Gravitational Field Crrositabional Fieth *K Catositational Field: Cravitational pied is aregion of Space Whee A mass ExPexlences a fowe Op Attlachon Grigoitahonal force ig a fowe between masses and ib 1% alongs Gttyachive in nature Granitationol Field Lines: Gresitational field Lines tepsesent the divection of fone acting on a mass Limeg\ For cath, the direction of Venn os. field Limes is kowards the center 2atth as fovee excited hee ax on ang ae directed towards tne tre of vast Centre of qravits). On the Suiface of earth, guaiitaonal 44 field Stemath is almost Comsbank Yas thete i$ constant distance between the field Lines at the SurfaceOustance between the Held Lines At the Surface Poink mass : a0 A uniform Sphere cam be considered as point mass Because the. ‘tational field Limes axe tadial Cie. pespemdidular Lo the surface). All the field Lines Converge. aka singhe point ab the Combe of phere Imagine for an stance that Sphere f& Yemowed ard we “ate Lefl with field Qinez only it Seem trot all te fioth Linen b, to G sing he point ak the centre. Sa mifowm 30h can be astumed BZA ing mags, Comcen- biaded ak conte of sphere , AS Shown 1m the diag toon above Guovitational fotce s Gravitational fowe is a force Aetween the emasseg. 163 magmitude can be Actexmined using Newtons Law of Gysavitation * Newton Lavo of Gravitation :— Stohement: Cravitahomal fore betoeen point magset is Ritect tional Lo the Produck of masses Amd ‘imvyer sly proposhional Bo the Square of Separation between themFs Gravitabonal force LN G: Gravikatonal Concton' (value: Ge 664% eee M,m: masses Ckg) N: Distance. bets point masses Cm) Just notice, out weight i¢ the Grravitantional fowe of Earth, acti on us Lets ARetermine i A pesson f mass Go 4 usin. ‘Eo wlan Zs W = and, W- = Given: mass of soa, 3 6xlo ng Radius of Earth: 6390 km m= Sotg First Wall = Bo! 4.4) = F8SN= F8&EN Now, = Gitte m 62x10" bx IO *) L&. (6340 x lo*)* = F84N $o, using both formulas, we end with Abmost Une. fe value of woaighe. Fieta : hi Crvavitatiomal field St¥engty at a point in gravitahonal field is ‘bolle. expentemced pex unit mass. SI unt: 7 Stiea Grasitakomal ig a Vector quantity TKS rian is Same an Aivection of cin force mass of Earth: &xlo>% Radius of Earth: 63490 kml AE apenas q> Ga Ae ¢ -L6 étxio")bxio*). Ae qt étel0 ")ibxio*) (63490 x lo®)* q 4.2me? Ag 1° GM, where Gand M ate constants, WE t pani i.e. i af dnver onal bo Am the f distance.» This Law 18 Called © Tim equare Law’ Ip the distance is doubled, ie. if we consider poimt , which has distance. of 2N from the Centre ¢ ach. Nth =2h. 26684) = IRFZokm N "a Ak P, 4 = GM - (662210 "9C6«107) (24.7 Cato x 104)? = 24S neg! As the Aetornee 4% imeveated dhe. factor { 2, g is decreased At teenie 4. This Vdemonstiate “inves. 4 iS Beto at the cemtie of Earth. is “maximum ak the Surface of easth « "Outside catty Mowe Aanvers. wad ra »g folle anvetse Square he oink which an object is not umder the infltence of Eatths qritsicnet field 18 Nebfered as ated: AU infiniky, the franinkencl pe energy, ‘an object oxo. ban ve is tas as deference for The tenbol enek ay. a moet ‘infinity (oo) Ep is masimum B Ak infinity AB am object "RM — due to maximum heighh,me meng, Cp 12 mancnans Wap am object EM ae fo mastiomuon height, ig taised its ne. Cero. Ep imetease object bo, Anside. geaitational ield , yalue 4 Ep is a rs ject moves closer ke eatth, Ep decreases ite. 4b becomes move menetive:, 2k = G c J? Grositational Potembial ab a ae an qrevitahomal field ‘6 int done a unik amass from te fo that some t onbohs Pp SL une: Teg! Notes Gravitation potential is Same as itational Potential ene, tnt Ct fg mas Graph of Growitotional Potembial against Ais tance:Crtaritakomal Potential Emesgy ob a rmass ‘im ovitational field “is work “done te bring The mass mir “rapinity be that pein. ee (Fat em Si uniés Joules (T) mo Ep decease Comex) Im teal, wotk iS not i done “on” the mass. 1 Im fock , work is done “bythe Mass On ox pense. of it’s potential emegy, as the field is atiachic in malute. $0 Ep decreases ie becomes mote negohve eo he Tusk Think | What 48 the m:70! otemhal emer: this person 7 ‘ at the Sutbace: i; dete?m:70) otemhal emer: this person 7 he the surface ap aad? Cam We use bo find Ep 1% Ep = - GMon N = 662x106") (6x10) 0) (6340 x lo*) Ramember , ma Abv 4s used Lo determine e > im Yotential En Samal variation an Tig mead the coal Surface C where ye avbe assumed A Constant. Othetwise, AEp - [ar |- [ Gmm ] A final M inital: Fos a Sanall anexease in aan Al, neas the Sutface of Barth » Show th nge ain Potential a 48 qiven ty madly Derivation: to; Ne Wis a small also, Ne & Ma e® $0, Epta) = - GMm XA E, (6) = - GMan NBne AEp = &)(8) - Te ie “tte (ae AEp = batten _ ot NA AB AEp = Camm (1 -+) ‘A AEp = Cn ee) cea) aey = Ga mx bh Gb m ~ « AEp = qman (7° SM) AEp = mohb Escape Velocity : Lowest velocity , at which object rms: be thtown go Hat it eseapes “the tavitakional field of oO pall, planet [mass es 1 | | 1 I I I I 1 ee —> v Launched with 0. veheh be teach ing At enits Sucfoce + Ep « - Gate While eaching infinity, this much ey must be gained. Emetgy is provided in Ex, dh ‘iy is P te q on the way ig domvested bo Ep. At, = AE,(6 64x10 ")(bx 1o**, (S400 x lo®)* uv fot earth » Ve = 2x lo ms! = U2 km! Note + Escape velocity is ivtespectie of amass { aon object Time Period of a Sattebite + Ay: Orbital Radius “Satelite (mass = om) Cembtipetal force is ptovided Gravitational fowe i c carl. a 4 ) Cembsipetal fore. = avitationa. fowe GM WN Ww? 2 re w = GM (2) rr Gm T + (4e?)