

jiykfd; ghq;fw;F ciuj;jJ

.k

Jiw tpsf;fk;

jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhjy; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;Fjw;F cupatd; eP vd;W jiytd; ghq;fdplk; (Njhodplk;)
w

ciug;gJ.
w

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;:-

 ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;

w

,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd; cohmJ nra;j

...........................................................................

nta;a capu;f;Fk; Nehah fpd;Nw.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpsf;fk;:-

tz;bia ,Of;Fk; vUJfspd; Jd;gj;ijj; je;ij Nghf;fpaJNghy> jiytpiaf; fz;ljdhy;

vdf;Nfw;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP Nghf;Ftjw;F cupatd; vd;W jiytd; ghq;fdplk; cs;SWj;Jf; $wpdhd;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;:-

,g;ghlypy;> jiytd; jd; fhjy; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;Ftjw;F Vw;wtd; ePjhd; vd jd; Njhodplk;
$Wtjhy;> ,J jiykfd; ghq;fw;F ciuj;jJ vd;Dk; Jiw MFk;.
67 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nrtpawpTW}cj; Jiw
Jiw tpsf;fk;

murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;JtJ

nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;

 mwpTil Nte;jd; newpmwpe;J nfhspNd

Nfhb ahj;J ehLngupJ ee;Jk;

nky;ypad; fpotd; Mfp itfYk;

tupir mwpahf; fy;nyd; Rw;wnkhL ....

...................................................................
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; tpsf;fk;

n
mwpTila murd;> tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL mjpfgbahd

l.i
nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;.

da
murd; mwptpy; Fiwe;jtdhfp Kiw mwpahky;> ehs;NjhWk; tupiaj; jpul;l tpUk;GtJ>
ahid jhd; GFe;j epyj;jpy; jhDk; cz;zhky; gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhky; tPzhf;FtJ Nghd;wJ.
murd; jhDk; gadila khl;lhd; ehl;L kf;fSk; Jd;GWtu;.
ka
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; nghUj;jk;
vi
,g;ghlypy;> Xu; murd; vt;thW tup tR+ypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w newpKiwf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt> ,J nrtpawpTW}cj; Jiw ghlyhFk;.
al
.k
w

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w

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ÎΣi¨£øu öÁÖ® Phø©¯õP {øÚUPõ©À, BºÁzxhß PØP •¯Ø]ö\´²[PÒ.

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68 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
ghly; 1
’ntl;babf;FJ kpd;dy; - fly;
tPuj; jpiunfhz;L tpz;iz apbf;FJ
nfhl;b apbf;FJ Nkfk; - $
$ntd;W tpz;izf; FilAJ fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh - vd;W
jhsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpirAk; ,ba - kio
vq;qdk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh!”

- ghujpahH

n
jpuz;l fUj;J:-

l.i
kpd;dy; kpFe;j ntspr;rj;Jld; mbf;fpd;wJ.
flypd; tPuk;kpf;f miyfs; thid ,bf;fpd;wd.

da
Nkff;$l;lk; nfhl;bapbf;fpwJ.
fhw;W $ $ ntd;W thidf; FilfpwJ. ka
thdk; gy;NtW tifahd jhsq;fis vOg;Gfpd;wJ.
vl;Lj;jpirfspYk; ,b ,bf;fpd;wJ.
vi
,j;jifa epfo;TfSf;Fg; gpwF kio vq;qdk; te;jJ vd;W ghLfpwhH> ghujpahH.
al

ikaf; fUj;J:-

ghujpahH> kiog; nghopaj; Jtq;Ftjw;F Ke;ija fhl;rpiag; ghbAs;shH.

.k

Nkhid:-

mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid

w

Nkhid
w

ÎÎntl;b - tPuj; - tpz;iz  nfhl;b - $ntd;W - FilAJ - fhw;W

ÎÎrl;lr;rl - rl;lr;rl  vl;Lj;jpirAk; - vq;qdk;
w

vJif:-

 mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJif

rPH vJif mb vJif
ÎÎrl;lr;rl - rl;lr;rl - nfhl;bf; ÎÎntl;babf;FJ nfhl;b rl;lr;rl vl;Lj;jpirAk;

nrhy; eak;:-

$ $ ntd;W> rl;lr;rl> ,bf;FJ> FilAJ Nghd;w Xiria czHj;Jk; nrhw;fs;

ghlYf;F mo$l;Lfpd;wd.
mzp eak;:-

kioapd; rpwg;Gfis caHj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,/J „caHT etpw;rp mzp… MFk;.

69 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ghly; 2
’me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;

gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz;Nlh?

ngUQ;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;

rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;

Nrfupj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b

,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;

vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz;ze; jhNdh? ” - ghujpjhrd;

n
jpuz;l fUj;J:-

l.i
khiyg; nghOjpy; #upad; kiwAk;NghJ ftpQH> mofhd cyfj;ijf; fhz;fpwhH.

thdj;ijAk; ehd;F jpirfisAk; fhz;fpwhH.

da
#upad; kiwtpw;Fg; gpwF ,Us; #o;fpwJ.

fhupUs; rpupj;jJz;lh? Mk;. mJjhd; epynthsp.

ka
epyT Kj;JNghd;w xspiag; gug;Gfpd;wJ.
vi
nkhj;j moifAk; Nrfupj;J> FspNuw;wp> xspa+l;b> ,aw;if md;id epyitg; gilj;Js;shs;.
al

ikaf; fUj;J:-

ftpQH> khiyg;nghOjpd; moifAk; epytpd; moifAk; ,aw;ifapd; moifAk; ghbAs;shH.

.k

Nkhid:-
w

mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid

w

ÎÎme;jpapUshw; - mt;thNw  gpe;jpae;jf; - ngUQ;rpupg;gpd;  rpe;jhky; - rpjwhky; - Nrfupj;J

w

vJif:-

 mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJif

ÎÎme;jpapUshw; gpe;jpae;jf; rpe;jhky; ,e;jhntd;

,iaG:-

xt;NthH mbapd; (filrpr; nrhy;ypy;) <w;wirNah <w;Wr;rPNuh <w;Wr;nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;

njhLg;gJ ,iaG
 fz;Nld; - fz;Nld; - fz;Nld;  fhupUs;jhd; - ePjhd;
mzp eak;:-

,aw;ifapd; moF cs;sJ cs;sgbf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,/J „,ay;G etpw;rp mzp… MFk;.
70 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ghly; 3
’gpwg;gpdhy; vtHf;Fk; - cyfpy;
ngUik thuhjg;gh ‚
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh ‚
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhH ‚
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhH ‚” - ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;
jpuz;l fUj;J:-
kdpjuhfg; gpwg;gjhy; kl;LNk xUtUf;Fg; ngUik tuhJ.
ey;y nray;fspy; <LgLgtHfSf;Nf rpwg;Gfs; tUk;.

n
kf;fSf;F ed;ik nra;gtHfNs Nkd;ikahdtHfs;.

l.i
kf;fSf;Fj; jPik nra;gtHfs; jPz;ljfhjtHfs; MtH.
ikaf; fUj;J:-

da
ed;ik nra;gtHfs; Nkd;ikahdtHfs;> jPik nra;gtHfs; jPz;ljfhjtHfs;.
Nkhid:-
ka
mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid
Nkhid
ÎÎgpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik  rpwg;G - nra;if  ed;ik - ehLk;  jpd;ik - jPz;l
vi
vJif:-
al

mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJif

vJif
.k

ÎÎgpwg;gpdhy; rpwg;G  ed;ik jpd;ik

w

,iaG:-
xt;NthH mbapd; (filrpr; nrhy;ypy;) <w;wirNah <w;Wr;rPNuh <w;Wr;nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;
w

njhLg;gJ ,iaG.
w

,iaG
 thuhjg;gh - Ntz;Lkg;gh  Nkw;Fyj;jhH - xz;zhjhH

ghly; 4

’ngw;nwLj;j jkpo;j;jhiag; gpd;dhy; js;sp

gpwnkhopf;F rpwg;gspj;j gpioia ePf;f
Cw;nwLj;Nj md;Giuahy; cYq;f itj;jpt;
cyfj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopf;F epfUk; cz;Nlh?
fw;WzHe;Nj mjd;,dpik fhz;gha; vd;W
fk;gndhL ts;Stidr; Rl;bf; fhl;bj;
njw;nwdek; mff;fz;izj; jpwe;J tpl;l
nja;tf;ftp ghujpXH Mrhd; jpz;zk;.” - ehkf;fy; ftpQH
71 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
jpuz;l fUj;J:-
ngw;w jhahd jkpo;jj
; hiag; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp> gpwnkhopfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jtHfspd;
gpioia ePf;fpatd;.
md;G epiwe;j ciufshy; rpe;jpf;f itj;j jkpo;nkhopf;F ,izahdJ cyfpy; ,y;iy vd;wtd;.
jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;WzHe;J mjd; ,dpikiaf; fhz;gha; vd;wtd;.
%bf;fple;j ek; mff;fz;izj; jpwe;J fk;gidAk; ts;StidAk; Rl;bf; fhl;batd;.
,tw;iw vy;yhk; nra;j nja;tf;ftpahd ghujpahH ekf;nfy;yhk; xU ey;yhrpupaH vd;gJ cWjp.
ikaf; fUj;J:-

jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfis czur; nra;j ghujpahH ey;yhrpupaH vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;

vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
Nkhid:-

mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid

n
rPH Nkhid mb Nkhid

l.i
ÎÎngw;nwLj;j - gpd;dhy;  gpwnkhopf;F - gpioia ÎÎngw;nwLj;j gpwnkhopf;F
ÎÎCw;nwLj;j - cYq;f  cyfj;jpy; - cz;Nlh ÎÎCw;nwLj;Nj cyfj;jpy;

da
ÎÎfw;WzHe;Nj - fhz;gha;  fk;gndhL - fhl;bj; ÎÎfw;WzHe;Nj fk;gndhL
ÎÎnjw;nwdek; - jpwe;J  nja;tf;ftp - jpz;zk;
ka ÎÎnjw;nwdek; nja;tf;ftp
vJif:-

mbNjhWk; rPHNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJif

vi
rPH vJif mb vJif
ÎÎgpwnkhopf;F - rpwg;gspj;j ÎÎngw;nwLj;j Cw;nwLj;Nj fw;WzHe;Nj njw;nwdek;
al

ÎÎRl;bf; - fhl;bj;
.k

mzp eak;:-

,f;ftpijapy;> ghujpiaAk; jkpioAk; caHj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,/J „caHT etpw;rp mzp… MFk;.
w

ghly; 5
w

Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
w

KJGytu; jikf; $l;b

mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;gupa nghUs;$l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;

mikj;j ngUkhl;b - fz;zjhrd;
jpuz;l fUj;J:-

jkpo;j;jha; %d;W rq;fq;fis mikj;jhs;.  rq;fj;jpy;> mwptpy; rpwe;j Gytu;fis xd;W $l;b>
mstpl Kbahj nghUs;fisf; $l;b>  vz;zw;w nrhw;fisf; $l;b>
RitkpFe;j ftpijfis cUthf;fp> Xhplj;jpy; ,j;jifa mw;Gjq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhs;> jkpo;j;jha;.
72 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ikaf; fUj;J:-

jkpo;j;jha; Kr;rq;fis mikj;J> gy mw;Gjq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;shs;.

Nkhidj; njhil:-

mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhilahFk;.

Kr;rq;fq; - KJGytu;  mr;rq;fj; - msg;gupa
nrhw;rq;f - RitkpFe;j  mw;Gjq;f - mikj;j
vJifj;njhil:-

mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJifj; njhilahFk;.

Kr;rq;fq; - mr;rq;fj;  nrhw;rq;f - mw;Gjq;
,iaGj; njhil:-

xt;Nthu; mbapd; (filrpr; nrhy;ypy;) <w;wirNah <w;Wr;rPNuh <w;Wr;nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;

n
njhLg;gJ ,iaGj; njhil MFk;.

l.i
,f;ftpijapy;> „$l;b… vd;Dk; nrhy; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;jhf te;Js;sjhy;> ,/J ,iaGj;

da
njhil MFk;.
mzp eak;:-
ka
jkpo;j;jha; Kr;rq;fj;ij tsu;j;jijf; ftpQu; ,ay;ghff; $wpAs;sjhy; ,/J
„,ay;G etpw;rp mzp … MFk;.
vi
ghly; 6
G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
al

Kj;JG+j;j fly;fshf;FNtd;
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa - Nfhbg;
.k

Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
w

,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid - nrYj;jp

,utyNuhL NgRNtd;
w

,untupf;Fk; gupjpia - Vio

tpwnfupf;f tPRNtd; - eh. fhkuhrd;
w

jpuz;l fUj;J:-
ghiy tdq;fis Kj;J g+j;j fly;fshf khw;WNtd;
fLk;Gaiyf; $WNghl;L> Nfhb njd;wy;fshf khw;WNtd;
tpz;kPd;fisf; fhRfshf (gzkhf) khw;wp> ,y;yhjtHfSf;Ff; nfhLg;Ngd;.
Rl;nlupf;Fk; #upaid> Viofspd; tPl;by; tpwfhf;FNtd;.
ikaf; fUj;J:-
ftpQH> ehnlq;Fk; nfhLik ePq;fp> tsik nropf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH.
Nkhidj; njhil:-

rPH Nkhid mb Nkhid

 g+kpr;rUfhk; - ghiyia  Gaiyf; - Gjpa  g+kpr;rUfhk; Gaiyf;
 ,utpy; - ,utyNuhL  tpwnfupf;f - tPRNtd;  ,utpy; ,untupf;Fk;
73 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
vJifj;njhil:-

rPH vJif mb vJif

 ,utpy; - ,utyNuhL  ,utpy; ,untupf;Fk;
,iaGj; njhil:-
xt;NthH mbapd; (filrpr; nrhy;ypy;) <w;wirNah <w;Wr;rPNuh <w;Wr;nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ ,iaGj; njhil MFk;.
fly;fshf;FNtd; - njd;wyhf;FNtd; - NgRNtd; - tPRNtd;
mzp eak;:-
,aw;ifapd; moF cs;sJ cs;sgbf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,/J „,ay;G etpw;rp mzp … MFk;.

ghly; 7

'thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;: NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top nahOFk:;

n
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk; nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYe; Nju;f;fhYk; tOFk;

l.i
fhdtu;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghu;: $dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuu;:
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu; Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.”

da
- jpup$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
jpuz;l fUj;J:-
ka
Mz;Fuq;Ffs; gy;tifg; goq;fisg; gwpj;J> ngz; Fuq;FfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
ngz;Fuq;Ffs; cz;L rpjWk; goq;fis cz;gjw;fhf> thDyfj;jtHfs; ,ue;J epw;ghHfs;.
kiyapy; jtk; nra;Ak; KdptHfs;> cw;W Nehf;fp NjtHfis miog;ghHfs;.
vi
rpj;jHfs; td %ypiffis tsHg;ghHfs;.
al

Njd;Nghd;w mUtp ePuhdJ> thdpy; ,Ue;J tpOtijg; Nghd;W tPOk;.

nre;epw Qhapw;wpd; NjHf;fhYk;> Fjpiuapd; fhYk; mUtp ePupy; tOf;Fk;.
.k

rilapy; mofpa gpiwiar; #batd; rptngUkhd;.

me;jr; rptngUkhd;> Fw;whyehjuhf vOe;jUspapUf;ff; $ba Fw;whykiy vq;fs; kiyNa!
w

ikaf; fUj;J:-
w

ftpQH> Fw;whykiyapd; tsq;fisg; ghbAs;shH.

Nkhidj; njhil:-
w

rPH Nkhid
 thduq;fs; - thd;ftpfs;  fhdtHfs; - ftdrpj;jH - fharpj;jp
 NjdUtp - jpiunaOk;gp - NjHf;fhYk;  $dypsk; - Fw;whyj;

vJifj;njhil:-
rPH vJif mb vJif
 thduq;fs; - thd;ftpfs;  fhdtHfs; - thdtiu  thduq;fs; fhdtHfs;
 NjdUtp - thdpd;  NjdUtp $dypsk;
,iaGj; njhil:-
xt;NthH mbapd; (filrpr; nrhy;ypy;) <w;wirNah <w;Wr;rPNuh <w;Wr;nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ ,iaGj; njhil MFk;.
nfhQ;Rk; - nfQ;Rk;  tpisg;ghH - miog;ghH  tOFk; - xOFk;
74 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gonkhopf;Nfw;w tho;f;if epfo;T vOJjy;

ahidf;Fk; mbrWf;Fk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk;

xUtu; xU Jiwapy; kpfr; rpwe;jtuhfr; nray;gl;lhYk; rpy Neuq;fspy;> gpio Vw;gl tha;g;G cz;L.
epfo;T

vq;fs; Cupy; NrhK vd;nwhU jhj;jh ,Ue;jhu;.

mtu; gs;spf;$lk; nrd;W Kiwahfg; gbj;jtu; my;y. Mdhy;> 1>330 jpUf;FwisAk; rupahfr;
nrhy;yf; $batu;. ehq;fs; rupahf jpUf;Fws; nrhd;dhy; vq;fSf;F Njd; kpl;lha; jUthu;.
xUKiw ehq;fs; NrhK jhj;jhtpw;F xU Nghl;b itj;Njhk;.
ehq;fs; Nfl;l vy;yhj; jpUf;FwisAk; rupahfr; nrhd;dhu;.

n
Mdhy;> ,Wjpahf \ahfhthuhapDk;| vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUf;Fwis kl;Lk; jtwhfr; nrhd;dhu;.

l.i
ehq;fs; jtiwr; Rl;bf; fhl;bAk; mtu; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
,Wjpahf jhj;jh jhd; jtwhfr; nrhd;dij czu;e;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

da
ePjp

xUtu; ve;j mstpw;Fr; rpwe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> mtUf;Fk; rpy Neuq;fspy; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLk;.
ka
jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;> tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
vi
gonkhop tpsf;fk;

ed;ik nra;gtDf;F ey;yJ elf;Fk;. jPik nra;gtDf;Fj; jPikNa tpisAk;.

al

epfo;T
.k

xUehs; ehDk; vd; ez;gDk;> gs;sp Kbe;J tPl;bw;F kpjptz;bapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;Njhk;.
mg;nghOJ> vq;fs; tFg;gpy; gbf;Fk; mKjd; vd;gtd; ehq;fs; nrd;w kpjptz;bapd;kJ
P fy;iy vupe;jhd;.
w

epiyjLkhwp> ehDk; vd; ez;gDk; fPNo tpOe;Njhk;. vdf;Fk; vd; ez;gDf;Fk; gykhf mbgl;lJ.
w

mKjdpd; FzNk ,g;gbjhd; vd;W vq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. vdNt> ehq;fs; mtdplk; vJTk;
w

Nfl;ftpy;iy.
mbgl;l fhaj;NjhL nkJthf tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;Nwhk;.
kWehs; gs;spf;F tUk;NghJ> rhiyapy; tpgj;J midtUk; Rw;wp epd;W Ntbf;if ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
ehDk; vd; ez;gDk; nrd;W ghu;j;Njhk;. mq;F mbgl;Lf; fple;jhd;> mKjd;.
ehDk; vd; ez;gDk; tpiuthf mtid kUj;Jtkidf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W Nru;j;Jtpl;L>
gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W jfty; nrhd;Ndhk;.
gs;sp jiyikahrpupau; vd;idAk; vd; ez;gidAk; ghuhl;bdu;.

ePjp

mKjd; vq;fSf;Fj; jPik nra;jhd;. mtDf;Fj; jPikNa tpise;jJ.

