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 In this chapter, we consider the deflections of

Chapter 8 slender members which transmit bending
moments.
 There are many practical design problems in
which deflection considerations are of great
importance.
 For example, in high-speed machinery with
close tolerances, excessive deflections can
cause interference between moving parts;
many machine elements, such as leaf springs,
are designed primarily on the basis of their
deflections;

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 In Chap. 7 the local deformation and the  The curvature of the neutral axis
stress distribution across a section of a beam is related to the applied bending
were discussed. moment by the equation
 Here, we will evaluate the overall deformation
of the beam.

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Geometry of the neutral axis of a beam bent in the xy plane.

The slope of the neutral axis

Use the above equation and the equation:

We obtain a nonlinear differential equation for the

determination of v once Mb is known as a function of x

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Sign convention:
 When the slope angle  shown in
 The curvature (i.e., concave up) corresponding
Fig. is small, then dv/dx is small
compared to unity. to positive bending moment (i.e., sagging BM)
 If we neglect (dv/dx)2 to obtain a will be taken positive, and the curvature (i.e.,
simple approximation for the concave down) corresponding to negative
curvature bending moment (i.e., hogging BM) will be
taken negative.

Flexural
rigidity or
the bending
modulus.

which relates the bending moment to the transverse displacement. 7

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 Study the forces and use the equilibrium

requirements to obtain Mb as a function of x.

 The force-deformation relation then

gives us the approximate curvature as a
function of x.

 Finally, we study the geometry of deformation

as we integrate the above relation; the
constants of integration are evaluated by
imposing requirements of geometric
compatibility.
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•Use the following numerical values:

•Use the following geometric boundary conditions

to get:

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 If solutions to a number of deflection problems  The deflection of a beam is linearly proportional to

involving simple conditions of load and support the applied load. This linearity depends upon two
are available, then a convenient method for the factors:
solution of beam-deflection problems consists of
◦ (1) the linearity between bending moment and curvature:
using the principle of superposition.
 This method depends upon the linearity of the
governing relations between the load and
◦ (2) the linearity between curvature and deflection:
deflection, and
 It involves the reduction of complex conditions of
load and support into a combination of simple
 When we combine the linear relation between
loading conditions for which solutions are moment and curvature and the linear relation
available. between curvature and deflection, we obtain a
 The solution of the original problem then takes linear differential equation for the deflection v.
the form of a superposition of these solutions.

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 To make use of the superposition principle to solve

beam-deflection problems, it is convenient to have
a catalog of solutions for certain standard cases
such as those displayed next:

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Superposition of the geometric conditions at C will

lead to the compatibility requirement of zero slope
and zero displacement at C, i.e.,

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 It is an alternative to using the moment-curvature

equation to solve beam- deflection problems.
 Here we make use of an equation which directly
relates the external loading to the beam
deflection.
 This equation incorporates the force and moment The bending moment and the shear force are
equilibrium conditions and the moment-
curvature relation in a single differential equation. written in terms of transverse deflection as
follows:

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 We recall that Castigliano's theorem states that if the

 Castigliano's theorem is used to evaluate total elastic energy in a system is expressed in terms of
deflections in simple elastic systems and to obtain external loads Ph the corresponding in-line deflections
equations for determining statically indeterminate
reactions. i are given by the partial derivatives
 In this section the formulas for strain energy in
torsion and bending, are used to illustrate the
application of Castigliano's theorem to more
complicated elastic systems.  If a deflection  is desired at a point where there is no
 If a slender elastic shaft oriented along the axis of x load (or in a direction which is not in line with a load),
carries a tensile force F(x), a twisting moment Mt(x), it is only necessary to introduce a fictitious load Q in
and a bending moment Mb(x), then the total strain the desired direction at the desired point and then use:
energy in the member is

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Apply 'Castigliano's theorem to determine beam-deflection

 To use Castigliano's theorem to obtain statically
indeterminate reactions, reduce the system to a
statically determinate one if enough statically
indeterminate reactions Xi are temporarily
considered to be known external loads.
 Then, if the elastic energy is expressed in terms
of the Pt and the Xi a set of equations for
determining the Xi can be obtained from the
condition that there be no in-line deflection at
each of the statically indeterminate reaction
points

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