75 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk;

fbdkhd ciog;G ,Ue;jhy;> ehk; kpf cau;e;j epiyia milayhk;.

epfo;T

xU kiy mbthuj;jpy; tptrhap xUtu; gapu;j;njhopy; nra;Jte;jhu;.

gapu;j;njhopy; nra;a NghJkhd ePu; ,y;yhjjhy;> fpzW Njhz;l KbntL;j;jhu;.
gyUk; mtu; fpzW Njhz;l njhlq;fpaijg; ghu;j;Jf; Nfyp nra;jdu;.
Mdhy;> me;j tptrhap vtUila NfypiaAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; jd; Ntiyiaj; njhlu;e;jhu;.
,Wjpahf mtupd; Kaw;rpf;Fg; gyd; fpilj;jJ. 300 mb Moj;jpy; Ritahd ePu; te;jJ.
tptrhap me;j ePiuf; nfhz;L> tptrhak; nra;J mNkhfkhd tpisr;riyg; ngw;whu;.
ePjp

n
fbdkhd ciog;G ,Ue;jhy;. epr;rak; ntw;wp fpilf;Fk;.

l.i
Cop ngaupDk; jhk; ngauhu;

da
gonkhop tpsf;fk;

vj;jifa fbdkhd #oy; Vw;gl;lhYk;> jhd; nfhz;l nfhs;ifapy; cWjpahf ,Ug;gJ.

epfo;T
ka
kJiuapy; rfhak; vd;nwhU Neu;ikahd khtl;l Ml;rpau; ,Ue;jhu;.
mtu;> ve;j epiyapYk; Neu;ikiaNa jd; capu; %r;rhff; nfhz;L nray;gl;lhu;.
vi
vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; gzj;jpw;Nfh> gpw trjpfSf;Nfh Mirg;gl;L> jtwhd nray;fspy; <Lgl khl;lhu;.
al

,jdhy;> mtu; gy;NtWtifapy;> Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;jhu;.

Ntiyiatpl;L ePf;fk;> gzpapl khWjy; vd;W njhlu;e;J gy ,d;dy;fisr; re;jpj;jhu;.
.k

mtu; Neu;ikahf ,Ug;gjhy;> rYiffis mDgtpf;f ,ayhj nfl;ltu;fs; mtiuf; nfhiy

w

nra;aTk; Kaw;rp nra;jdu;.

Mdhy;> rfhak; mtu;fs;> vd; capNu NghdhYk; Neu;ik vd;w nfhs;ifiaf; iftpl khl;Nld;
w

vd;W cWjpahf ,Ue;jhu;.

w

ePjp

jhd; nfhz;l nfhs;ifapy; cWjpahf ,Ue;j rfhak; mtu;fs;> gy ,isQu;fSf;F

Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;fpd;whu;.

{øÚÁõØÓÀ AvP›UP ö\´¯ ÷Ási¯øÁ...

AvPõø» Aø©v¯õP A©º¢x 1 •uÀ 100 Áøµ EÒÍ GsPøÍ

÷|ºÁ›ø\°¾® uø»RÌ Á›ø\°¾® J¸•øÓ £°Ø] ö\´¯Ä®.
|õÒ÷uõÖ® £°Ø] ö\´uõÀ, }[PÒ |õøÍ \uõÁuõÛ.
76 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
neLtpdh
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
eilapay;

ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; (Powerful Telling Style) „eil… vdg;gLk;.

mjhtJ ftpijiar; nrhy;Yfpd;w Mw;wYk; moFk;jhd; eilapay; MFk;.
xU nkhopapd; jdpr;rpwg;Gf; $WfisAk; mijf; ifahSk; KiwAk;jhd; mk; nkhopf; ftpijapd;
ce;J rf;jpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
ftpij eilapaYf;F xypfN
; fhyq;fs;> nrhw;Gyk;> njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs; Nghd;wit kpf Kf;fpakhdit.
 ’eilngw;wpaYk; eiletpd;nwhOFk;” vd;w nrhy; njhlHfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ.
mofpay;

mofpay; vd;gJ ,urid vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

n
ftpij nrhy;Yfpd;w KiwAk; ftpijapd; czHr;rpia fw;gtupd; cs;sj;jpy; gha;r;Rk; tpjKk;

l.i
,jak; fdpAk; tifapy; ntspg;gLj;JtJk; jkpo;f; ftpQHfspd; mofpay; ,ay;ghFk;.

da
mofpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;F mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
eil mofpaiyf; fl;likf;Fk; $Wfs; %d;W MFk; ka
xypf;Nfhyq;fs;  nrhw;Gyk;  njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs;
xypf;Nfhyq;fs;
vi
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;
al

ve;jj; njhd;ikahd nkhopahf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ rkpf;iQapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; Njhd;wpd.

ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;
.k

xU nkhoprhHe;j ftpij ,irNahLk; ,irf;fUtpNahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpd;wJ.

w

xypg;gpd;dy;
w

ftpijapd; XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J xU fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.

,ij me;jf; ftpijapd; xypg;gpd;dy; (Sound Texture) vd;fpd;Nwhk;.
w

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;fs; - ty;ypd xypapy; czHr;rpg; ghly;

ÎÎ’fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf”
neby; vOj;J xypfs; ghly;

ÎÎ’glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;

flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf”
,g;ghlypy; neby; xypfs;> Fwpg;ghf capH xypfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g te;Js;sd.
nrhy;Yk; xypAk; jpUk;gtuy; ghly;

ÎÎ’Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij”

77 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
,r; nra;Aspy; nrhy;Yk; mjd; xypAk; jpUk;g te;Js;sJ
mtw;NwhL nrhy;tpisahl;Lk; (cd; mg;gdpd; mg;gDf;F ,tDila mg;gDf;F mg;gd;)
te;Js;sJ rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.
nrhw;Gyk;

nrhy;ypy;jhd; czHTk; nghUSk; fiyAk; gz;ghLk; murpaYk; nghjpe;Js;sd.

nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ xUnghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; gy nrhy;yha; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yha; tUk;.
gy tifahd JiwfSf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; GidTfSf;Fk; cupa czHTk; njspTk; nfhz;L
nropg;ghd jsj;jpy; tpise;j nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjpfk; cz;L.
ÎÎ1. fhq;Nfak; fhis 2. ney;Y}H fhis 3. nghd;thH fhis 4. jPtdf; fhis ,J Nghd;w
87 fhis khLfspd; tiffs;
jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk;

n
nrhy;tsk; gz;ghl;bd; milahskhf cs;sJ.

l.i
nrhy;tsk; jdpr;nrhw;fshf epiwe;Njh> my;yJ xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;Lk; gpupahjJ.

da
ftTf;if nefpohky; mjhtJ iff;Fs; itj;j if gpupahky; Kaq;fpf; fplg;gijg; Nghy;
nrhy;Yf;Fs; nrhy; gpupahky; ,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ka
njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs;.

xypf;NfhyKk; nrhw;GyKk; jkpo; epyj;jpd; VH vdpy; nrhw;nwhlH mjd; ghj;jpahFk;.

vi
ciueilapYk; Ngr;rpYk; vOtha; + nrag;gLnghUs; + gadpiy vd;Nw ,ay;ghf nkhopeil mikAk;.
Mdhy;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,J khwp (gpwo;e;J) kWjiyj; njhluhf tUfpd;wJ.
al

KbTiu
.k

eilapay; vd;gJ nrhy;tbtikg;Gg; gFjpfspd; KOikapidr; rhHe;Nj mikfpd;wJ.

jkpo; mofpay; fl;likg;gpw;F rq;f ,yf;fpaNk Kjd;ik Mjhuk;.
w

2. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePqf

; s; mwpeJ
; nfhz;l nkhopgg
; w;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw tptupff
; .
w

ghujpapd; fbj ,yf;fpak; nkhopg; gw;iwAk; r%f mf;fiwiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikia

w

,f;fl;Liuapy; ehk; fhztpUf;fpd;Nwhk;

ghujp ahH? guyp R. ney;iyag;gH ahH?
ÎÎ,e;jpa tpLjiyapd; tpbnts;sp> ÎÎtpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuH. ftpQH> vOj;jhsH>
jkpo;f; ftpij cyfpd; mf;fpdpg; ,johsH ghujpapd; gilg;Gfisg; gjpg;gpj;jtH>
gpok; G > GJf; f tpijapd; je;ij> ghujpapd; ,jo;fspy; JizahrpupaH ghujpapd;
ngz;ik Nghw;Wk; ngUe;jif kfhftp> mUikj; jk;gp
ghujp jd; jk;gpaplk; nkhopg;gw;iwAk; r%fg;gw;iwAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik

ghujpahupd; nkhopg;gw;W ghujpahupd; r%fg; gw;W

jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; vd;W vg;NghJk; jkpo; jkpo; ehl;by; Neha;fs; jPu Ntz;Lk;. Nehapd;wp
tsHg;gijNa flikahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kf;fs; eyKld; tho Ntz;Lk;.
78 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

,e;jp kuhl;b Nghd;w tl ehl;L nkhopfs; „MZk; ngz;Zk; XUapupd; ,uz;L jiyfs;…
ngw;w mw;Gjkhd GJik jkpo;nkhopapYk; vdTk;> mit xd;wpnyhd;W jho;e;jjpy;iy>
Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. vd;nwOj Ntz;Lk;.
jkpopy; Gjpa nra;jp Gjpa Gjpa rpe;jid> „ngz;izj; jho;ik nra;Njhd; fz;izf;
Gjpa cz;ik Gjpa Gjpa ,d;gk; jkpopy; Fj;jpf;nfhz;lhd;… ngz;iz milj;jtd; jd;
cUthfpf;nfhz;Nl Nghf Ntz;Lk;. fz;iz milj;jhd; vd;W vOj Ntz;Lk;
„jkpo;ehL tho;f… vd;W vOj Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;fs; njhopy;fs; vq;Fk; njhopy;fs;
ngUfp jkpo;ehL tsu Ntz;Lk;
jkpo; ehl;by; tPjpNjhWk; jkpo;g; tpahghuk; ngUfp ae;jpuq;fs; cw;gj;jp ngUfp
gs;spf;$lq;fs; mjpfk; ngUf Ntz;Lk; jkpo;ehL tsHr;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;
jkpo;g; gs;spf;$lq;fdpNy etPd fiyfnsy;yhk; ,ir> rpw;gk;> ae;jpuE}y;> g+kpE}y;> thdE}y;>

n
gapw;rp ngw;W tsHf vd;nwOj Ntz;Lk; ,aw;if E}y; Nghd;wit jkpo;ehl;by; tsu

l.i
Ntz;Lk;

da
KbTiu

fbjj;jpd; %ykhfj; jd; r%f czHTfis Mokhfg; gjpj;jtH ghujp vd;gij czHe;Njd;.
ka
3. jkpopd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftpQH rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; $Wtdtw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf.
jkpopd; rpwg;ig czHj;Jk; ,aw;if mofpay; ntspg;ghL
vi
ÎÎ’nrk;gupjp (rpte;j #upad;) kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd;.
rpte;j #upad; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiyAr;rpapy; nrd;W nky;y nky;y kiwthd;.”
al

 ’nre;epwj;Jg; g+f;fhlhk; thdnky;yhk;” (ctik)

.k

mt;thW nrf;fr; rpte;j #upadpd; khiyNeuf; fjpHfs;(iffs;) gl;ljhy; fhnly;yhk; rpte;J

w

rptg;G epwj;Jg; g+q;fh Nghy; khwptpl;lJ.

jk;iffs; mjidg;Nghy; rpte;J Nehfj; jhKiof;Fk; njhopshsH
w

#upadpd; rpte;j fjpHfs;Nghy; njhopyhsHfspd; iffs; (ctNkak;)

w

#upadpd; iffs; rpte;jJNghy; fhiyKjy; khiytiu cioj;j njhopyhsHfspd; iffSk;

rpte;J cs;sJ vd;W ctikg;gLj;Jfpd;whH
ctikazp

rpte;j g+f;fhl;ilg; Nghy; cs;sJ ciof;Fk; njhopyhsHfspd; if vd ctikazp Njhd;w ghbAs;shH.

njhopyhsHfspd; tpaHit Kj;Jfs; jkpio tpae;J ghLk;
khiy Neuj; njhopshyHfspd; iffs; rpte;Jk; tpaHit Kj;Jfs; nts;spkzpNghy; clnyq;Fk;
Kj;JKj;jha;g; g+j;jpUf;Fk;.
g+j;jpUf;Fk; nts;is Kj;Jf;fs; jkpopd; Gfio tpae;JghLk;.
 ’,j;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j mUikahd nre;jkpNo cd;idtpl vdf;F cw;w Jiz NtW cz;lh?”
vd mofpay; jd;ikNahL jkpopd; ngUikiaf; $Wfpd;whH ftpQH rpw;gp.
79 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fhl;rp eaj;jpd; ntspg;ghL

nrq;fjpHfshy; fhL nre;epwj;Jg; g+f;fhlhfTk;

nre;epwj;Jg; g+f;fhL njhopyhsHfspd; iffshfTk;
njhopyhsHfspd; tpaHit nts;sp Kj;JfshfTk;
nts;sp Kj;Jfs; jkpo;g;ghLk; ftpQHfshfTk; mofhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kPz;Lk; me;jg; goik eyk;

%z;LtUk; vq;fs; ftpijf;F cztha; Kj;jkpNo eP ,Uf;fpd;wha;!

Kw;fhyj;jpy; Kr;rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsHj;jdH ghz;ba kd;dH
cd; Ml;rpapy; jkpo; My; Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; NtNuhb tsHe;jJ.
ghupKjy; ts;sy;fis <d;W je;jha;
filNaO ts;sy;fshd ghup> Ma;> vopdp> es;sp> kyad;> Ngfd;> Xup MfpNahH jkpo; tsHj;jdH.

n
nka;r; rpypHf;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th! kPz;Lk; me;jg; goikahd kuG ,yf;fpaq;fSlDk;

l.i
kuGf;ftpQHfSlDk; th! th!

da
rpq;fk;Nghy; njd; jkpNo rPwp th! th! vd;W $f;Fuy; ,Lfpd;whH ftpQH rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;.

4. „nefpop jtpHj;J epyj;ij epkpHj;J… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; MHtyH gRikjhrdhUld;

ka
ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

nefpop jtpHj;J epyj;ij epkpHj;J

vi
midtUf;Fk; vd; gzpthd Kjy; tzf;fk;!
al

ÎÎNfs;tp - Iah nefpop gw;wp cq;fs; fUj;J vd;d?

gRikjhrdhH
.k

vd; neQ;rpy; ijj;j Ks; nefpop ~~gFj;jwpTk; gl;lwpTk; gz;gwpTk; nfhz;L> goFjw;fpdpa ghuj
kf;fNs! ,d;iwa ehs; ek; neQ;rpy; ijj;j Ks;shf ,Ug;gJ nefpop! ,e;j Ks; ek; neQ;rpypUe;J
w

vd;W ePq;Fk; vd cs;sk; Xykpl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

ÎÎNfs;tp - ,e;jpa ehL nefpop gw;wp tpopg;GzHT ngw;Ws;sjh?
w

gRikjhrdhH
w

,e;jpahNt nefpop xopg;gpw;fhff; $f;Fuypl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. gyNfhbfisr; nrytopj;J nefpopfis

kWRow;rpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gy E}W epWtdq;fSf;Fj; jiltpjpj;J gy tpopg;GzHTfisf;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
ÎÎNfs;tp - ,e;jpa kz;zpy; nefpopf;F vjpuhf cq;fisg; Nghuhlj;J}z;baJ vJ ?
gRikjhrdhH
ehd; fz;l tpsk;guq;fSk; tpopg;GzHT nghk;kyhl;lKk;
ÎÎNfs;tp - tpsf;fkhfr; nrhy;Yq;fs; Iah!
gRikjhrdhH
vy;yhk; nefpopapy; milf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. kdpj capUk; mg;gbj;jhd; milf;fg;gLk; vd;w cyfj;
jj;Jtj;ijAk;
gRkhLfspd; tapw;wpy; gj;Jf; fpNyh( nefpopg;igfs;) gpsh];bf; nghUl;fs; vLj;jJk;.
gr;rpsq;Foe;ijfspd; ghy;Gl;bahy; Gw;W Neha; te;jJk;.
80 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gs;spr;nry;Yk; Foe;ijfspd; jz;zPH Gl;bahy; M];Jkh te;jJk; midj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; nefpop! nefpop!
mbg;gilg; nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; nefpopapy; nra;ag;gl;L nefpopapy; milf;fg;gl;Lk; mij
ehk; nefpo;e;Jz;Zk; mtyj;ijAk;.
 ’vd;W jzpAk; ek; ,aw;ifapd; jhfk;
vd;W xopAk; ,e;j nefpopapd; Nkhfk;!” vd;Dk; mUikahd nghk;kyhl;lg; ghlypd; %yk;
ngUk; tpopg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,aw;iff;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ngUk; miw$tiy tpLj;jpUf;fpd;wJ ,e;j nefpop!
nghJkf;fSf;Fk; tpopg;GzHt+l;Lk; mofhd XH nghk;kyhl;lk;.

,uhkfpU~;zh kp~d; mikg;gpdH ek; gs;sp tshfj;jpy; rpwg;ghfr; nra;jdH.

mtHfis cq;fs; rhHghfTk; vd; rhHghfTk; kdjhug; ghuhl;Lfpd;Nwd;.
ÎÎNfs;tp - nghk;kyhl;lj;jpy; cq;fs; kdk; ftHe;jJ vJ?
gRikjhrdhH

n
nefpopf;F vjpuhd miw$ty; tpLj;j nghk;kyhl;lg; ghly;
ÎÎNfs;tp - ghlKbAkh?

l.i
gRikjhrdhH - (ghLfpd;whH)

da
kz;Zf;Fs; kf;fhJ vupj;jhYk; vupahJ ‚
kz;izNa kylhf;Fk; XNrhid Xl;ilahf;Fk;‚

ka
midj;ijAk; mopj;Jtpl;L mJkl;Lk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; - nefpop
muf;fid xopf;f mtjhuk; vLg;Nghk; ‚
ÎÎNfs;tpahsH - nefpNo! vk; capUs;stiu cd;idj; njhlkhl;Nlhk;!
vi
ÎÎnefpNo! cd; capH vq;fpUe;jhYk; mij tplkhl;Nlhk;! nefpio xopg;Nghk; neQ;rk; caHj;JNthk;!
al

ed;wp Iah!
.k

5. neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuH fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzidiar; nrhy;ypy; tbf;f.

neLey;thil fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzid

w

Kd;Diu
w

XH Mz;il MWgUtq;fshfg; gpupj;J tho;e;jtH jkpoH. Ig;grpapYk; fhHj;jpifapYk;

milkio vd;wdH. me;j milkiof;fhyj;jpy; Ky;iy epy kf;fspd; ,ay;G tho;f;ifapy;
w

Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

neL ey;thilg; ghly;

ÎÎ’itafk; gdpg;g tyNdHG tis,g;

ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd”
FspHfhy es;spuT

Nkfk;jhd; jq;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; #o;e;J vOe;jJ.

cyfNk FspUk;gb Gjpa kioiag; g+kpnaq;Fk; nghopa itj;jJ.
jho;thd gFjpfspy; nts;sk; ngUfpaJ. ,jidf; NfhtyH ntWj;jdH.
vUikfs;> gRf;fs;> MLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nklhd epiyj;jpy; Nka tpl;ldH.
81 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
NfhtyHfspd; Jd;gk;

tof;fkhf jhk; gofpa ,lj;ij tpl;Lg; gpupe;J NtW ,lj;jpw;Fg; ngaHe;jdH.

gpupTj; Jd;gk; NfhtyHfis thl;baJ.
NfhtyHfspd; jiyapy; #bapUe;j ePz;l ,jo;fSila fhe;js; kyH frq;fpaJ.
NfhtyHfs; xd;WNrHe;J nfhs;sp neUg;ghy; iffSf;Fr; #Nlw;wpdH.
iffs; #NlwpdhYk; mtHfspd; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
Fspupdhy; tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gk;.

tpyq;Ffs; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd  kuq;fspypUe;J gwitfs; tPo;e;jd

Fuq;Ffs; Fspuhy; eLq;fpd 
gRf;fs; ghy; Fbf;f te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpHj;jd.
KbTiu

kiof;fhyf; fhl;rpia neLey;thil mofhfg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

n
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa ghq;Fk; ,yf;fpak; gilf;f ,ak;Gfpd;wJ.

l.i
6. nghWg;GzHr;rpapdw
; p ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;GzHthy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;G eyj;ij tptupff
; .

da
Kd;Diu

jQ;ir rpWfijj; njhFg;gpd; iky;fy; ,e;j „Kjy;fy;…

ka
g+idf;F ahH kzp fl;LtJ? vd;wpy;yhky; ehNd Gypaha;g; gha;e;J g+Tyfpy; GJikiag;
gilg;Ngd; vd;Dk; ,isQdpd; fij.
vi
kUjdpd; kd tUj;jk;
al

tstdhw;wq;fiuapy; epd;W tlf;Nf ghHj;j kUjDf;F kdk; „jpf;…vd;wJ.

,d;Dk; xU ehs; %o;fpdhy;NghJk; gapH KOtJk; mOfptpLk; mghak;. kWgb Gjpjhf
.k

ehw;Wtpl;L Gjpa rhFgbjhd;.

w

,e;jg; gapUf;Nf> mq;Nf ,q;Nf gpLq;fp Vfg;gl;l my;yhly;fs; msTf;F kPwpa nryTfs;.
kWgbAk; rhFgbah? kUjdpd; kdk; FKwpaJ. fhuzk; vd;dntd Mapuk; rpe;jidfs; XbaJ.
w

Ciur; Rw;wp 3 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uj;jpw;Fk;> nea;Ntyp fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbahy; kz;bf;fplf;Fk;

w

tbfhy; kjif - fPo;f;Fkpop - tbtha;f;fhy; Nghd;witjhd; vd;gij czHe;jhd;.

,e;j kiyg;gpw;Fk; xU rpy epkpl Nahridf;Fg; gpwF top njupe;jJ> cw;rhfkhf elf;fj;
njhlq;fpdhd;.
CHkf;fspd; nghWg;gw;w jd;ik - khupag;gdpd; kWg;G

tbtha;f;fhypy; kPd;gpb tiy Nghl;bUe;j khupag;gdplk; kUjd; cjtp Nfl;lhd;.

 ’VjhtJ elf;fwf; fhupakh nrhy;Y!” vd;W myl;rpag;gLj;jpdhd; khupag;gd;.
fhspag;gdpd; fol;ly;

Cupy; ngupa kpuhRjhuH fhspag;gdplk; kUjd; cjtp Nfl;lhd; .

rw;Nw Nahrpj;j ngupatH „,td; nrhy;Ytijf; Nfl;lhy; ekf;Fj;jhd; Mapuk; ,uz;lhapuk;
nryT… vd;nwz;zpdhH.
ntspa+H Nghtjhfr; nrhy;yp ehRf;fhfj; jd;id fol;bf;nfhz;lhH.
82 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gpNuk;Fkhupd; gpjw;wy; (m) eh$H gpr;irapd; eOty;

fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy;gl;ljhupahd gpNuk; FkhH vd;Dk; eh$Hgpr;iraplk; cjtp Nfl;lhd; kUjd;.

 ’mz;Nz ,J xU ngupa Ntiyah? ,ij nra;aj;jhd; gp lgs;a+ b bg;ghHl;nkz;l;
,Uf;F! ehisf;F ,Q;rpdiug; ghHj;J ehd; kDnfhLf;fpNwd;” vd;W eOtp tpl;lhd;.
J}q;fr;nrd;whd; - Jtstpy;iy

Vkhw;wj;jpy; clYk; kdKk; NrhHthfTk; eilgpzkhf efHe;J te;jhd;.

md;wpuNt midj;ijAk; mwpe;j my;yp MWjy;nkhop $wpdhs;.
fskpwq;fpa fhis

jSk;Gfpd;w tbtha;f;fhypy; [py;nyd;w ,Lg;gsT jz;zPupy; jd;de;jdpahf kz;bf;fple;j

fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbfisr; ruf; ruf; vd;W mWj;J NkNy vwpe;J nfhz;bUe;jhd; kUjd;.
ms;spKbj;jhs; my;yp

n
itfiwg; nghOjpy; fztidj; Njbdhs; my;yp. kUjd; mUfpy; ,y;iy.

l.i
my;ypapd; fzf;F jg;gtpy;iy tha;f;fhy; fsj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd; kUjd;. ms;sp Kbj;jhy; $e;jiy

da
fztidf; fz;lTlNd fsj;jpy; ,wq;fpdhs;
khupapd; kdk; khwpaJ
ka
tiyNghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ele;jijnay;yhk; ftdpj;j khupf;F vd;d Njhd;wpaNjh vd;dNth?
tiyia klf;fp fiuapy; Nghl;lhd;.
vi
 „ehrkh Nghd nrbq;f… vd;W KZKZj;jgb Ntl;bia mtpo;j;J Kz;lhR fl;bagb
tha;f;fhYf;Fs; ,wq;fptpl;lhd; khup.
al

CHg;gazk; jtpHj;J CUf;Fioj;j ngupatH

.k

kUjd;> my;yp> khup %tUk; Kk;kukha; nrbfis mWj;jgb ,Ue;jijf; fz;L mdpr;irahf
tz;bapypUe;J Fjpj;jhH ngupatH.
w

 ’tz; b ia tP l ; L f; F j; jpUg; g pg; Nghlh vdf; F ,q; f f; nfhQ; r k; Ntiy ,Uf; F ” vd; W
w

$wpf; n fhz; N l cilfisf; fol;btpl;lhH.

Jz;ilf; fl;bf;nfhz;L tha;f;fhypy; Js;spFjpj;jhH ngupatH.
w

CH$b NjH ,Oj;jJ

,e;jr; nra;jp tz;bf;fhud; %yk; CUf;Fs; gutpaJ.

Bf;fil> khupak;kd; Nfhtpyb> vd;W ntl;bf;fij NgRgtHfnsy;yhk; cWj;jy; jhq;fhky;
tha;f;fhypy; $btpl;ldH.
kfpo;r;rpapy; kUjd;

,dp kUjd; gzp ,yFthf Kbe;jpUf;Fk; kUjd; kfpo;e;jpUg;ghd;.

kUjdpd; nghWg;GzHT CiuNa khw;wpaJ.
KbTiu

ek; kf;fs; ey;ytHfs;jhk; Mdhy;> ehk; Kjypy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; jd;Kidg;G
,y;yhjjhy; Kd;Ndwhky; tho;fpd;wdH vd;gij Kjy;fy; %yk; mwpe;Njhk;.
83 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
7. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ

- vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.

Kd;Diu

FLk;gk; vd;gJ rpwpa mikg;G.

FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
r%fj;jpd; XH myfhf tpsq;FtJ FLk;gk; MFk;.
r%fj;jpd; gbepiy

kdpj r%fk; FLk;gk; vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; njhlq;FfpwJ.

Fyk;> $l;lk;> ngUq;FO> r%fk; vd;w mikg;G tiu tpupT ngWfpwJ.
vdNt> FLk;gNk kdpj r%fj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;.
jpUkzk;

n
FLk;g mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;F mbg;gil jpUkzNk.

l.i
FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; ,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W rhHe;J nray;gLfpd;wd.
 „FLk;G… vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F „$b thOjy;… vd;W nghUs;.

da
kze;jfk;

fztDk; kidtpAk; NrHe;J thof; $ba ,lk; kze;jfk;.

ka
Kjy; Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; tiu cs;s fhyfl;lj;ij ,e;epiy Fwpf;fpwJ.
jdpf;FLk;g cUthf;fj;jpd; njhlf;f epiyahf ,J mikfpwJ.
vi
jha;topf; FLk;gk;
al

jha;topf; FLk;gj;jpy;> ngz;fNs Fyj; njhlHr;rpf;F cupatHfs;.

vdNt> ngz; Foe;ijfs; gpwg;gij midtUk; tpUk;gpdH.
.k

jha;top Kiwapy; FLk;gj;jpd; nrhj;J ngz;fSf;Fr; nrd;W NrHe;jJ.

w

jdpf;FLk;gk;

jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUk; cs;s FLk;gk; jdpf;FLk;gk; MFk;.

w

jdpf;FLk;gk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Ke;ija epiy njhlf;fepiyf; FLk;gq;fs; MFk;.

w

njhlf;fepiyf; FLk;gq;fs; gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpupe;j FLk;gk;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; jdpf;FLk;g mikg;G tpupT ngw;wJ.

fztd;> kidtpAld; xUtupd; je;ijAk; cld; tho;e;jdH.
,j;jifa FLk;gKiw „tpupe;j FLk;gKiw… vdg;gLfpwJ.
,y;yw tho;tpy; gad;

fztDk; kidtpAk; ,ize;jpUe;J mwr; nray;fspy; <Lgl;ldH.

md;Gkpf;f Rw;wj;NjhL NrHe;J tho;e;jdH.
,y;yw tho;tpy; fztDk; kidtpAk; kidawk; fhj;jdH.
kidawk; fhj;jNy ,y;tho;tpd; gadhf fUjpdH.
84 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
KbTiu

rq;ffhyr; r%fk;> FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;ig mbg;gil myfhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

,d;iwa r%f mikg;Gk; $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> jdpf;FLk;gk; vd;w myFfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,f;FLk;g mikg;G Kiw jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; milahskhFk;.

8. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capHfSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag; ghlg;gFjp

top epWTf.

Kd;Diu

fk;gH jd; fhtpaj;jpy; ,uhkidg; gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilj;Js;shH.

,uhkd;> midj;J capHfsplj;Jk; vy;iyaw;w md;G nfhz;ltdhfj; jpfo;fpwhd;.
,uhkd; gpw capHfSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyia ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
NtLtH jiytDld; nfhz;l cwT

n
NtLtH jiytd; Ffd;. ,uhkd;> fq;ifiaf; flf;f Ffd; cjTfpwhd;.

l.i
Ffd;> ,uhkdplk; msTf; fle;j md;G nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

da
,uhkd; ,sturdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> Ntldhd Ffidj; jd; cld;gpwg;ghf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
Ffidj; jd; capUf;F ,izahdtd; vd;fpwhd;> ,uhkd;.
ÎÎ’vd;capH midaha; eP
,sty; cd; ,isahd;,e;”
ka
vi
rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;wy;

,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwnaLj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;.

al

rlhA vd;Dk; fOF Nte;jd; ,uhtzidj; jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;lhd;.

rz;ilapy; fhag;gl;L rlhA ,we;J Nghfpwhd;.
.k

rlhA> ,uhkdpd; je;ijahd jrujdpd; ez;gd;. vdNt> rlhAitAk; jd; je;ijahf vz;zp>
w

kfd; epiyapy; mtDf;Fupa ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpwhd;.

w

rtupiaj; jhahf Vw;wy;

,uhkdplk; kpFe;j md;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;bUe;jts;> rtup.

w

,uhkd; rPijiaj; Njbr; nrd;wNghJ> Rf;uPtDld; el;Gf; nfhs;s nra;jts;> rtup.

,uhkd;> rtupaplk; jhaplk; fhl;Lk; md;igf; fhl;bdhs;.
,uhkDf;Fk; ,yf;FtDf;Fk; tpUe;jspj;J topaDg;gpdhs;> rtup.
ÎÎ’Ntz;ba nfhzHe;J ey;f
tpUe;J nra;J ,Ue;j Ntiy”

thduj; jiytd; Rf;uPtd;

rPijiaj; NjbtUk; ,uhkd;> fpl;fpe;ijapy; thduj; jiytd; Rf;uPtidf; fhz;fpwhd;.

Rf;uPtd;> ,uhkd; rPijia kPl;LtUtjw;Fg; ngUk; cjtp nra;fpwhd;.
,uhkd;> Rf;uPtidj; jd; capH ez;gdhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
ÎÎ’Rw;wk; cd; Rw;wk; eP vd;
,d; capHj; Jiztd; vd;whd;.”
85 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
tPlzid cld;gpwe;jtdhff; nfhsy;

rPijiaf; ftHe;Jr; nrd;w ,uhtzdpd; jk;gp tPlzd;.

rPijiaf; ftHe;jJ jtW vd;W tPlzd; ,uhtzdplk; $Wfpd;whd;.
vdpDk;> ,uhtzd; mtd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;f kWj;JtpLfpwhd;.
tPlzd;> ,uhkdplk; te;J milf;fyk; mile;jjhy; jd; cld;gpwe;jtdhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
 ’mfd; mkH fhjy; Ia
epd;ndhLk; vOtH MNdhk;”

KbTiu

,uhkd; rpwe;j ez;gdhf> kfdhf> rNfhjudhf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.

kdpjHfsplk; kw;Wkpd;wp> midj;J capHfsplj;Jk; md;G ghuhl;bdhd;> ,uhkd;.
vdNt> ,uhkd; gz;gpd; gbkkhf tpsq;Ffpd;whd;.

n
l.i
9. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.
<by;yh cjtp

da
jhd; xUtUf;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahj epiyapy;> mtH cjtp nra;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;.
mt;thW> cjtpatUf;F tpz;ZyifAk; kz;ZyifAk; nfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.
ka
ÎÎ’nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
thdfKk; Mw;w yupJ”
vi
cyiftpl ngupaJ
al

xUtH cupa fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ cyj;ijtpl ngupajhFk;.
ÎÎ’fhyj;jp dhy;nra;j ed;wp rpwpJvdpDk;
.k

Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ”

w

fliytpl ngupaJ

xUtH ve;j gaDk; vjpHghuhky; nra;j cjtpia Muha;ej

; hy;> mjd; ed;ik fliytpl kpfg; ngupajhFk;.
w

ÎÎ’gad;J}f;fhH nra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd;

w

ed;ik flypw; ngupJ”

cjtpapd; msT

xUtH jpidasT rpwpa cjtpiar; nra;jhYk;>

mjd; gaidj; njupe;jtH gidasthff; nfhs;thH.
ÎÎ’jpidj;Jiz ed;wp nrapDk; gidj;Jizahf;
nfhs;thH gad;njup thH”

jPJk; ed;Wk;

xUtH ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpia kwg;gJ ed;wd;W.

xUtH nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwg;gJ ey;yJ.
ÎÎ’ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ
md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W”
86 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ca;tpy;yhjtH

xUtH ve;j mwj;ij mopj;jhYk; mjpypUe;J jg;gpf;f top cz;L.

Mdhy;> xUtH nra;j cjtpia kwe;jtHf;Fj; jg;gpf;f topNa ,y;iy.
ÎÎ’ve;ed;wp nfhd;whHf;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy
nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F”

10. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f.

Kd;Diu

xUtupd; kdj;jpy; cs;s md;ig mopf;ff; $baJ rpdk; MFk;.

vdNt> rpdj;ijf; fhj;jpUg;gNj xUtupd; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk;.

rpdj;ijf; fhf;f Ntz;bajw;fhd fhuzj;ij Kg;ghy;top ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.

n
rpdk; fhg;gtH

l.i
xUtH jd;dpDk; typikf;Fd;wpatuplk; rpdk; nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

da
mt;thW ,Ug;gtNu cz;ikapy; rpdk; fhg;gtH MthH.

jd;dpDk; typikahdtuplk; rpdj;ijf; fhj;jhy; vd;d? fhf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;d?

ka
ÎÎ’nry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;

fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;?”

vi
rpdj;jpd; tpisT
al

xUtUf;Fj; jPikahd tpisTfs; rpdj;jhNyNa Vw;gLk;.

.k

vdNt> ahuplKk; rpdk; nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ÎÎ’kwj;jy; ntFspia ahHkhl;Lk; jPa
w

gpwj;jy; mjdhd; tUk;”

w

rpdk; jUk; gif

w

rpdk; xUtupd; KfkyHr;rpiaAk; mfkfpo;r;rpiaAk; nfhd;WtpLk;.

mj;jifa rpdj;ijtpl ekf;F NtW gif ,y;iy.
ÎÎ’eifAk; ctifAk; nfhy;Yk; rpdj;jpd;
gifAk; csNth gpw?”

jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;

xUtH jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; thuhky; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW jLf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
ÎÎ’jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f fhthf;fhy;
jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;.”
87 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
cwtpdiu mopf;Fk; rpdk;

rpdk; jd;idr; NrHe;jtiu mopf;Fk; neUg;ghFk;.

rpdk; xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
ÎÎ’rpdk;vd;Dk; NrHe;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;”
KbTiu

rpdk; ek;ikNa nfhy;Yk; nfhba MAjk; vdNt> ehk; rpdk; nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpdj;ijf; fhg;gjdhy;> cwTfs; ngUFk; KfkyHr;rpAk; mfkfpo;r;rpAk; cz;lhFk;.
tho;f;if Nkd;ik milAk;. vdNt> rpdk; nfhs;tijj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

11. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f.

n
Kd;Diu

l.i
ciueilf;Fk; ftpijf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghL cs;sJ.
rpyH ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL njupahky; vOJfpd;wdH.

da
mt;thW vOJfpd;wtHfSf;fhf Rujh ftpij vOJk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wfpd;whH.

ciueil
ka
ciueil vd;gJ vspa nrhw;fs; njhlHfshf miktJ.
vi
vJif> Nkhid Nghd;w njhilfs; ,d;wp tUk;.  mb tiuaiwapd;wp tUk;.

ftpij vOJk; Kiw

al

nrhw;fs; ahg;gpyf;fz newpfSf;Fl;gl;L miktJ ftpij

.k

vOj;Jfs; ,ize;J mir Njhd;Wk;.  mirfs; ,ize;J rPuhFk;.

,uz;L rPupd; ,ilntspapy; jisfs; mikAk;.  jisfs; NrHe;J mbfs; Njhd;Wk;.
w

mbfspy;> vJif Nkhid Nghd;w njhilfs; mikAk;.

w

njhilfs; ey;y Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jhy; ghf;fs; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

w

,JNt> ftpij vOJk; newp MFk;.

ftpijapy; mika Ntz;bait

,yf;fz newpfSf;Fl;gl;L ftpij ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rpwe;j Kiwapy; ghly; ,aw;WgtH Gfo; milthH.
ftpijapy; mwf;fUj;Jfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vspa kf;fSk; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fUj;Jfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu

ahg;gpyf;fz newpfis mwpahkYk; mwf;fUj;Jfs; ,d;wpAk; rpyH ftpij vOJfpd;wdH.

mt;thW ftpij vOJgtHfs;> Gfio milakhl;lhHfs; vd;fpwhH Rujh.
88 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
12. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; MrpupaH khztHfSf;fpilNa epfo;ej
; fw;wy;> fw;gpjj
; y; Kiwfisj;

njhFj;njOJf.
Kd;Diu

fy;tpKiw fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g khw;wk; mile;J tUfpwJ.

gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tpKiwapy; MrpupaH khztHfSf;fpilapyhd fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwiag;
gw;wp ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
fy;tpj; njhlf;fk;

gps;isfs; Ie;J tajpy; fy;tp fw;fj; njhlq;fpdH.

fy;tp fw;f> ngw;NwhHfs; gps;isfis Mrpupauplk; milf;fykhff; nfhLj;jdH.
gps;isfisg; gs;spapy; NrHf;Fk; ehs; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
Vl;by; kQ;rs; g+rp igadplk; nfhLj;J thrpf;fr; nrhy;YthHfs;.

n
Kiw itg;G

l.i
MrpupaH neLq;fzf;ifr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;ghH.

da
khztHfs; MrpupaH nrhy;Ytijg; gpd;gw;wpr; nrhy;YthHfs;.
,t;thW MrpupaH nrhy;Ytijj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;YtJ „Kiw itg;G… vdg;gLk;.
vOj;Jg; gapw;rp
ka
khztHfs; Kjypy; kzypy; vOjpg; goFthHfs;.
vi
Kjypy;> MrpupaH jiuapy; vOJthH.
khztHfs; MrpupaH vOjpajd;Nky; vOjpg; goFthHfs;.
al

XH vOj;J kw;NwhH vOj;jpd;kPJ glhky; vOjpdhHfs;.

.k

kddg; gapw;rp

mbg;gil E}y;fis khztHfs; kdg;ghlk; (kddk;) nra;jdH.

w

jkpopy; epfz;L> ed;D}y;> fhupif> jz;bayq;fhuk;> ePjp E}y;fs; ghlkhf ,Ue;jd.

w

fzpjj;jpy; fPo;thapyf;fk;> Nky;thapyf;fk;> Fopkhw;W Nghd;w gytif tha;ghLfs; ghlkhf ,Ue;jd.

tpahghuk; nra;tjw;Fk; Nfhtpypy; gzp nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;w fzpjKiw fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
w

thjk; Gupjy;

fy;tpapy;> thjk; nra;jy; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

fy;tpapy; rpwe;jtHfs; muritapy; thjk; nra;J> jk; fy;tpj; jpwikia epiyehl;bdH.
thjk; nra;Ak; gof;fk; gs;spf;$lj;jpypUe;Nj njhlq;FfpwJ.
MrpupaH khztH cwT

jtW nra;Ak; khztHfSf;Ff; nfhba jz;lidfs; ,y;iy.

MrpupaHfs; khztHfis md;ghy; topg;gLj;jpdH.
khztHfs; MrpupaHfsplk; kpFe;j kupahijAld; ele;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
KbTiu

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; MrpupaUk; khztUk; md;ghy; ,ize;jpUe;jdH.

89 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
13. „rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL… - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;a Ntz;bad ahit?
Kd;Diu

ek; ehl;by; rhiy tpgj;Jf;fs; ehSf;Fehs; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ.

,e;epiyapy;> rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehNl midtupd; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.
,f;$w;iw edthf;f ehk; nra;a Ntz;batw;iwg; gw;wp ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
rhiy trjpfSk; tpgj;JfSk;

ek; ehL cyfpy; mjpf rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ ehL MFk;.
ek; ehl;by; 55 ,yl;rk; fp.kP. rhiyfs; cs;sd.
21 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l CHjpfs; cs;sd.
XH Mz;by; RkhH 5 ,yl;rk; tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpNyNa jkpo;ehl;by;jhd; mjpf msT rhiy tpgj;J Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

n
rhiy tpgj;Jfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd topfs;

l.i
rhiy tpjpfis kPWtNj tpgj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.

da
rhiy tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;%yk; rhiy tpgj;Jfisj; jLf;fyhk;.
,Urf;fu thfdk; (Bike)> kfpOe;J (Car) Nghd;wtw;iw ,af;FgtHfs; Kiwahd gapw;rpg;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ka
gapw;rpg; ngw;W> Xl;LeH cupkk; cs;stHfs; kl;LNk ,Urf;fu thfdq;fis Xl;l Ntz;Lk;.
vi
,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; nry;gtHfs; jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy;;> ,uz;L NgUf;FNky; gazpf;ff; $lhJ.
al

ifNgrpapy; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl nry;yf; $lhJ.

.k

rhiyapy; tz;biaf; FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf ,af;ff; $lhJ.

kf;fs; nry;Yk; ghijapy; mjpf Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;ff; $lhJ.
w

rhiy ghJfhg;G tpjpfs;

w

gd;dhl;Lr; rhiy mikg;G khehl;by; rhiy ghJfhg;G tpjpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjd;gb>

rhiyapd; tiffs;> iky; fw;fspd; tptuq;fisj; njupe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
w

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; FwpaPLfisg;(Signals) gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

eilghijiag; gad;gLj;JgtHfisAk; rhiyiaf; flg;gtHfisAk; mr;RWj;jf; $lhJ.
rhiyr; re;jpg;Gfspy; vr;rupf;ifAld; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
fle;J nry;y Kw;gLk; CHjpfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;Gld; toptpl Ntz;Lk;.
kw;w rhiyg; gadhspfis ez;guhf vz;z Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu

thfdk; Xl;LgtHfs; fl;lhak; rhiy tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rhiy tpjpfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHit kf;fspilNa Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW nra;tjd;%yk;> ek; ehL rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj ehlhfj; jpfOk;.
90 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
14. xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtoFk; cz;L" - ePqf
; s; ghHj;j my;yJ tho;ej
; xU efuk; FwpjJ
;

,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.

ehd; thOk; efuk;

vd;Diu

jkpoHfspd; gok;ngUikiaAk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;igAk; czHj;jf; $ba efuk; kJiu.

kJiuapd; rpwg;Gkpf;f tuyhw;iwAk; tbtoifAk; Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
kJiuapd; njhd;ik

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s njhd;ikahd efuq;fSs; xd;W kJiu MFk;.

kJiu itif Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;s efuk; MFk;.
ghz;ba kd;dHfspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpa rpwg;gpw;FupaJ kJiu.
ky;ypif khefH> $ly; efH> kJiuak;gjp> fpof;fpd; Vnjd;]; vd;W gy ngaHfspy; kJiu

n
Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

l.i
kJiuAk; jkpOk;

da
rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsHj;j ngUikf;Fupa efuk; kJiu MFk;.
kJiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ,dpik vd;gJ nghUs;.
ka
jkpo; vd;why; kJiuÉ kJiu vd;why; jkpo; vd;Dk; mstpw;Fj; jkpNohL neUq;fpa njhlHGila
efuk; MFk;.
vi
kJiuiaAk; jkpioAk; NrHj;Nj GytHfs; Nghw;wpAs;sdH.
Nfhtpy; efuk;
al

kJiu efuk; Nfhtpy;fs; kpFe;j efukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

.k

kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpy;> tz;ba+H njg;gf;Fsk; khupak;kd; Nfhtpy;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; KUfd; Nfhtpy;>

mofH Nfhtpy;> ghz;bKdp Nfhtpy; Mfpait kJiuapy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w Nfhtpy;fshFk;.
w

jpUtpoh efuk;
w

kJiu jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j efukhFk;.

kJiu kPdhl;rp nrhf;fehjH Nfhtpypy; eilngWk; rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpoh cyfg; Gfo;ngw;wjhFk;.
w

kPdhl;rp jpUf;fy;ahzk;> gl;lhgpN~fk;> NjNuhl;lk; Mfpait rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpohtpy; mofH itif Mw;wpy; ,wq;Ftijf; fhz;gjw;fhf ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; kJiuf;F tUfpd;wdH.
jpUtpohf;fs; md;iwa kd;duhl;rpapd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;igAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tz;zk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.
J}q;fhefuk;

vg;nghOk; jpUtpohf;fs;> ,uT re;ijfs;> tzpfk; vd;W njhlHe;J ,aq;fpf; nfhz;Nl

,Uf;Fk; efuk; kJiu MFk;.
cyfNk cwq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; NtisapYk; tpopj;jpUf;Fk; xNu efuk; kJiu.
vdNt kJiu J}q;fhefuk; vd;W ngUikNahL miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
91 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
tbtoF

kJiu efuj;jpd; tbtikg;G jhkiug; g+it xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

rq;fj; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whfpa gupghly; kJiu efupd; mikg;ig tptupf;fpd;wJ.
kJiu efukhdJ jpUkhypd; ce;jpapd; myHe;j jhkiu kyiu xj;jpUf;Fk;.
kJiu efuj;jpYs;s njUf;fs; mk;kyupd; ,jo;fis xj;jpUf;Fk;.
ghz;ba kd;ddJ muz;kid> mk;kyupd; eLtpy; cs;s nghFl;il xj;jpUf;Fk;.
me;efupy; thOk; jkpo;f; Fbkf;fs; mj;jhkiu kyupd; jhJf;fis xj;jpg;gH.
me;efiuj; Njb tUk; guprpy; tho;eH jhJ cz;z tUk; tz;Lfis xj;jpg;gH.
kJiu efu kf;fs; giw Kof;fj;jpd; xyp Nfl;L ehs;NjhWk; JapnyOthHfs;.
KbTiu

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GfisAk; tbtoF rpwg;GfisAk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;GfisAk; cila kJiuNa

n
ehd; thOk; efuk; MFk;.

l.i
15. „fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd… - ,J Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij tptupf;f.

da
„fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd… - ,J Fwpj;J vd; fUj;J
vd;Diu
ka
,aw;if vopy; nfhQ;Rk;> mikjpahd #oiy cilait fpuhkq;fs;.
fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; gRikiaAk; ,aw;if vopiyAk; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ,oe;J tUfpd;wd.
vi
fpuhkq;fs; jq;fspd; milahsq;fis ,oe;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gw;wp vd; fUj;ij tptupf;fpd;Nwd;.
Ntshz;ik ngha;j;jJ
al

fpuhkq;fspd; jdpg;ngUk; milahsk; Ntshz;ik MFk;.

.k

gRik Gul;rp vd;w ngaupy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;fhf nraw;if cuq;fis ,l;Nlhk;.

mjd; tpisT> kz; jd; jd;ikia ,oe;jJ.  Ntshz;ik nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;jJ.
w

NghJkhd msT gUt kioAk; nga;ahjjhy; Ntshz;ik fLikahf ghjpj;jJ.

w

Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk;

fpuhkq;fspd; Kjd;ikj; njhopy; Ntshz;ik

w

Ntshz;ik ngha;j;jjhy;> gyUk; Ntiyapy;yh epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldH.

Ntiy NjLtjw;fhf fpuhkq;fistpl;L> efuq;fis Nehf;fp nry;y Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuk; ngw;W gy Mz;Lfs; fle;Jtpl;lJ. ,d;Wk; gy fpuhkq;fspy; mbg;gil trjpfs;$l
nray;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
efukakhjy;

ehl;il tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ midtupd; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.
vdNt> fpuhkq;fs; midj;Jk; efuq;fshf khwp tUfpd;wd.
tpis epyq;fs; ahTk; tPl;L kidfshf;fp tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
tptrhapfSk; jq;fs; tUtha;f;fhf NtW topapd;wp jq;fs; epyq;fis tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdH.
92 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
KbTiu

fpuhkq;fs; ntWk; tho;tplq;fs; ,y;iy.

fpuhkq;fs; ek; gz;ghl;bd; milahsq;fs;> ,aw;ifapd; mq;fq;fs; vd;gij ehk; czu Ntz;Lk;.
 ’,e;jpahtpd; tsHr;rp vd;gJ ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd fpuhkq;fspd; tsHr;rp” vd;w fhe;jpabfspd;
nghd;nkhopiag; gpd;gw;wp tho Ntz;Lk;.
16. nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g+H> fe;j Nfhl;lg; gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
Kd;Diu

XH Cupd; ngUikf;Fupa milahsq;fSs; xd;W Nfhtpy;

kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpHe;Jnfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; ntspg;ghL jpUtpoh.
nrd;id khefupy; kapyhg;g+Uk;> fe;j Nfhl;lKk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;Gkpf;f ,lq;fshFk;.
kapyhg;g+upy; eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fisg; gw;wpAk;>

n
fe;j Nfhl;lj;jpd; Nfhtpiyg; gw;wpAk; nra;As; mbfs;top fhz;Nghk;.

l.i
kapyhg;g+H

da
jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfis cila ngupa CH jpUkapiy
,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL tpohf;fisf; nfhz;lhLthHfs;.
ka
jpUkapiyapy; vOr;rpkpf;f tpohf;fs; eilngWk;.
kapiy fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk; Nfhtpypy; ,iwtd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhd;.
vi
kapiyapy; cs;s ,iwtDf;Fg; gq;Fdp cj;jpuj;jpy; Muthuj;NjhL jpUtpoh eilngWk;.
fe;j Nfhl;lk;
al

mwk; nra;NthH epiwe;jpUf;Fk; efuk; nrd;id

.k

nrd;id fe;j Nfhl;lj;jpy; vOe;jUsp ,Ug;gtd; KUfd;.

FspHe;j Kfj;ij cilatd; KUfd;
w

J}a khzpf;f kzpiag; Nghd;wtd; KUfd;

w

KUfd; Nfhtpy; nfhz;L mUs; toq;Fk; ,lk; fe;j Nfhl;lk;.

w

17. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jizepw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.
Kd;Diu

cyfg; nghJkiwahfg; Nghw;wg;gLk; E}y; jpUf;Fws;.

mwpTilik mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;Stu; $Wk; fUj;Jfs; tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jizepw;Fk; vd;gij
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
ghJfhg;G muz;

xUtDf;F mopT tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp mwpNt MFk;.

mwpT> giftuhy; mopf;f Kbahj ghJfhg;G muzhfTk; cs;sJ.
jPikapypUe;J fhf;Fk;

kdj;ijj; jPatopapy; nry;ytplhky;>  ey;ytopapy; nrYj;JtJ mwpT MFk;.

93 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nka;g;nghUs; fhl;Lk;

vg;nghUis ahu; nrhy;yf; Nfl;lhYk;> mg;nghUspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikia mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s

nry;tJ mwpT MFk;.
cyfj;NjhL nry;f

cyfk; vj;jifa cau;e;j newpapy; nry;fpwNjh me;newpapy; jhDk; nry;tNj mwpthFk;.

vjpu;nfhs;Sk; typik

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jdf;F Neu ,Ug;gij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;Jf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;gtNu mwpTilatu;.

mwpTilatUf;F mjpu;r;rpj; juf;$ba Jd;gk; vJTk; Vw;glhJ.
KbTiu

ghJfhg;G muzhfTk; jPikapypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahfTk; nka;g;nghUisf; fhl;LtjhfTk;

cyfj;NjhL nry;y nra;tjhfTk; Jd;gj;ij vjpu;f;nfhs;Sk; typikiaj; juf;$bajhfTk;

n
,Ug;gJ mwpthFk;. mj;jifa mwpTilatu; tho;tpd; kpf cau;e;j epiyia milthu; vd;gij

l.i
ts;Stu; jd; Fws;top $Wfpd;whu;.

da
18. jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; - epWTf.
Kd;Diu
ka
ePjp E}y;fspy; rpwe;j E}yhd jpUf;Fwspy; tho;tpaYf;F ed;ik gag;gd jPik gag;gd Fwpj;J
vspikahf czu;j;jg; gl;Ls;sJ.
vi
tho;tpd; ed;ik jPikfis ts;Std;top cs;sijg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfNt ,f;fl;Liu.
nja;tg;Gytu; jpUts;Stu;
al

ts;Stu; xU nja;tg; Gytu;.

.k

ts;Std;jd; tho;tpy; fz;L> Nfl;L> cz;L> cw;Wzu;e;j tho;tpay; rpwg;Gfisj; njs;sj;

njspthf ekf;F Kg;ghyf; gpupj;J ,uz;lbapy; ciuf;fpd;whu;.
w

cyfpy; Njhd;wp ePjp E}y;fspNyNa jiy rpwe;jJ cyfg;nghJkiw vdyhk;.

w

tho;tpaYf;F ed;ikAk; jPikAk; gag;gd

,y;tho;f;if  tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk;  mwpTilik  tpidj;jpl;gk;

w

nra;ed;wp mwpjy;  nt/fhik  ntFshik  rpw;wpdk; Nruhik

fs; cz;zhik  R+J
,y;tho;f;if

md;Gk; mwKk; nfhz;L ,y;tho;f;ifiag; gz;GlDk; gaDlDk; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL> cyfpy; tho;Ntz;ba newpNahL epd;W tho;gtu; thDyfj;jpy; cs;s
nja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLtu;.
tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk;

tho;f;ifj; Jiztpahd kidtpiatpl cyfj;jpy; Xu; Mz;kfDf;Fr; rpwe;j nry;tk; VJkpy;iy.

jd; fztidNa nja;tnkdTk; tPl;ilNa NfhapyhfTk; Nghw;Wk; ngz;fs; nga;! vd;why;
kio nga;Ak;.
94 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mwpTilik

cyfj;jpy; moptpypUe;J fhf;Fk; ngUq;fUtp mwpT. giftuhYk; mopf;fKbahj xd;whFk;.

mwpit mJ NghFk; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy; nrYj;JtNj
mwpthFk;.
vg;nghUis ahu; nrhy;yf; Nfl;lhYk; mg;nghUspd; nka;ahd nghUisf; fhz;gNj mwpthFk;.
cyfk; vj;jifa cau;e;j topapy; nry;fpd;wNjh mNj topapy; nry;tNj mwpTilik MFk;.
gpd;dhy; tug;Nghtij Kd;Ng mwpe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; jpwikNa mwpTilik MFk;.
tpidj;jpl;gk;

ey;y nraYf;F kd cWjpNa Ntz;Lk; kw;wit vitAk; gad;glhjitNa MFk;.

nra;ed;wp mwpjy;

jhd; ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahj NghJ gpwu; ekf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpf;F ,e;jg; G+kpiaAk; me;j

n
thdj;ijAk; nfhLj;jhYk; <lhfh.

l.i
xUtu; Mgj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; nra;j ed;wpia kwf;ff; $lhJ.

da
ve;jg;gaidAk; vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; ekf;F cjtp fliytplg; ngupaJ.
jpidasT rpwpa cjtpia xUtu; nra;jpUe;jhYk; mij ehk; ngupjhf epidj;Jg; Nghw;w
ka
Ntz;Lk;. xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;wpia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W; mtu; nra;j jPikia md;Nw
kwg;gJ ed;W.
vi
MfNt ve;j ed;wpia ehk; kwe;jhYk; nra; ed;wpia xU ehSk; kwf;ff; $lhJ. mjw;F ca;Nt ,y;iy.
al

tha;tpaYf;Fj; jPik gag;gd

nt‡fhik
.k

gpwu; nghUSf;F Mirglf; $lhJ; mJ ek;kplk; cs;s nry;tj;ijAk; Fiwj;J tpLk;.

w

ntFshik

Nfhgk; Nguhghj;jhFk;. Nfhgj;ijf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay; ek;ik ehNk nfhy;tjw;Fr; rkk;.
w

Gyhy; kWj;jy;

gpw capu;fisf; nfhd;W jpd;W; jd; capiuf; fhf;ff; $lhJ.

w

rpw;wpdk; Nruhik
jPa gof;fk; cilatu;fsplk; el;G $lhJ;
ey;y ez;gu;fisg;Nghd;w cw;w JizAk; ekf;F vd;Wk; Njit.
fs; cz;zhik

 kJ cz;L kaf;fj;jpy; tho;tnjd;gJ; jhdhfr; nrd;W rhtjhFk;.

R+J

xUtUf;F kdj; Jd;gj;ij cUthf;fp> mtUila GfioiaAk; nry;tj;ijAk; nfLf;Fk;.

KbTiu

jpUts;Stu; ciuj;j Fwl;ghf;fis MuhAk;NghJ jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpaNk vd;gJ

Gydhfpd;wJ.
95 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
tpupthdk;
1. cupikj;jhfk;fijapy;rNfhjuHfs;,UtUk;xd;wpizahky;,Ue;jhy;fijiaj;njhlHe;JvOjpKbf;f.
fij khe;jHfs;

Kj;ijad; - mz;zd;ƒ nts;isr;rhkp - jk;gpƒ %f;fk;kh - Kj;ijahtpd; kidtpƒ gq;fhU rhkp -

tl;bf; filf;fhuHƒ kw;Wk; - ez;gd; Kj;Jƒ ehl;lhik ek;gpuhrd;ƒ CHg; nghJkf;fs;

nrhy;tjd; Nehf;fk;

 ’xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T ek;kpy; xw;Wik ePq;fpd; midtHf;Fk; jho;T” vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly;
„epyj;njhL xd;wpa vspa kf;fspd; czHTfspd; %yk; gpujpgypg;gij nka;g;gpf;fNt nrhy;fpd;Nwd;….
Kd;fij RUf;fk;

Kj;ijaDf;Fj; njupahky; mtd; jk;gp nts;isr;rhkp> jd; epyj;ij tl;bf;filf;fhuH gq;fhU

rhkpaplk; ,uz;lhz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng mlkhdk; itj;Jtpl;lhd;. nts;isr;rhkp Kiwahf

n
tl;bf; fl; b Ak; gq; f hU rhkp epyj; i j mgfupf; f Kad; w hd; . ,ijawpe; j jk; g papd; kidtp

l.i
rz; i lapl; l ij> Kj;ijadpd; kidtp %f;fk;kh mtdplk; nrhd;dhs;.
jk;gpia ntWj;j mz;zd;.

da
,ijf; Nfl;L mz;zd; Kj;ijad; ’mtDf;Fj; Njitjhd;! md;W epyj;ijg; ghfk;
Nghl;lNghJ vd;dnty;yhk; Ngrp vd;id mtkhdg;gLj;jpdhd;?” vd;W nrhd;dhd;.
ka
clNd mijg; NgRk; Neukpy;iy ,J vdf; $wp Kj;ijad; kidtp mtDf;F cjTk;gb Ntz;bdhs;.
 ’mg;gd; Kfj;ij mtd; ghHj;jpUg;ghdh? Mdhy;> ehd; XH mg;gdhf ,Ue;J mtDf;Fr; nra;j
vi
cjtpia mtd; kwe;J Ngrpa ed;wpnfl;l nrhw;fSf;F mtDf;F ,ij Njitjhd;” vd;W
al

kidtpaplk; nrhy;yp jd; jk;gpia ntWj;jhd;.

mz;zzplk; rz;ilapl;l jk;gp
.k

,ijnay;yhk; tPl;bypUe;J Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;j jk;gp ”cd;Dila cjtpia ek;gp ehdpy;iy

w

ehd; mlF itj;j epyj;ij> vg;gb kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdf;Fj; njupAk;”
 ’ahiuAk; ek;gp ehd; gpwf;f tpy;iy! ePAk; Ntz;lhk; eP nfhLj;j epyKk; Ntz;lhk;! eP vdf;F
w

cjt Ntz;lhk; cd; cwTk; Ntz;lhk;” vdf; $wpr; rz;ilapl;L> mz;ziz cjwpj; js;spdhd;.
w

CHg; nghJkf;fs; ,tHfisf; fz;L Vsdkhfg; NgrpdhHfs;.

jk;gpapd; epyk; gwpNghdJ

,e;jr; nra;jpnay;yhk; gq;fhU rhkpapd; fhJfSf;F Njdhfg; Ngha;r; NrHe;jJ.

,Jjhd; rkak; vdf; fUjp Nfhapy;gl;bf;Fg; Ngha; tf;fpyplk; Nehl;ilf; nfhLj;J Nehl;B];
tpl;L gaKWj;jp nts;isr;rhkpapd; epyj;ij vOjp thq;f Kw;gl;lhH.
mz;zd; kPjpUe;j Nfhgj;jpy; epyj;ij gq;fhU rhkpf;Nf vOjpf; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhd; nts;isr;rhkp.
jk;gpapd; FLk;gk; gpupe;jJ

jd; fztd; nts;isr;rhkp nra;j kjpnfl;l nraiy mwpe;J ”,dp czTf;Fk; cwTf;Fk;
ciog;Gf;Fk; vq;Nf ,lk;?” vdf; Nfl;L mtdplk; ehs;NjhWk; rz;ilapl;lhs;.
gjpYf;F jk;gpAk; rz;ilapl;lhd; mtis fLikahff; fz;bf;fNt> mts;jd; jha;tL
P Nehf;fpg;
Gwg;gl;Ltpl;lhs;.
96 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ez;gd; Kj;juR mwpTiu

ele;jijf; Nfs;tpAw;w Kj;ijahtpd; ez;gd; Kj;juR kpfTk; kdk; tUe;jpdhd;. Neubahf

Kj;ijahtpd; tPl;bw;F te;jhd;.
 ’rpwpatd; jtW nra;jpUe;jhy; ePjhd; jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; ePNa mtid ntWj;jhy; vg;gb? jha;
je;ij ,y;yhjNghJ jiykfd;jhd; tPl;Lf;Fj; je;ijahthd;? Vd; ,g;gb ele;Jnfhz;lha;?
vd;W md;ghff; fbe;Jnfhz;L mtDf;F ,dpNkyhtJ cjtpnra;!" vd;W mwpTiu toq;fpdhd;.
ehl;lhik ek;gpuhrd;

,tw;iw Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nl Kj;ijad; tPl;Lf;F cs;Ns Eioe;j ehl;lhik ek;gpuhridf;

fz;lTlNd> Kj;ijah> %f;fk;kh> Kj;juR %tUk; vOe;J tzq;fpdhHfs;.
 ’ele;jijitnay;yhk; Nfs;tpgl;Nld; jk;gp Kj;ija;ah!
 ’Mw;wpy; XLk;jz;zPiu mb mbnad mbj;jhYk; jz;zPH ,uz;lhf cilahJ”

n
mz;zd; jk;gp cwTfSk; mg;gbj;jhd; vd;d Mapuk; rz;il te;jhYk; ,uj;jge;jk; ,uz;lhfhJ.

l.i
 „CH nuz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;… vd;gJNghy; tPL nuz;Lgl;ljhy; gq;fhU rhkpf;Ff;
nfhz;lhl;lk; te;Jtpl;lJ. ,dp eP jhd; cd; jk;gpiaf; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;". vd mwpTiu toq;fpdhH.

da
cz;ikia czHe;jhd; Kj;ijad;

xNu thuj;jpy; ,itnay;yhk; ele;J> jk;gp tPNl ,uz;lhdJ.

ka
Kj;ijad; rw;W mkHe;J rpe;jpj;jhd; ’INah mtd; rpwpatd;> ngupa kdk; itj;J ehk;
mtDf;F cjtpapUf;fyhNk” vd;W kdk; ntJk;gpdhd;.
vi
 ’ez;gHfSk; ehl;lhikAk; te;J mwpTiu toq;Fk; msTf;Fj; jtW nra;Jtpl;NlhNk” vd;W
al

kdk; ntJk;gpdhd; mz;zd; Kj;ijad;.

KbTiu
.k

 ’xUtUf;nfhUtH ntWg;ig ckpohky; md;ghy; ,ize;J tho;tNj tho;f;if” vd;gij

w

,f;fij ekf;F ed;F mwpTWj;Jk; vd;W ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.

w

2. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.

Kd;Diu
w

xU Ntis rhg;ghl;bw;fhfTk; Ie;J &gha; gzj;jpw;fhfTk; rpdpkh tpsk;guk; nra;j

,isQd;> ghyre;jpud;. ghyre;jpud; Nfus khepyk; Rs;spf;fhL gFjpiar; NrHe;jtH.
ghyre;jpud;> kfhebfiuf;(rpth[p fNzridf;) fz;lNghJ Vw;gl;l kdNthl;lj;ij ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
Kjy; re;jpg;G

1986Mk; Mz;L ~UJNgjk;… vd;w jpiug;glj;jpd; Ik;gjhk; ehs; tpoh eilngw;wJ.

jpiug;gl epfo;r;rpf;F rpth[p fNzrd; jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhH.
me;j epfo;r;rpapy;jhd; ghyre;jpud; Kjd;Kiwahd rpth[pfNzrid Neupy; re;jpj;jhH.
rpth[p fNzrd; tPl;by;

tp.gp.nf. Nkdd; vLf;Fk; glj;jpy; rpth[p fNzrd; ebf;f ,Ue;jhH.

glj;jpd; jpiuf;fij [hd;ghy;> ,af;FeH uh[Pt;ehj;
97 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

jpiug;glk; Fwpj;J Neupy; NgRtjw;fhf uh[Pt;ehj; rpth[p fNzrd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whH.

uh[Pt;ehj;Jld; [hd;ghYk; ghyre;jpuDk; rpth[p fNzrd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;wdH.
tPl;bd; Njhw;wk;

rpth[p fNzrdpd; tPL XH muz;kidiag;Nghy ,Ue;jJ.

rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;j kpfg; ngupa fjTfs;.
cs;Ns tprhykhd xU jsk;.
jq;fj;jhy; ,ioj;j ahidj; je;jq;fs; ,uz;L mofpw;fhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,lg;Gwj;jpy; NkNy nry;y> ngupa khbg;gbfs;
rpth[papd; Ntlq;fs;

%tUk; khbg;gbapy; Vwp NkNy nrd;wdH.

gbapd; xU jpUg;gj;jpy;> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; Ntlj;jpy; rpth[papd; Mapy; ngapz;l;

n
nra;ag;gl;l glk; ,Ue;jJ.

l.i
mijf; fz;lJk;> ghyre;jpud; eLq;fp> ifnaLj;Jj; jiyFdpe;J tzq;f NghdhH.
cilths; cUtpd epiyapy; rj;ugjp rpth[p.

da
kPiria KWf;fpagb> uh[uh[Nrhod;.
gpnuQ;R muR toq;fpa nrthypaH tpUJld; $ba nts;isf; Fjpiu Mfpatw;iwf; fz;ldH.
rpth[papd; Njhw;wk;
ka
%tUk; NkNy nrd;W mkHe;jpUe;jdH.
vi
rpth[p mtHfisg; ghHf;f te;Jnfhz;bUe;jhH.
al

rpth[p nky;y nky;yr; rpq;f eil ele;J te;jhH.

rpth[piaf; fz;l ghyre;jpud; Js;sp vOe;jhH.
.k

uh[Pt;ehj;Jk; ghyre;jpuDk; rpth[p fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdH.

w

KbTiu

uh[Pt; ehj;Jk; rpth[pAk; fij Fwpj;Jg; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

w

ghyre;jpud; rpth[papd; Njhw;wj;ijg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;L mikjpahf ,Ue;jhH.

w

rpth[pfNzrdpd; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; ghyre;jpudpd; kd mLf;Ffspy; xt;nthd;whfj; Njhd;wpf;

nfhz;bUe;jd.

3. cq;fs; CHg; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQH xUtiu Neupy; ghHj;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.

Kd;Diu

ehd; vs; CH jpUtpohtpw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jNghJ> jpUtpohtpy; njUf;$j;J elj;jg;gl;lJ.

njUf;$j;J fiyf;FOtpy; RkhH 15 NgH ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdH.
njUf;$j;Jf; fiyf;FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH fhsP];tud; Iah.
njUf;$j;Jf; fiyQH fhsP];tud; Iahit Neupy; ghHj;j mDgtj;ij ,f;fl;Liuapy;
gfpHe;Jnfhs;fpNwd;.
98 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
md;Gk; cgrupg;Gk;

xUKiw fiyQH fhsP];tud; Iahitf; fhz;gjw;fhf mtuJ tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;.

tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;w vd;id mtH md;NghL tuNtw;whH.
gfy; ntapypy; nrd;wjhy; vdf;F FspHe;j NkhH nfhLj;jhH.
mtH nfhLj;j NkhH> mkpo;jk; Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ.
gpd;G mtUld; rpwpJ Neuk; ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.
mtH jd; tho;f;if ghijiag; gw;wp vd;Dld; gfpHe;Jnfhz;lhH.
ghuk;gupakpf;f fiyf;FO

fhsP];tud; Iahtpd; mg;gh> jhj;jh vd;W gy jiyKiwfshf me;j fiyf;FOit elj;jpte;Js;sdH.

fhsP];tud; Iah rpWtaJ KjNy jd; mg;ghTk; jhj;jhTk; njUf;$j;jpy; ebg;gijg; ghHg;ghH.
mg;nghOjpypUe;Nj mtUf;Fk; mf;fiyapd;kPJ MHtk; Vw;gl;lJ.

n
jpUtpohf;fspy;> fhspak;kd; fij> Rliykhld; fij> mupr;re;jpud; fij Nghd;wtw;iwf; $j;jhf

l.i
ebj;Jf; fhl;LthHfs;.
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wp> gy ntspehLfspYk; ,tHfs; $j;ij epfo;j;jpf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;.

da
fdTk; MirAk;

rpW tajpypUe;Nj fiyapd;kPJ MHtk; nfhz;bUe;j fiyQH fhsP];tud; Iah jw;NghJ

ka
mWgJ taijf; fle;Js;shH.
RkhH 35 Mz;Lfshf mf;fiyf;FOitj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jptUfpd;whH.
vi
mtuplk; cq;fSila Mir vd;dntd;W Nfl;lNghJ ’vd; clypy; capH cs;stiu ehd;
al

,e;j fiyia epfo;j;jp kf;fis kfpo;tpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd; tUq;fhy jiyKiwapdUf;Fk;

,e;j fiyiaf; nfhz;L nrd;W NrHf;f Ntz;Lk;.“ vd;whH.

.k

KbTiu
w

fiyfisj; jd; capUf;F ,izahf epidj;J> mf;fiyf;fhf jd; capH cs;stiu ghLgL-
gtHfs; fiyQHfs;.
w

mj;jifa fiyQH xUtiu Neupy; re;jpj;jJ vd; tho;tpy; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpahd jUzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
w

4. rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> Gf @Hf; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ - tpsf;Ff.

Kd;Diu
rq;ffhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwptjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lfs; Jizepw;gij mwpe;jtH Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;.
rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> Gf@Hf; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ vd;gij
,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
Gf@Hf; fy;ntl;L

f&H khtl;lk; Gf@upy; cs;sJ MWehl;lhd; Fd;W.

MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;dupd; fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,e;jpa murpd; njhy;nghUs; JiwapdH 1927-28Mk; Mz;L XH mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
mt;twpf;ifapy;jhd; Gf@Hf; fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wpa nra;jp Kjd;Kiwahff; fpilf;fpwJ.
99 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
mwpf;ifapy; ,Ue;j nra;jp

MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpYs;s FiffSs; rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd.

xU fy;ntl;by; ehd;F tupfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s xU gpuhk;kpf; fy;ntl;L ,Ue;jJ.
mf; fy;ntl;by; Mjd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. vdNt> mJ Nru kd;dHfisg;
gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jkpo;g; gpuhk;kpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;

jkpo;g; gpuhk;kpf; fy;ntl;Lfs; kpfr; RUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

xNu tupapy; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F nrhw;fs; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.
MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpy; ,Ue;j fy;ntl;L> kpf ePskhd fy;ntl;L.
rq;ffhy tuyhW

fy;ntl;bd; Kjy; tupapy;> ’ahw;W}H vd;Dk; ,lj;ijr; NrHe;j rkzj; Jwtpahd nrq;fhagd;

n
trpf;Fk; ciwAs; ,J“ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

l.i
,uz;lhtJ tupapy;> ’Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd;“ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
NkYk;> „ngUq;fLq;Nfhd;…> „,sq;fLq;Nfh…> „,sq;Nfh… vd;w ngaHfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.

da
,g;ngaHfs; midj;Jk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kl;LNk cs;sd.
mf; fy;ntl;L> Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;dd; nghwpj;jJ.
ka
Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw f&t+upypUe;J Ml;rp nra;j kd;dd;.
mf;fy;ntl;Lfs; Vwj;jho fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;jJ.
vi
KbTiu
al

rq;ffhy tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk fpilj;jpUe;jd.

Mdhy;> Kjy;Kiwahf Gf@Hf; fy;ntl;by;jhd; rq;ffhy tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa nra;jp fpilj;Js;sJ.
.k

mt;tifapy;> Gf@Hf; fy;ntl;L rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s kpfTk; JizGupfpd;wJ.

w

5. Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpjNeag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

w

Kd;Diu

kdpjNeag; gz;Gjhd; kdpjr; r%fj;ij topelj;jf; $bajhFk;.

w

kdpjd; jd; tho;tpy; NrhHe;J NghFk;NghJ kdpjNeag; gz;Gjhd; NrhHtpypUe;J kPl;fpwJ.

rhe;jh jj; ,aw;wpa ~Nfhil kio… fij kdpjNeag; gz;igg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
jdpik tho;f;if

fijapd; Kjd;ik ghj;jpuk; MWKfk;.

MWKfj;jpd; kUkfs; fha;r;rypy; ,we;Jtpl;lhs;.
kfDk; kidtp ,we;j Nrhfj;jpy; jw;nfhiy nra;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
vdNt> MWKfk; jd; Nguf;Foe;ijAld; jdpikapy; tho;e;J te;jhH.
MWKfj;jpd; ftiy

xUehs; NguDf;F cly;epiy rupapy;yhjjhy;> kUj;Jtkidf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whH.

kUj;Jtkidapy; gpw Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; ngw;NwhUld; te;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhH.
100 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
ngw;wtidAk; gps;isiaAk; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;shky;> jdpikapy; tpl;Lr; nrd;w jd; kfid
vz;zp tUe;jpdhH.
Foe;ijf;F neQ;R rsp ,Ug;gjhy;> kUj;JtH Crp Nghl;L> kUe;J vOjpf; nfhLj;jhH.
MWKfj;jpd; KbT

MWKfk; kUe;J thq;Ftjw;fhf kUe;Jf;filf;Fr; nrd;whH.

kUe;Jf;filapy; cs;s ghG MWKfj;jpw;F Kd;Ng gof;fkhdtH.
ghG Kd;Ng xUKiw MWKfj;jpd; Nguidj; jj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk;gb Nfl;bUe;jhH.
Foe;ijiag; gpupe;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;W vz;zp> MWKfk; kWj;Jtpl;lhH.
jd; NguDf;Fg; ngw;Nwhupd; mutizg;G fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhH MWKfk;.
vdNt jd; Nguidj; jj;Jf; nfhLf;f KbntLj;jhH.
kdpjNeak;

n
ghG jj;njLf;fg; NghFk; jk;gjpapdiu mioj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jhH.

l.i
mtHfspd; Kfj;jpy; md;Gk; ghrKk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
MWKfk; jd; Ngud; ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpw;Fj;jhd; nry;fpwhd; vd;W vz;zp kfpo;e;jhH.

da
vdpDk;> jd; Nguidtpl;Lg; gpupa ,Ug;gij epidj;J tUe;jpdhH.
jj;njLf;f te;jtH MWKfj;ijAk; jd;Dld; te;JtpLk;gb $wpdhH.
ka
MWKfk; mijf; Nfl;L mjpHe;J NghdhH.
jd;Dila midj;Jg; gpur;ridfSf;Fk; xNu ehspy; jPHT fpilj;Js;sjhf vz;zp kfpo;e;-
vi
jhH. mtHfSld; nry;tjw;F MWKfk; rk;kjpj;jhH.
al

KbTiu
gps;isfs; ,y;yhj ngw;NwhUk; ngw;NwhH ,y;yhj gps;isfSk; jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
.k

mtHfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH mutizg;Gld; ,Ue;jhy;> kdpj Neag; gz;G tsUk;.

w
w
w
101 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
jd;NdH ,yhj jkpo; jpUf;Fws;
jz;bayq;fhuk; ÎÎmd;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
Xq;fypil te;J caHe;NjhH njhotpsq;fp
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
Vq;nfhypePH Qhyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;
ÎÎitaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thd;ciwAk;
kpd;NdH jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;(W) VidaJ
nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;
jd;NdH ,yhj jkpo;!
ÎÎnra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
MrpupaH - jz;b
gh tif - Neupir ntz;gh thdfKk; Mw;w yupJ
ÎÎed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ
neLey;thil
md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W
itafk; gdpg;g tyNdHG tis,g;
ÎÎve;ed;wp nfhd;whHf;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk;@ ca;tpy;iy
ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd

n
nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F
MHfyp Kid,a nfhLq;Nfhy; NfhtyH

l.i
ÎÎm/fhik nry;tjw;F ahnjdpd; nt/fhik
VWil ,depiu NtWGyk; gug;gpg;
Ntz;Lk; gpwd;ifg; nghUs;.

da
Gyk;ngaH Gyk;nghL fyq;fp Nfhly;
ePL,jo;f; fz;zpd; ePH miyf; fyht ÎÎkwj;jy; ntFspia ahHkhl;Lk;@ jPa
MrpupaH - ef;fPuH
ka gpwj;jy; mjdhd; tUk;.
gh tif - Neupir Mrpupag;gh ÎÎjd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f fhthf;fhy;
jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;.
vi
fk;guhkhazk;
Jd;G csJvdpd; md;Nwh ÎÎrpdk;vd;Dk; NrHe;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
al

Rfk; csJ? mJ md;wpg; Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.

gpd;G csJ@ ,il kd;Dk; ÎÎEz;zpa E}y;gy fw;gpDk; kw;Wk;jd;
.k

gpupT csJ vd cd;Ndy;@ cz;ik mwpNt kpFk;.

w

Kd;G cnsk; xU ehy;Ntk; MrpupaH jpUts;StH

KbT csJ vd cd;dh gh tif - Fws; ntz;gh

w

md;G cs> ,dp> ehk; XH ,jpy; ntw;wpngw

w

ItHfs; csH MNdhk; tpz;NtW; tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w

MrpupaH fk;gH .
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW;
gh tif - fyptpUj;jk;
kz;NtW; kz;NzhL fye;jp Uf;Fk;
FfNdhLk; ItH MNdk;
kzy;NtW; gdpj;JspAk; kioAk; NtW;
Kd;G gpd; Fd;W #o;thd;
Gz; NtW; tPuHfspd; tpOg;Gz; NtW;
kf ndhLk; mWtH MNdk;@
Gfo;NtW; nry;thf;F NtW; fhZk;
vk;Kio md;gpd; te;j
mfd; mkH fhjy; Ia! fz;NtW; fy;tpf;fz; NtW; fw;whH

epd;ndhLk; vOtH MNdk;@ ftpeilAk; ciueilAk; NtW NtW.

Gfy; mUq; fhdk; je;J> MrpupaH - Rujh

Gjy;tuhy; nghype;jhd; Ee;ij gh tif - vz;rPH fopnebyb Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.

gh tif - mWrPH fopnebyb tpUj;jk;
 102 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
GwehD}W ÎÎtpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
mwpTk; GfOk; cilNahH kha;e;njd> kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw
tWe;jiy cyfKk; md;Nw@ mjdhy; ÎÎnrhy;Yjy; ahHf;Fk; vspa; mupathk;
fhtpndk; fyNd; RUf;fpndk; fyg;igƒ nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;
kuq;nfhy; jr;rd; ifty; rpwhmH ÎÎcUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;NjHf;F
kOTilf; fhl;lfj;J mw;Nw mr;rhzp md;dhH cilj;J
vj;jpirr; nrypDk;> mj;jpirf; NrhNw.(206) ÎÎfldwpe;J fhyk; fUjp ,ld;mwpe;J
MrpupaH: xsitahH vz;zp ciug;ghd; jiy
gh tif: Neupir Mrpupag;gh ÎÎths;Nghy; giftiu mQ;rw;f@ mQ;Rf
jpiz: ghlhz; Nfs;Nghy; giftiu njhlHG
ÎÎgofpa nry;tKk; gz;Gk; nfLf;Fk;
nja;tkzpkhiy

n
fofj;Jf; fhiy Gfpd;.
xUikAld; epdJjpU kyub epidf;fpd;w
MrpupaH: jpUts;StH

l.i
cj;jkHjk; cwTNtz;Lk;
gh tif: Fws;ntz;gh
cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwnkhd;W NgRNthH

da
GwehD}W
cwTfy thik Ntz;Lk;
fha;ney; mWj;Jf; ftsk; nfhspNdƒ
ngUikngWk; epdJ Gfo; NgrNtz;Lk; ngha;ik
khepiwT ,y;yJk;> gy;ehl;F MFk;ƒ
Ngrh jpUf;fNtz;Lk;
ka E}WnrW MapDk;> jkpj;Jg;Gf;F czpNd>
ngUnewp gpbj;njhOf Ntz;Lk; kjkhdNga;
tha;GFtjdpDk; fhy;ngupJ nfLf;Fk;ƒ
vi
gpbah jpUf;fNtz;Lk;
MrpupaH: gprpuhe;ijahH
Mrpupau;: ,uhkypq;f mbfshH
al

gh tif: Neupir Mrpupag;gh

ghtif: gd;dpUrPHf; fopnebyb Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
.k

,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
ghjfH FOkpr; nrhw;w gopg;Giu vd;Dk; nfhs;sp
Foy;top epd;wJ ahNo> aho;topj;
w

Vjkpy; fUizg; ngk;khd; ,Ujaj;J Cd;w Cd;w

jz;Zik epd;wJ jfNt> jz;Zikg;
Ntjid coe;J rpe;ij nte;J Gz;gl;lhH my;yhy;
w

gpd;top epd;wJ KoNt> KoNthL

Nehjfr; rpde;NjhH khw;w Etd;wpyH fUk Nehf;fp
$b epd;W ,irj;jJ Mke;jpupif
w

MrpupaH: vr;. V. fpUl;bzg;gps;is

MrpupaH: ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
gh tif: mWrPH fopnebyb Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
gh tif: Mrpupag;gh
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
jpUf;Fws;
ey;ypaf;Nfhld;
ÎÎmwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthHf;Fk;
...........................vd Mq;F
cs;sopf;fy; Mfh muz;
vOrkq; fle;j vO cwo; jpzpNjhs;
ÎÎvg;nghUs; ahHahHtha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
vOtH g+z;l <ifr; nre;Efk;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT
tpupfly; Ntyp tpayfk; tpsq;f
ÎÎvjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhHf;F ,y;iy
xUjhd; jhq;fpa cuDil Nehd;jhs;
mjpu tUtNjhH Neha;.
MrpupaH: ej;jj;jhdhH
ÎÎey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy; jPapdj;jpd;
gh tif: Neupir Mrpupag;gh
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;
103 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 1 kjpg;ngz; : 25

gyTs; njupf 9 x 1 = 9
1. kPz;Lk; me;j goik eyk; GJf;Fjw;F" - ftpQH Fwpg;gpLk; goik eyk;

m) ghz;bapy; rq;fj;jpy; nfhOtpUe;jJ M) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ ,) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ

m) m kl;Lk; rup M) m>M rup ,) , kl;Lk; rup <) m> , rup
2. ,se;jkpNo ftpij ,lk;;ngw;Ws;s E}y;

m) xspg;gwit M) rHg;gahfk; ,) #upaepoy; <) epyTg; g+

3. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fzE}y;
m) ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif M) jz;bayq;fhuk; ,) njhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y;
4. nghUj;Jf

1. jkpo; mofpay; - guyp .R.ney;iyag;gh;

n
2. epyTg;g+ - jp.R. eluhrd;

l.i
3. fpil - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaz;
4. ca;Ak; top - fp.uh[ehuhazd;

da
m) 4321 M) 1423 ,) 2413 <) 2341
5. kpd;Nde; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W

m) mb Nkhid> mb vJif
ka
VidaJ jd;Nde; ,yhj jkpo;" - ,t;tbfspy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;

M) rPH Nkhid> rPH vJif

,) mb vJif> rPH Nkhid <) rPH vJif> mb Nkhid
vi
6. jz;bayq;fhuk; E}ypd; Mrpupah;
al

m) fhtpa jh;~d; M) Kj;JtPud; ,) khwd; <) jz;b

7. “jd;Ndupyhj jkpo;” vDk; ghlypy; mike;Js;sJ
.k

m) nghJ Ntw;Wikazp M) nrhy; Ntw;Wikazp ,) nghUs; Ntw;Wikazp <) ,l Ntw;Wikazp

8. Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; mike;j njhlH
w

m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk; M) Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.

,) twl;rp vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ <) kapy;fs; tpuypaiug;Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
w

9. “mofpay;” vd;gjd; fiyr;nrhy;

w

m) cWg;gpdH fl;lzk; M) Mtzk; ,) E}y; gl;bay; <) GidT

M) VNjDk; Ie;jDf;F kl;Lk; tpil jUf. 5 x 2 = 10

10. ftpQh; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;Jghlj; jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?
11. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
12. tpbay;> tdg;G – ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J njhlh; mikf;f.
13. nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpahtJ ahJ?
14. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; ehd;fpid vOJf.
15. Kbe;jhy; juyhk;> Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - ,t;tpU nrhw;nwhlh;fs; czh;j;Jk; nghUs; ahJ?

,) vitNaDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpil jUf. 1 x 6 = 6

16. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W
Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f. (my;yJ)
ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk;; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
104 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 2 kjpg;ngz; : 25

gyTs; njupf 10 x 1 = 10
1. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy; ,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jbePH cwpQ;rg;gLjy;
2. Mz;LNjhWk; cyf Gtp ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ
m) Vg;uy; 22 M) etk;gH 7 ,) etk;gH 30 <) Nk 14
3. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;b nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;W ma;ag;gkhjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) #upa xspf;fjpH M) kio Nkfq;fs; ,) kioj;Jspfs; <) ePHepiyfs;

4. gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil ,lk; ngw;w E}y;

m) ePHtop M) kiof;Fg; gpwF kio ,) ma;ag;gkhjtd; ftpijfs; <) ehd; vd;gJ NtnwhUtd;
5. nghUj;Jf

n
I. Fuq;Ffs; - fd;Wfisj; jtpHj;jd
II.

l.i
gRf;fs; - kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;jd
III. gwitfs; - Fspuhy; eLq;fpd

da
IV. tpyq;Ffs; - Nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) I III IV II M) III I II IV ,) III II I IV <) II I III IV
6. $jpHg; gUtk; vd;gJ ka
m) Ig;grp> Gul;lhrp M) fhHj;jpif> khHfop ,) Gul;lhrp> fhHj;jpif <) Ig;grp> fhHj;jpif
7. Kid,a - vd;w nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
vi
m) nra;Aspir msngil M) ,d;dpir msngil ,) ,irepiw msngil <) nrhy;ypir msngil
8. jkpopy; jpizg; ghFghL . . . . . . mbg;gilapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
al

m) nghUl;Fwpg;G M) nrhw;Fwpg;G ,) njhlHf; Fwpg;G <) vOj;Jf;Fwpg;G

9. cae;jpiz vd;kdhe; kf;fl; Rl;Nl
.k

m/wpiz vd;kdhe; mtuy gpwNt" - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk; ngw;w E}y;

w

m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak; ,) njhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;

10. xU njhlupy; vOtha; -------- nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fz;
w

m) tpid M) cup ,) ,il <) ngaH

FWtpdh - VNjDk; Ie;jDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 5 x 2 = 10

w

11. gRikf;Fby; thAf;fisf; $Wf.

12. efuk; gl;il jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ' - tpsf;fk; jUf.
13. ntapy; fz;l gwitapd; nray; ahJ ?
14. ,depiu - gpupj;Jg; GzHr;rp tpjp vOJf.
15. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd vit?
16. kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf
fiy> fis> fio (my;yJ) jiy> jis> jio

neLtpdh / kdg;ghlg;gFjp - VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 1 x 5 = 5

17. nghWg;Gzh;;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;Gzh;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;Geyj;ij tptupf;f.
(my;yJ)
itafk; gdpg;g...." vdj; njhlq;Fk; neLey;thil ghliy mbgpwohky; vOjp gh tifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
105 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 3 kjpg;ngz; : 25

gyTs; njupf 10 x 1 = 10
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;f fhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd. mit.....
m) mwNthH> JwNthH M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk; ,) kd;wq;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; Rq;fKk;
2. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil myF
m) fztd; M) kidtp ,) FLk;gk; <) jpUkzk;
3. vq;fs; je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy - xU

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy" - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ

m) jdpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw ,) jha;topr; r%f Kiw <) je;ij topr; r%f Kiw
4. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W [yhYj;jPd; &kp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk; ,) tQ;rid <) ,it midj;Jk;

n
5. cth cw te;J $Lk; cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhh;" - ahH? ahH?

l.i
m) rlhA> ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;> Ffd; ,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd; <) ,uhkd;> rtup
6. ,uhkidr; Rf;uPtDld; el;G nfhs;sr; nra;jte;

da
m) Ffd; M) rlhA ,) thyp <) rtup
7. jho;fly; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
m) gz;Gj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif ka ,) tpidj;njhif <) md;nkhopj;njhif
8. flypd; ngupaJ
m) cw;w fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp M) gad; Muhahky; xUth; nra;j cjtp ,) jpiz msT nra;j cjtp
vi
9. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Njh;f.
m) Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsptplhky; vOJjy; M) Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsptpl;L vOJjy;
al

,) epWj;jf; Fwpfis cupa,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy; <) ty;ypdqÊisj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,lhknyOJjy;
10. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfh njhlh;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
.k

m) ghiy ghbdhd; - 1) Njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghh;j;jhd;

w

M) ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2) Njupidg; ghe;j;jhd;

,) Njiu ghh;j;jhd; - 3) ghypidg; ghbdhd;
w

<) Njiug; ghh;j;jhd; - 4) ghiyj;jpiz ghbdhd;

m) 4 1 3 2 M) 2 3 1 4 ,) 4 3 1 2 <) 2 4 1 3
w

FWtpdh - VNjDk; Ie;jDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 5 x 2 = 10

11. epiyahik Fwpj;J rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
12. kwf;ff;$lhjJ> kwf;ff;$baJ vtw;iw?
13. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
14. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
15. nry;yplj;J - GzHr;rp tpjp $Wf.
16. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nrh;j;Jk; ,UNtW njhlh;fis mikf;f.
m) Kd; M) jhNd
neLtpdh (VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp) 1x5=5
17. gz;gpd; gbkkhf gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw caph;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwTepiyiag; top epWTf.
(my;yJ)

cupikj; jhfk; fijapy; rNfhjuh;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;...........- fijiaj; njhlHe;J

vOjp Kbf;f
106 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpog; gapw;rpj;jhs;;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 4 kjpg;ngz; : 25

I. gyTs; njupf 8 x 1 = 8
1. fhtpndk; fyNd RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig" - ,j;njhlupy; fyk; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;

m) NghHf;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp ,) ,irf;fUtp <) Ntshz; fUtp

2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) CHtyk; <) tpz;kPd;
3. tpz; NtW tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;Ffpd;w

ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW"- ,j;njhlh; jUk; KOikahd nghUs;

m) tpz;Zk; ntz;kjpAk; NtW NtW

M) tpz;ntspAk; nrq;fjpUk; NtW NtW
,) ntz;kjpAk; KfpYk; NtW NtW

n
<) tpz;tpz;ntspapYs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjph;> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtWNtW
4. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Njh;T nra;f.

l.i
m) trk;G M) kzj;jf;fhsp> ,iyr;rhW ,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fup

da
5. Fopkhw;W ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlh;Gila nrhy;

m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) Gtpapay; <) Ntshz;ik

6. fzf;fhah; vd;gth; m) E}yhrpupaH M) ciuahrpupaH ,) nkhopngaHg;ghsH
ka <) cghj;jpahaH
7. nghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPH - 1) fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
vi
M) fha;r;rPh; - 2) ehs;> kye;
,) tpsr;rPH - 3) Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
al

<) Xuirr;rPH - 4) Njkh> Gspkh

m) 1 2 4 3 M) 4 3 1 2 ,) 2 3 1 4 <) 3 4 2 1
.k

8. Departure vd;gjd; fiyr;nrhy;

m) tUif M) Gwg;ghL ,) CHjpg; gl;il <) thD}h;jp fpsk;Gjy;
w

II. FWtpdh - VNjDk; MwDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 6 x 2 = 12

w

9. vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;" - ahHf;F?

10. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg;gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
w

11. ikahly; tpoh vd;why; vd;d?

12. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?
13. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
14. njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
m) ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. M) uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf; fil itj;jpU-
f;fpwhh;.
15. nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nrh;j;Jk; njhlh; mikf;f. m) gyif M) jiyik

III. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp nkhopg;gapw;rp / kdg;ghlg;gFjp 1x5=5

16. gpd;tUk; gonkhopfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw tho;f;if epfo;NthL nghWj;jp vOJf.

m) Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy M) vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;.
(my;yJ)
‘tpz;NtW’ vdj; njhlq;Fz; Rujhtpd; ghliy mbgpwohky; vOJf.
107 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpog; gapw;rpj;jhs;;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 5 kjpg;ngz; : 25

I. gyTs; njupf 8 x 1 = 8
1. nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y; mJ ek;gpf;if ikak;. - fhuzk;
m) Neub> kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; fsk; M) nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs;> thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
,) nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy <) m> M> , - midj;Jk;
2. nghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;Nfzp MW - 1) khtypGur; nryT M) gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2) fy; Nfhlup
,) gy;yhtuk; - 3) mUq;fhl;rpafk; <) vOk;g+H - 4) $tk;
m) 1 2 4 3 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 4 1 2 3 <) 2 4 3 1
3. cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwnkhd;W NgRthh; - ,j;njhlH czHj;Jk; gz;G

m) NeHkiwg; gz;G M) vjpHkiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz; gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;

n
4. tpspawp Qkyp - ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ? m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahop
5. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs; m) nrhy; M) nray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp

l.i
6. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;F cupa ghliyj; Njh;T nra;f.

da
m) neUQ;rpf; fl;fpd; GJkye; Kl;gae;jhq;F..... M) fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ.....
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk;...... <) nte;jhW nghd;dpd; me;jpg; g+g;g......
7. g+z;ghtha;| vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G ka
m) cupr;nrhy; njhlh; M) gz;Gj;njhif ,) mz;ik tpsp <) Nra;ik tpsp
8. jiyf;Fsk;| rpWfijapd; Mrpupah;
vi
m) gpugQ;rd; M) Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; ,) mk;%tdhH <) g+kzp

II. FWtpdh - VNjDk; MwDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 6 x 2 = 12

al

9. fyptpoh> xyptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
.k

10. nrd;idapy; fpilj;j goikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; gw;wpf; $Wf.

11. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfz; Fwpj;J vOJf.
w

12. ,uhkypq;fh; vj;jifNahh; cwT Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?

13. khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
w

14. Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf.

m) ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;Rf;Nfh. M) epyj;jf; nfswZz;lh mg;gjhd; tFW neiwAk;.
w

15. <w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.

m) g+l;ba tPl;bYk; g+j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ…… M) thdk; mOfpwJ; g+kp rpupf;fpwJ………
III. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp (,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; / kdg;ghlg;gFjp) 1x5=5
16. gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; cyfpy;
ngUik thuhjg;gh !
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh !
ed;ik nra;gtNu cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhh; !
jpd;ik nra;gtNu mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhH ! -ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;
(my;yJ)

xUikAld; epdJ| vdj; njhlq;Fk; ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; nja;tkzpkhiy ghliy mbgpwohky; vOJf.
108 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 6 kjpg;ngz; : 25
I. gyTs; njupf 8x1=8
1. Vohz;L ,aw;wpXe; <uhW Mz;by; #o;fly; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly;. - njhlh;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;.
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
m) 1 rup> 2 jtW M) 1 jtW> 2 rup ,) 1 jtW> 2 jtW <) 1 rup> 2 rup
2. nghUj;Jf.
m) Mke;jpupif -1) gl;lj;J ahid M) muR cth - 2) %q;fpy;
,) foQ;R - 3) ,lf;if thj;jpak; <) fio - 4) vil msT
m) 3 1 4 2 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 4 3 2 1
3. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rp Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G ,) eLf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G <) fhl;rp kiwT

n
4. 1940 - y; rhh;yp rhg;spd; vLj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;

l.i
m) jp fpNul; gpf;Nll;lh; M) khlh;d; ilk;]; ,) rpl;b iyg;]; <) ypl;by; buhk;g;
5. jpz;zpah; vd;gjd; nghUs;

da
m) mwpTilatH M) kd cWjp cilatH ,) jPf;fha;thh; <) mwptpdhH
6. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;lth;
m) rptQhd KdptH
7.
M) kapiyehjH
nrhy;Yjy; - ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf
ka
,) MWKf ehtyH <) ,sk;g+uzH

m) gz;Gj;njhif M) gz;Gg;ngaH ,) njhopw;ngah; <) cUtfk;

vi
8. Artist vd;gjd; jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhy;
al

m) ftpd;fiyQh; M) ,af;FeH ,) xspg;gjpthsH <) ghlfH

II. FWtpdh - VNjDk; MwDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 6 x 2 = 12

.k

9. eif cUthFk; #o;epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

w

10. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rp mikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.
11. jiyf;Nfhy; - GzHr;rp tpjp $Wf.
w

12. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw ngah;fs; ahit?

13. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff.
w

14. nghUs; NtWghL mwpe;J xNu njhlupy; mikf;f.

m) fsk;> fyk; M) Cz;> Cd;

15. fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L njhlh; vOJf.

Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT

III. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 1x5=5

16. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf. (my;yJ)

fijiaj; njhlh;e;J epiwT nra;f.

Ntg;g kuj;jhy; Md kug;ghr;rp nghz;ik xd;W vd; tPl;by; neLq;fhykhf ,Ue;jJ. kpFe;j md;NghL mjw;F
vd; ngaiu itj;jpUe;Njd;. vj;jidNah thridfis mjd;kPJ g+rpNdd;. MdhYk; me;jf; frg;gpd; thrk; Ngh-
ftpy;iy. ,utpy; mjd; nky;ypa tpk;ky; Xir Nfl;Fk;......
109 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 7 kjpg;ngz; : 25
I. gyTs; njupf 8 x 1 = 8
1. gyh; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd; - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk;

m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;sp> ghzh; M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;sp> Nfht+h; fpohh;

,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw> fgpyh; <) fupfhyd;> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
2. mjpra kyupd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ
m) fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M) Ml;fsw;w nghOij ,) gr;irak; ,oe;j epyj;ij <) midj;ijAk;
3. cz;L gpwe;J tsh;e;j ,le;jdpy; - ,j;njhlupy; nganur;rk;
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J ,) tsHe;j <) ,le;jdpy;
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; Nje;f.

n
m) fh;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh. M) tajpy; rpwpats;; MdhYk; jiytp! ,) ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U.
<) ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;.

l.i
5. rhg tpNkhrdk;> mfypif fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpath;

da
m) F. mofpuprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd; ,) n[aNkhfd; <) vk;. uhkfpU~;zd;
6. gz;Gf; FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;jHfNshL nghUj;Jf.
m) mwk; - 1) fh;zd;
M) typik - 2) kDePjpr; Nrhod;
ka
,) ePjp - 3) gPkd;
vi
<) ts;sy; - 4) jUkd;
al

m) 3 2 1 4 M) 4 3 2 1 ,) 2 4 3 1 <) 4 3 1 2
7. fha;ney;- ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf
.k

m) gz;Gj;njhif M) tpidj;njhif ,) ck;ikj;njhif <) cUtfk;

w

8. Debit Card vd;gjd; jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhy;

m) gw;Wml;il M) gw;Wr;rPl;L ,) flTr;rPl;L <) fld; ml;il
w

II. FWtpdh - VNjDk; MwDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 6 x 2 = 12

w

9. mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahh; $Wtd ahit?

10. nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
11. gUtj;Nj gaph; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
12. njhd;kk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
13. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlh;fis vOJf.
14. kuGr; nrhw;fisj; njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. m) toptopahf M) mfyf;fhy;
15. njhlupy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
m) Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rth; fl;bf; $iu mikj;jhh;.
M) Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfspd; nghe;Jfs; mike;jpUe;jd.

III. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 1 x 5 = 5

16. rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s> Gf@h; fy;ntl;L vq;qdk; JizGupfpwJ - tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)
epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt.,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
110 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;jkpo;g; gapw;rpj;jhs;;
Neuk; : 40 epkplq;fs; ,ay; - 8 kjpg;ngz; : 25
I. gyTs; njupf 9x1=9
1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk; ,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGup
2. rq;ffhyg; gRk;g+z; ghz;bad; jd; nfhbapy; nfhz;bUe;j rpd;dk;
m) Gyp M) tpy; ,) kPd; <)ahid
3. r.j. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;
m) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpOk; ,) rkzKk; jkpOk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;
4. filnaO ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;de;fs;
m) Ma; Mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;

n
,) es;spAk; XupAk; <) ghupAk; fhupAk;
5. ,ul;rzpa ahj;upfk; vj;jidg; gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ m) 4 M) 6 ,) 5 <) 2

l.i
6. $w;W : 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xh; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ.

da
fhuzk; : nghjNyh;> iuk;Ngh> nth;Nyd;> ky;yhh;Nk Kjyhdth;fs; FwpaPl;baj;ij tsh;j;jhh;fs;.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;Wk; rup> fhuzKk; rup
,) $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW
7.
ka
<) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;jh;fspy; cs;sj;J czh;Tfisf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;
vi
m) ctik M) ctNkak; ,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctkk;
8. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jj; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp vJ?
al

m) FwpaPL M) gbkk; ,) mq;fjk; <) njhd;kk;

9. GijAz;l tho;f;if> kPz;nlOjypd; ufrpak; Mfpa ,U ftpijj; njhFg;Gfisg; gilj;jtH
.k

m) g+kzp M) Nfhijehafp ,) Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; <) jkpo; ejp

w

II. FWtpdh - VNjDk; Ie;jDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 5 x 2 = 10

10. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F> Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.

w

11. ,iw kfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdh;?

w

12. jkpoh; tsh;j;j moFf; fiyfs; E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

13. tpupngU jkpoe; Nkd;ik Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw caph;g;gzpahff; nfhq;Nlhd;

- ahH>ahiug; gw;wp> vjw;fhff; $Wfpwhh;?

14. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.
15. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f.
m) 1856-,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh; tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
M) vjhh;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhh; fpupNahh;rd;.

III. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp 1x6=6

16. Nfhilkio' vd;Dk; fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj Neag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

17. vr;. V. fpUl;bzdhh; 'fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu' vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
18. kapiyahh; Xh; Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQh; vd;Dk; $w;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuf;f.
111 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 1
gFjp - 1
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14
1. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w E}y;
m) xspg;gwit M) ru;g;gahfk; ,) R+upa epoy; <) xU fpuhkj;J ejp
2. ’fhtpndk; fyNd; RUf;fpNdk; fyg;ig” - ,j;njhlupy; „fyd;… czu;j;Jk; nghUs;
m) Nghu;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp ,) ,irf;fUtp <) Ntshz; fUtp
3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
$w;W 1: fij tbtpyhd tbtk; cilaJ
$w;W 2: ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ
m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW M) $w;W 1> 2 rup
,) $w;W 1> 2 jtW <) $w;W 1 jtW> $w;W 2 rup

n
4. Nruehl;L kUkf;fs; jha Kiwiag; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;

l.i
m) GwehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) mfehD}W <) FWe;njhif
5. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L

da
m) 1858 M) 1859 ,) 1860 <) 1960
6. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhliuj; Nju;f. ka
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;. M) Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.
,) twl;rp vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ. <) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
vi
7. rupahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; Nju;f.
m) fhij - 1) fe;jGuhzk; M) rUf;fk; - 2) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
al

,) ,yk;gfk; - 3) R+shkzp <) glyk; - 4) rpyg;gjpfhuk;

.k

m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 3>4>2>1 <) 4>3>1>2

8. Kjy;fy; fijapd; Mrpupau;
w

m) G+kzp M) cj;jkNrhod; ,) jp.R. eluhrd; <) Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;

9. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rj;ijj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
w

m) rpwhmu; M) taq;Fnkhop ,) milah <) Ee;ij

w

10. „je;jdd;… - ,r;nrhy;ypy; „md;… vd;gJ

m) re;jp M) ,ilepiy ,) tpfhuk; <) rhupia
11. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jkpo;r; nrhy;iyj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
m) ru;f;fhu; M) Mj;kh ,) gpugQ;rk; <) jtW
12. Bibliography - vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r;nrhy;
m) E}y; epuy; M) jd;tptuf; Fwpg;G ,) E}y; ml;ltiz <) E}y; Kfg;G
13. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gpioapy;yhj njhliuj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
m) ek; khdpyk; jkpo;ehL M) Ig;grp milkioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ
,) khdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gaW tpisAk; <) vq;fs; Cupy; E}yfk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
14. kh> gyh> njd;id Mfpait tpisAk; ,lk;
m) nfhy;iy M) Njhl;lk; ,) Njhg;G <) nfhy;iy
112 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gFjp – II
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tupfspy; tpilaspf;fTk;. 12 x 2 = 24
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. ftpQu; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?
16. xt;nthUtiuAk; tuNtw;f Ntz;bajw;fhd fhuzkhf [yhYj;jPd; &kp $WtJ ahJ?
17. Njthug; ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kapyhg;G+upd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
18. xU NjePiug; gUFk;NghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
vOJf.
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
19. ek;ehl;by; fle;j gjpide;J Mz;Lfspy; gUtepiy khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gl;l ,aw;if epfo;Tfs;

n
Fwpj;njOJf.

l.i
20. Kiw itg;gJ vd;why; vd;d?
21. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.

da
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.

23. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; Gzu;r;rptpjp jUf.

ka
22. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. tpk;Kfpd;w tpae;J
thdnky;yhk; ntq;fjpu;
24. kaq;nfhyp nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. jiy> jis> jio
vi
25. tpdhf;Nfw;w tpil mikf;f.
al

eLtz;muR 2005Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 23 md;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; mikj;jJ.
26. kuGr; nrhw;fisj; njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. Mw mku
.k

27. Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.
28. milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp vOJf.
w

fgpyd; jpwikahsdtu; vd;W --------------------- (Fkud;) njupAk;.

w

29. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?

30. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.
w

gFjp III
MW tupfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f 7 x 4 = 28
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
31. thilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdu;?
32. ftpij vOJk;Kiw Fwpj;J Rujh $WtJ ahJ?
33. jiyf;Nfhy; Fwpj;J rpyg;gjpfhuk; $WtJ ahJ?
34. nfhil toq;Fjypy; ePq;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf.
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
35. eil mofpy; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 113 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
36. ’kidAiw kfspu;f;F Mltu; capNu” vd;Dk; mbfs; czu;j;Jk; nra;jpiaf; $Wf.
37. tz;zhug;Ngl;il> rpe;jhjpupg;Ngl;il Nghd;w gFjpfs; Njhd;wpajw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
38. NfhT+u;fpohu; tpag;gjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12

39. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUk; epiyazpia tpsf;fp vOJf. (my;yJ) nea;jy;jpizia tpsf;Ff.

40. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;

ngUik thuhjg;gh!

rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y

nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh

n
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;

ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhu;

l.i
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;

da
jPz;l xz;zhjhu; - ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;

41. gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL njhlu;GgLj;jp vOJf.

ahidf;F mbrWf;Fk;Æjpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;; tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
42. jkpohf;fk; jUf.
ka
I make sure I have the basic good habits which include respecting my elders, greeting people when I meet them, wishing
vi
them well when departing etc. Other than this, observing the law, serving the poor and downtrodden, helping the sick and needy,
al

giving shelter to the homeless, assisting someone with a physically challenged etc. are also other good habits of mine. To lead
on a peaceful life, I develop other good habits, writing, listening to music, dancing, singing etc. are other such habits which fulfil
.k

the needs of my soul.

gFjp - IV
w

,Ugf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f. 3 x 6 = 18

w

43. jkpopd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftpQu; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; $Wtdtw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf.
(my;yJ)
w

mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jizepw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.

44. Gay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr; rupnra;af;
Nfhup cq;fs; Cu; nghwpahsUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf. (my;yJ)
nrd;idapd; njhd;ik Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
45. „cupikj;jhfk;… fijiar; RUf;fp vOJf. ( m y ; y J )
rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> GfShu;f; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ - tpsf;Ff.
gFjp - V
mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf. 4+2=6
46. ’fha;ney; mWj;J” - vdj; njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghliy vOJf.
47. ‘kpFk;” vd KbAk; Fwl;ghit vOJf.
114 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 2
gFjp - 1
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14
1. Nghu;Nkw; nrd;w murd; Fspu; fhyj;jpy; jq;Fk; giltPL
m) Fspu; ghriw M) $jpu;g;ghriw ,) thilg;ghriw <) neLk;ghriw
2. ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; Nga; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) rhjp M) kjk; ,) el;G <) md;G
3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk; ,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGup
4. mofpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUfpd;w E}y;
m) njhy;fhg;gpak; M) mfj;jpak; ,) ed;D}y; <) jz;bayq;fhuk;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nt. ,iwad;G vOjpa E}y;fSs; my;yhjijj; Nju;f.

n
m) tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs; M) ntw;wpg; gbf;fl;Lfs; ,) %isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh <) jkpo;ejp

l.i
6. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlu;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
m) ghiy ghbdhd; - 1) Njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;.

da
M) ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2) Njupidg; ghu;j;jhd;
,) Njiu ghu;j;jhd; - 3) ghypidg; ghbdhd;
<) Njiug; ghu;j;jhd;
m) 4>1>3>2 M) 2>3>1>4
ka
- 4) ghiyj; jpiz ghbdhd;
,) 4>3>1>2 <) 2>4>1>3
7. gjpd;%d;wb Kjy; mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mbfs;tiu tUk; ntz;gh
vi
m) Fws;ntz;gh M) Neupir ntz;gh ,) ,d;dpir ntz;gh <) fypntz;gh
al

8. t.c. rpjk;gudhupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOjpatu;

m) R. ney;iyag;gu; M) nt. ,iwad;G ,) jp.R. eluhrd; <) cj;jkNrhod;
.k

9. rpth[pfNzrdpd; ebg;gpw;Fr; nrthypau; tpUJ toq;fpa muR

m) ,e;jpa muR M) jkpo;ehL muR ,) gpnuQ;R muR <) gpupl;b~; muR
w

10. „cs;nshd;W… vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; Gzu;r;rptpjp

w

m) ,<Itop at;Tk; M) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;

,) <WNghjy; <) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
w

11. „cohmJ… vd;Dk; nrhy;

m) nrhy;ypir msngil M) nra;Aspir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil <) ,irepiwasngil
12. kuGg;gpioaw;wj; njhliuj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
m) Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.
M) tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
,) Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
<) KUfd; NrhW cz;L> ghy; Fbj;jhd;.
13. Subscription vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r;nrhy;
m) cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk; M) GidT ,) tho;f;if tuyhW <) Mtzk;
14. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhy;iyj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
m) fl;lzk; M) tpz;zg;gk; ,) gakpy;iy <) ePNuhil
115 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gFjp – II
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tupfspy; tpilaspf;fTk;. 12 x 2 = 24
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.

15. thifj;jpiz vd;why; vd;d?

16. xsitahu; ghba rq;fg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $Wf.
17. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
18. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.

19. eilapay; - tpsf;Ff.

n
20. ,y;tho;tpd; gad; ahJ?
21. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; ntspahd ,jo;fs; ahit?

l.i
gpupT - 3

da
vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.

22. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. NgRthu; ntFsp

23. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; Gzu;r;rptpjp jUf.
ka
24. njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpioia ePf;fp vOJf.
G+k;ghtha; cs;nshd;W

thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.

vi
25. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,l;L vOJf.
al

,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhuplk; Kd;nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fNs mtu;fSila

Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpisT vd;d epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf
.k

vdf; Nfl;lhu;.
w

26. nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; njhluikf;f. Nfhtpy;

27. kuGr; nrhw;fisj; njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. fz;Jilg;G
w

28. kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. tpiy> tpis> tpio
w

29. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis vOJf.
30. njhd;kk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
gFjp III
MW tupfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f 7 x 4 = 28

gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.

31. ‘Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;’ - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

32. ,uhkDk; Rf;uPtDk; re;jpj;j epfo;itf; $Wf.
33. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
34. ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk - ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;
nghUj;jp vOJf.
116 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
35. kiof;fhyq;fspy; ,ay;ghd tho;f;if tho Kbfpwjh? ,y;iynadpy;> mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
36. Rtbfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
37. nrd;idapd; njhd;ik Fwpj;J tptupf;f.
38. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; fiyapay; Ma;Tfs; Fwpj;njOJf.
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12
39. epuy;epiw mzpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ld; tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ) guprpy;Jiwia tpsf;fp vOJf.
40. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJGytu; jikf; $l;b

n
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns

l.i
msg;gupa nghUs;$l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;

da
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;
ka
41. gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL njhlu;GgLj;jp vOJf.
vi
Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy (my;yJ) tha;ikNa nty;Yk;
al

42. jkpohf;fk; jUf.

1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. 2. A new language is a new life.
.k

3. If you want people to understand you. Speak their language. 4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
w

gFjp - IV
w

,Ugf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f. 3 x 6 = 18

43. neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzidiar; nrhy;ypy; tbf;f. (my;yJ)
w

vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; ‘fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjptop epWTf.

44. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tpKiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf. (my;yJ)
epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt. ,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;njOJf.
45. „Kjy;fy;… fijia ehlftbtpy; vOJf. (my;yJ)
cq;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQu; xUtiu Neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
gFjp - V
mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf. 4 + 2 = 6
46. ‘Xq;fypil te;J” vdj; njhlq;Fk; jz;bayq;fhug; ghliy vOJf.
47. ‘nray;” vd KbAk; Fwl;ghit vOJf.
117 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 3
gFjp - 1
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14
1. ’Jd;G csJvdpd; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ?” vd;wtd;
m) Ffd; M) ,uhkd; ,) rlhA <) Rf;uPtd;
2. khjtp jd; ehl;baj;ij muq;Nfw;wk; nra;j taJ
m) gjpndhd;W M) gd;dpuz;L ,) gjpd;%d;W <) gjpdhd;F
3. ‘vdJ Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; NghdJ’ vd;wtu;
m) Rfe;jp M) ej;jj;jdhu; ,) jkpo;ejp <) ,uhTj;ju;
4. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jbePu; cwpQ;rg;gLjy;

n
5. nghUj;Jf

l.i
m) tpj;jpahuk;gk; - 1) fy;tpg; gapw;rp M) tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; - 2) Mrpupau;
,) cghj;jpahau; - 3) vOj;Jg; gapw;rp <) mf;~uhg;gpahk; - 4) fy;tpj;njhlf;fk;

da
m) 4>1>2>3 M) 4>3>2>1 ,) 4>1>3>2 <) 4>2>1>3
6. $w;W: ctikNghyg; gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.

m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW

ka
fhuzk;: vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topNa fUj;jid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
,) $w;Wk; rup> fhuzKk; rup <) $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW
vi
7. nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tuhj nky;ypd vOj;Jfs;
al

m) Q> q M) z> e ,) z> d <) d> k

8. G+kzpapd; „mQ;Qhb… E}y; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L
.k

m) 2010 M) 2012 ,) 2014 <) 2018

9. GfShu;f; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;
w

m) Nrud; M) Nrhod; ,) ghz;bad; <) gy;ytd;

w

10. „gopj;jdu;… vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; cs;s tpFjp

m) xd;wd;ghy; tpFjp M) gyu;ghy; tpFjp ,) gytpd;ghy; tpFjp <) Mz;ghy; tpFjp
w

11. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; „<WNghjy;… tpjp nghUe;Jk; nrhy;

m) cuDil M) Vionad ,) G+k;ghtha; <) ngUq;fly;
12. xyp kuigg; gwitfspd; ngau;fNshL nghUj;Jf.
1. FUtp - i) fPr;rpLk; 2. $if - ii) FoWk;
3. Nfhop - iii) nfhf;fupf;Fk; 4. kapy; - iv) mfTk;
m) i, ii, iii, iv M) i> iii> ii> iv ,) i> iii> iv> ii <) i> ii> iv> iii
13. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gpioaw;w njhliuj; Nju;e;njLf;f.
m) Mu;upd; tyg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePu;tsj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
M) Mw;wpd; tsg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePu;tyj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
,) Mw;wpd; tyg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePu;tsj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
<) Mw;wpd; tsg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePu;tyj;jhy; nrspj;jpUe;jd.
118 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
14. Metro Train vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r;nrhy;
m) eilNkil M) ,Ug;Gg;ghij ,) gazr;rPl;L Ma;tu; <) khefuj; njhlu;tz;b
gFjp – II
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tupfspy; tpilaspf;fTk;. 12 x 2 = 24
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.

15. nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzp vd;why; vd;d?

16. vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?
17. ftpQu; eFydpd; gilg;Gfs; ahit?
18. mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rp Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwpe;jdtw;iwf; $Wf.
gpupT - 2

n
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.

19. gUtepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.

l.i
20. khztu;fspd; fy;tp ve;j epiyapYk; jilglhky; ,Ue;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf ePtpu;

da
fUJtdtw;iw vOJf.
21. NfhT+u;fpohu; ahiu vjw;fhf tpae;Jg; ghLfpwhu;?
gpupT - 3
ka
vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.
22. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. mwpe;J gifj;j
vi
23. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; Gzu;r;rptpjp jUf. Vionad nre;jkpNo
al

24. ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy

25. ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.
.k

vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;; mtu;fs; vy;yh gpur;rpidfisAk;

xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpu;nfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
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26. Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf. Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
27. nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nru;j;J Kiwahd njhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.
w

rhd;Nwhu; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.

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28. %d;wbapy; xU Jspg;gh vOJf.

29. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
30. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff.
gFjp III
MW tupfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f 7 x 4 = 28
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
31. ‘itafk; gdpg;g tyNdu;G tis,g;” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
32. „thapNyhNa… vdj; njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij epWTf.
33. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?
34. mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf> jkpo;ejp $Wfpwhu;?
119 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
35. fiy KOik Fwpj;njOJf.
36. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; - tpsf;fk; vOJf.
37. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
38. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; fiyapay; Ma;Tfs; Fwpj;njOJf.
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 X 4 = 12
39. thifj;jpizia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ) nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
40. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
ntl;babf;FJ kpd;dy; - fly;
tPuj; jpiunfhz;L tpz;iz apbf;FJ;

n
nfhl;b apbf;FJ Nkfk; - $

l.i
$ntd;W tpz;izf; FilAJ fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh - vd;W

da
jhsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpirAk; ,ba - kio
vq;qdk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh!
- ghujpahu;
ka
41. gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL njhlu;GgLj;jp vOJf.
vi
vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk; (my;yJ) xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T
42. jkpohf;fk; jUf.
al

1. “If there is no struggle, there is no progress.” - Frederick Douglass

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2. “Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work.” - Aristotle

3. “Honesty is the best policy.” - Benjamin Franklin
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4. “If you can dream it> you can do it.” - Walt Disney
5. “Change your thoughts and you change your world.” - Norman Vincent
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gFjp - IV
,Ugf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f. 3 x 6 = 18
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43. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag;
ghlg;gFjp top epWTf. ( m y ; y J )
vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd - epWTf.
44. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff. (my; y J)
rhu;yp rhg;spdpd; tho;f;iff; Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwpe;jdtw;iw tptupf;f.
45. “fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd” - ,J Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij tptupf;f.
(my;yJ) Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpjNeag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
gFjp - V
mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf. 4 + 2 = 6
46. ‘itafk; gdpg;g” - vdj; njhlq;Fk; neLey;thil ghliy vOJf.
47. ‘tUk;” vd KbAk; Fwl;ghit vOJf.
120 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 4
gFjp - 1
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14
1. “kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;!” - ,t;tbfspy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
m) mbNkhid> mb vJif M) rPu;Nkhid> rPu; vJif
,) mb vJif> rPu; Nkhid <) rPu; vJif> mb Nkhid
2. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f
m) md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ.
M) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk;
nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;.

n
l.i
,) rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk; <) jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f; fhthf;fhy;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;. jd;idNa nfhy;Yk; rpdk;.

da
3. ‘gyu; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd;” - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzu; M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia> NfhT+u;fpohu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyu;
4. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
ka
<) fupfhyiz> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;

m) jdpj;jkpo;j; je;ij - 1) K. tujuhrdhu; M) Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; - 2) kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

vi
,) jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3) jpU.tp.f. <) nkhop QhapW - 4) NjtNeag; ghthzu;
al

5. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G
.k

,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G <) fhl;rp kiwT

6. rhgtpNkhrdk;> mfypif fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
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m) F. mofpuprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd; ,) n[aNkhfd; <) v];. ,uhkfpU~;zd;

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7. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL --------------- mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) nghUl;Fwpg;G M) nrhw;Fwpg;G ,) njhlu;f;Fwpg;G <) vOj;Jf;Fwpg;G
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8. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;

m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) Cu;tyk; <) tpz;kPd;
9. Nfhilkio rpWfijapd; Mrpupau;
m) fhypd; nkf;fd;rp M) rhe;jh jj; ,) rw;Fzu; <) jpU.tp.f
10. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mLf;Fj;njhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m) nrk;gupjp M) fyfy ,) Kj;JKj;jha; <) ryry
11. ,depiu = ,dk; + epiu vd;Dk; Gzu;r;rpf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjp
m) <WNghjy; M) kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk;
,) MjpePly; <) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
12. ney;ypd; gpQ;R epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;
m) fr;ry; M) fUf;fy; ,) Eoha; <) %R
121 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
13. „Xa;tiw… vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd Mq;fpyr;nrhy;
m) Lobby M) Checkout ,) Tips <) Mini meals
14. gpd;tUk; kyupd; epiyfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
m) myu; - tP - nrk;ky; - mUk;G - NghJ M) tP - nrk;ky; - mUk;G - NghJ - myu;
,) nrk;ky; - mUk;G - NghJ - myu; - tP <) mUk;G - NghJ - myu; - tP nrk;ky;
gFjp - II
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tupfspy; tpilaspf;fTk;. 12 x 2 = 24
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. Fspu;fhyj;jpy; fhl;by; epfo;e;jdthf neLey;thil $WtJ ahJ?
16. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
17. fyptpoh> xsptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.

n
18. nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.

l.i
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.

da
19. ,ay;G tof;Ffisf; fiyapay; tof;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit?
20. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; thoplj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
ka
21. „jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs;… E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.
vi
22. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. <e;j fyq;fp
al

23. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; Gzu;r;rptpjp jUf. ed;nkhop vj;jpir

24. kaq;nfhyp nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. miy> mis> mio
.k

25. njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf. vq;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;blk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
26. milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp vOJf.
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New;W Kjy; ------------------------ (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.

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27. ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy

28. ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.
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khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
29. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
30. ’khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ” - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
gFjp III
MW tupfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f 7 x 4 = 28
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
31. jkpioAk; fjputidAk; xg;gpl;Lj; jz;bayq;fhug; ghly; $Wk; fUj;Jfis vOJf.
32. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.
33. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
34. ‘<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; Vionad Xu;kpd;” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 122 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
35. ,aw;ifr; rkepiyf;F kio ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gij czu;j;Jf.
36. rq;f fhyj;jpy; jha;topr; r%f KiwNa epytpaJ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp nfhz;L epWTf.
37. nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
38. Neu Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ,iwad;G $WtJ ahJ?
gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12
39. VfNjr cUtf mzpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)
ghlhz;jpizia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
40. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

n
mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;

l.i
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;

da
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfupj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
ka
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz;ze; jhNdh? - ghujpjhrd;
41. gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL njhlu;GgLj;jp vOJf.
vi
Cop ngaupDk; jhk; ngauhu; (my;yJ) epiwFlk; jOk;ghJ
al

42. jkpohf;fk; jUf.

Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known as a great champion of
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the underprivileged; even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere of activity was very wide and when he took up any
issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects of it and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it. Communal
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differences in our society were deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.
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gFjp - IV
,Ugf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f. 3 x 6 = 18
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43. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f. (my;yJ)

ePq;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ tho;e;j xU efuk; Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
44. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ
- vt;thW? tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)
kapiyahu; Xu; Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; vd;Dk; $w;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuf;f.
45. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f.
(my;yJ) „rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL… - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;aNtz;bad ahit?
gFjp - V
mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf. 4 + 2 = 6
46. ‘Jd;G csJvdpd; md;Nwh” vdj; njhlq;Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy vOJf.
47. ‘tpidj;jpl;gk;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; Fwl;ghit vOJf.
123 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 5
gFjp - 1
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14

1. gpd;tUk; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

rPupahu; Nfz;ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha;
khupNghy; khz;l gaj;jjhk; - khup
twe;jf;fhy; NghYNk thyUtp ehl!
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPupahu; el;G.
m) gioak; vdf;fUjpg; gz;G my;y nra;Ak;
nfOjifik NfL jUk;
M) vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy

n
mjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;.

l.i
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy; jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.

da
<) tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
ka
2. ‘cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nkhd;W NgRNthu;“ - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;G
m) Neu;kiwg; gz;G M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz;gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;
vi
3. nghUj;Jf
m) Ngfd; - 1) gwk;Gkiy
al

M) ghup - 2) kiyakhd; ehL

.k

,) fhup - 3) jf^u;
<) mjpakhd; - 4) nghjpdp
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m) 2>3>1>4 M) 4>1>2>3 ,) 4>2>1>3 <) 4>1>3>2

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4. ’vq;fs; je;ijau; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy - xU

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy” - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;jtJ

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m) jdpf;FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw

,) jha;topr; r%fKiw <) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw
5. ‘Fopkhw;W’ ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlu;Gila nrhy;?
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) Gtpapay; <) Ntshz;ik
6. ‘fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka> Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; GJntapy;“ ,f;ftpijapy; ------------

-- gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gbkk; M) tpidg;gbkk; ,) nka;g;gbkk; <) cUg;gbkk;
7. jtwhd ,iziaj; Nju;f.
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahu;
124 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
M) Mrpupag;gh - mfehD}W
,) fypntz;gh - J}J
<) Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;
8. ghy;tPjp vd;Dk; ftpij E}iy vOjpatu;
m) <NuhL jkpod;gd; M) ftpQu; kPuh ,) GJikg;gpj;jd; <) ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy;uFkhd;
9. GfShu; mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
m) kJiu M) Njdp ,) f&u; <) <NuhL
10. „njhOjdu;… vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; Kiw
m) njhO + j; + md; + mu; M) njhO + j; + mdu;
,) njhO + jd; + mu; <) njhO + jd + u;
11. ‘rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

n
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;“ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;Wte;Js;s mzp

l.i
m) epuy;epiw mzp M) cUtf mzp ,) VfNjr cUtf mzp <) ctik mzp
12. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jkpo;r;nrhy;iyj; Nju;e;njLf;f.

da
m) jghy; M) jahu; ,) gupe;Jiu <) gz;bif
13. „tUif… vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd Mq;fpyr;nrhy; ka
m) Arrival M) Departure ,) Conveyor Belt <) Take Off
14. „ciy itj;jy;… vd;Dk; kuGj;njhlUf;fhd nghUs;
vi
m) NrhW itj;jy; M) ed;ik nra;jy; ,) NfL nra;jy; <) ePiuf; nfhjpf;f itj;jy;
al

gFjp - II
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tupfspy; tpilaspf;fTk;. 12 x 2 = 24
.k

gpupT - 1
w

m) vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf.

15. ‘vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;“ - ahu;f;F?

w

16. ‘ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;“ - njhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
w

17. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.

18. ghlhz; jpiz vd;why; vd;d?

gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.

19. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.

20. „,e;Njh - rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy… vd;why; vd;d?

21. epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ehybahu; ghly;top tpsf;Ff.

gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; VoDf;F tpil jUf.

22. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. rha;g;ghd; mWj;J

125 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
23. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; Gzu;r;rptpjp jUf. ,depiu cuDil
24. ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf. fpzw;Wj;jtisNghy
25. ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ
$u;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
26. njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf. ,d;dpf;F rhaq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
27. %d;wbapy; xU Jspg;gh vOJf.

28. nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nru;j;J Kiwahd njhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.

29. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; nty;y KbAk;?

30. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd vit?

31. ‘FwpaPL’ vd;why; vd;d?

n
gFjp III

l.i
MW tupfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f 7 x 4 = 28

da
gpupT - 1
m) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
ka
32. ‘nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk;“ - njhlu;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

vi
33. ‘%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W“ - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.

34. eif> ngUkpjk; Mfpa nka;g;ghLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

al

35. filnaO ts;sy;fisAk; mtu;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

.k

gpupT - 2
M) vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
w

36. kionts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

w

37. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa R+oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
w

FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?

38. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; ,sikf;fhy tho;f;iff; Fwpj;njOJf.

39. ,aw;if rkepiyNahL ,Uf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijf; $Wf.

gpupT - 3
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12

40. ctik mzpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. ( m y ; y J )

$jpu;g;ghriwia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

41. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.

thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghu;
126 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYe; Nju;f;fhYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa. - jpup$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
42. gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL njhlu;GgLj;jp vOJf.
njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk; (my;yJ) ahidf;F mbrWf;Fk;
43. jkpohf;fk; jUf.
A White woman about 50 years old was seated next to a black man. Obviously disturbed by this she called the airhostess.
“Madam what is the matter?” the hostess asked.
“you placed me next to a black man. Give me an alternative seat”
The hostess replied. “Almost all the places on this flight are taken. I will go to see if another place is available.” The

n
hostess went away and came back a few minutes later. “Madam just as I thought> there are no other available seats in the

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economy class. We still have one place in the first class.”
Before the woman could say anything the hostess continued. “It would be scandalous to make someone sit next to someone

da
so disgusting”
She turned to the black guy and said “Sir a seat awaits you in the first class.”
ka
At the moment the other passengers who were shocked by what they had just witnessed stood up and applauded.
Take a lesson from the sun who shines his light on everyone.
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Or the rain tha falls on every single shore.
al

No distinction of our race or the colour of our face.

Nautre’s gifts are there for all men rich or poor.
.k

(Courtesy: S.S.S. Bal Vikas)

gFjp - IV
w

,Ugf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f. 3 x 6 = 18

w

44. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy;top tpupj;Jiuf;f. (my;yJ)

w

nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+u;> fe;j Nfhl;lg; gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?

45. goe;jkpou; FLk;gKiw Fwpj;J tpupthf vOJf. (my;yJ)

tzpfNkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt. ,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;njOJf.

46. ‘cupikj;jhfk;’ fijia ehlftbtpy; vOJf. (my;yJ)

kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.

gFjp - V
mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; vOJf. 4 + 2 = 6

47. ‘ghjfu; FOkpr; nrhw;w“ vdj; njhlq;Fk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfg; ghliy vOJf.

48. „ed;W… vd KbAk; Fwl;ghit vOJf.

127 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
nghJj;NjHT tpdhj;jhs; - 2019 - 2020
fhyk; -15 + 3.00 nghJj;jkpo; kjpg;ngz; - 90
mwpTiufs;: (1) midj;J tpdhf;fSk; rupahfg; gjpthfp cs;sjh? vd;gjidr; rupghHj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;. mr;Rg;gjptpy; FiwapUg;gpd;> miwf;fz;fhzpg;ghsuplk; cldbahfj; njuptpf;fTk;.
(2) ePyk; my;yJ fUg;Gikapid kl;LNk vOJtjw;Fk; mbf;NfhbLtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;G: tpilfs; njspthfTk;> Fwpg;gpl;l mstpdjhfTk;> nrhe;j eilapYk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gFjp - I

midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf. 14 x 1 = 14

1. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; „,se;jkpNo… ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y;
m) k];dtp M) epyTg; g+ ,) fht;ajHrd; <) JiwKfk;
2. fhtpndk; fyNdƒ RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” - ,e;jj; njhlupy; „fyd;… vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
m) Ntshz; fUtp M) NghHf; fUtp ,) jr;Rf; fUtp <) ,irf; fUtp

n
3. khjtp ngw;w gl;lk;

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m) ehl;bag; Ngnuhsp M) eHj;jfp ,) jiyf;Nfhyp <) ehl;baka+up
4. GaYf;Fg; ngaH itf;Fk; $l;likg;G ehLfs;

da
m) gj;J ehLfs; M) vl;L ehLfs; ,) Ie;J ehLfs; <) gjpndl;L ehLfs;
5. j.e. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;
ka
m) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk; M) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; ,) ,RyhKk; jkpOk; <) rkzKk; jkpOk;
6. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,aw;wpa E}y;
vi
m) jpUtUl;gh M) jpUthrfk; ,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUke;jpuk;
7. „fha;ney;… - ,r;nrhy;Yf;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
al

m) ck;ikj;njhif M) gz;Gj;njhif ,) tpidj;njhif <) ctikj;njhif

8. Kjy; fy; - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; MrpupaH
.k

m) FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhod; M) cj;jk Nrhod; ,) ,uhruhr Nrhod; <) ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod;

9. gpioaw;w njhliuf; fz;lwpf.
w

m) nrd;idapypUe;J New;W te;jhd;. M) Nfhtyd; kJiuf;Fr; nrd;wJ

w

,) gwitfs; ney;kzpfis Ntfkhff; nfhj;jpj; jpd;wJ

<) FjpiuAk; ahidAk; Ntfkhf XbaJ
w

10. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;

m) tpz;kPd; M) ,yf;fpak; ,) fhtpak; <) CHtyk;
11. „ngha;ah thdk;… - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf.
m) <Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk; M) tpidj;njhif
,) cupr;nrhy; njhlH <) nganur;rj; njhlH
12. mUq;fhdk; - GzHr;rp tpjp jUf.
m) <WNghjy;> jd; xw;W ,ul;ly; M) <WNghjy;
,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; <) <WNghjy;> Kd;dpd;w nka;jpupjy;
13. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk;> kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk;> mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLj;jpa ,yf;fpa cj;jp vJ?
m) njhd;kk; M) FwpaPL ,) gbkk; <) mq;fjk;
128 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
14. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

m) %d;W M) ,uz;L ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J

gFjp - II

gpupT - 1
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 2 = 6
15. ftpQH rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH?

16. tpyq;FfSk; gwitfSk; vt;thW eLq;fpajhf ef;fPuH $WfpwhH?

17. trdk;> ftpij - NtWghL jUf.

18. taYf;Fs; ahidiaj; jdpj;J tpLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisT ahJ?

gpupT - 2

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vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2 x 2 = 4

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19. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

20. nrd;idia myq;fupj;j MWfis vOJf.

da
21. gpd;dzp ,ir> glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.

gpupT - 3
ka
22. Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf.

m) ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R> ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.

vi
M) t+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l Nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU?
al

23. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk;> NrHj;Jk; ,UNtW njhlHfis mikf;f.

m) Kd; M) jhNd
.k

24. nghUs; NtWghlwpe;J njhlH mikf;f. jpd;ik - jpz;ik

w

25. njhlupy; cs;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.

m) gidkl;ilapy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdH.

w

M) tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf; Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.

w

26. ctikj; njhlHfisr; nrhw;nwhlupy; mikj;jpLf.

m) mr;rhzp ,y;yhj NjH Nghy M) efKk; rijAk; Nghy

27. ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.

m) ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ.

M) Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk; nghOJ $He;jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsHg;gjw;Fkhd
mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
28. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. m) mkHe;jdd; M) nra;j
29. VNjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; GzHr;rp tpjp jUf. m) vj;jpir M) nre;jkpNo
30. <uirr; rPHfs; vj;jid? mit ahit?
129 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2
gFjp - III

gpupT - 1
vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2 x 4 =8
31. ‘Vq;nfhypePH Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;” - ,lk; Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

32. mjprakyupy; g+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;Js;sjhf jkpo;ejp $WfpwhH?

33. mjpakhdpd; <ifg; gz;ig rpWghzhw;Wg;gil topepd;W tpsf;Ff.

34. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J vOJf.

gpupT - 2
vitNaDk; ,uz;lDf;F kl;Lk; tpil jUf. 2 x 4 = 8
35. fiyKOik vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

36. NguplH Nkyhz;ik thupak; - tpsf;Ff.

n
37. nrd;id efupd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tsHr;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.

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38. kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.

gpupT - 3

da
vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3 x 4 = 12
39. VfNjr cUtf mzp (my;yJ) njhopy; ctik mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

40. ghlhz; jpiziar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

ka
41. mk;%tdhH> jiykfd; ghq;fDf;F ciuj;jjhff; $Wtd ahit?
vi
42. gpd;tUk; gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;tpy; mikj;J vOJf.
al

m) Cop ngaupDk; jhk; ngauhH (my;yJ) M) $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik

43. fUj;Jg; glj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L gj;jpahf vOJf.
.k

gFjp - IV 3 x 6 = 18
w

44. m) nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L epWTf.

(my;yJ) M) vr;. V. fpUl;bzdhH „fpwpj;jtf; fk;gH… vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
w

45. m) „nefpop jtpHj;J epyj;ij epkpHj;J… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; MHtyH

w

gRikjhrdhUld; ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

(my;yJ)

M) rq;ffhy fy;ntl;il mwpe;Jnfhs;s Gf*H fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ? tpsf;Ff.

46. m) „rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL… - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;a Ntz;bad ahit?

(my;yJ)

M) „ebfH jpyfk;… vd;w gl;lk; rpth[pf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdNj vd;gij epWTf.

gFjp V

47. mbgpwohky; nra;As; tbtpy; jUf. 4 + 2 = 6

m) ‘Jd;G csJ..." vdj; njhlq;Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy mbgpwohky; vOJf.
M) ‘nray;" vd KbAk; Fws;.
-------------
130 Njh];j; vspatop fw;wy; ifNaL jkpo; + 2

jkpo;f;Fwpg;Gfs;

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da
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