* vas § beconstant Bo, Te K w® (Kephers law) 2 Poxiod telbit it o Time. Pex Satellite is independent of Aes ae “e © SOteNite with greater orbital radius will have greater ind pexiod CT? KA). Geostatonaty Satelite: These satelibes ave ab fixed position with yespect £0 a point on Eqrh as theiX motion is Synched with the -totahon of act, Comditions of Geostationary Satelite z o The time period is cual to the time period totation of Earth , ig. 24 hours « “hein Atiection of revolution is Same as ditechon of votakion of Earthy , i-e. West bo Eask o The plane of equator i& comtainad in the plane of osbit ‘of satelite. j, o& Sim » th ate. present xa above he uator) d Ay: Orbital Radius A plane of obit / How fat Aoove the Sut face of arth, qeretanonas otbit 1s [pietente da. mass of th: 6x10 4 sadiutg ob Farth + 6240 “kanYonase of Easth: 6x 0% 4 padius 4 Earth + 6240 “km Time Poxiod of Earth : 24 hours Lets detetmine orbital radius of Cecepoonsiy Satertibe + T 4R*AY CKeplers Caw) GM, Vs A= ( GMT 2 nN: [ (664x10")(6x 10 * 24x Bboo)* | oK* NR = &4Sxlo?m = 42300km Allitude o t pry Satellite. above Eawtns Surface s Altitude a lib Radius - Earths Radius = 42h00 - btoo = %S400km Em i of Satelite + Kinehi Enepy CEx): Desivahons Cemteipetal force where A is osbikal taking Cotembal Energy CEp): En. = —GMmTotal Emerge GST Total energy = Kinetic Emesgy + Potential Erucegy Ey = Glin 4 (- Gotten) Ey = —-GMm yw Note + o Magnitude of Kimetic emerqy iS Same a3 magnitude. ia Total het it, tt T mitude of Potential emer: ay is twice the mitude of KineHe. emergy! and total enex “Ut Kinehc eney: “mare ale’ b gh getet of one? He, Polamtal 2n will Weed t i factor of two ama Tote eneqy will “Gocd se by 4factot of one. Nadiohon of Grovitational fidd Strength between two ademheal masses: amass L gi vector (Aefetence) mass 2. "Net force one themeeg-0 S 1 mass akP=0, ab P ! eaten | ————-40 Object will decelewte | Objeck pases, 1 a decreasing yake- 1a increasing tate | '+ Gravitational fietd Stamgith is a vector uomtity. Im the diagiam' towatds left 1% assumed as positive Sand towards igh as assumed as mepabve «Tf a Small Mass 18 placed on east mash 1, ak will experience force kowards lef &4 as Lowoids fefl i.e. megatve = TES a Small mass is pla on sutfnce of mast 2, re will experience force Lowaids agit & 4 as Lowatds Left 7.27 Positive « AE Spoink p, 4 =O because the met fore acting on Ya mass wil be Ser 4 varies ee between the two masses LE an ob iS thiown fiom the Surface aie A, eo thak ak anil the mass i + at musk be provided with mimimum kinetic may, go that i€ is able to ovetcome attadtine foe of mass A and teach pee Abead point P, object will be atttacte + mass B. o Fom A ko P, object will decelerate ab decteasing tole Objeck will ave minimum velocity ard hencel aminvmum Kinehe enex: q Cand maximum Qaatabioned potential enqy) ail oimt «From & bo BY okjece will be attracted by the ginvitotionat fewe of mmass2. So object will acctletate ab imereasing yake. = 2 an 9PRN PUR EP nee Ce Ceyeee WA Gnecelette ae ineveasi yate. © The object will reach the Suface of mass 2 with the Same. yelocity al which it was Lauched ftom Guta 4 omass 1, o LE the amitiad Kmeic emerg| 18 Less than the aeons of potantial emetay between poiné A P, the ate will nok ‘i able bo eoch point Pamd will Yetuen back to mass h Vasiation of Gravitational Field Stiengty between kvo diffetenk masses: Ag: sodius of Earn Earth ge vector Kom: radius + Moon (efetence) — person expetiences Aig weight due bo the teottion Joyce. (Normal Reaction force) “ain on him. There cam be two sittations of “t wei neers te. pathal amd Complete wei BNC BSweifhties me 28 a a a — Weighttesmess : Varhal weightlessness Can cxperidiemeed an different U situations. for ciompte an Swmnmi pot, Aolley Coaster vide ok, ake. Similarly’ one Situahon of pathal. heppllsiness is due Ute the rotation of Earth Fo, = Gravitational force é 2 Nowmal Bd ee R ee egg force Frey ss -& gS 2 i R& R=. FB8IN Ag the Earth ig rotating about 1t3 axis, a Peston Stondii neat equator, ig also ee in & civcular¥ motion dub ko Ackakion pi Catt. He ig acted upon by Cemtripebak force Given that + mass of person - Zo an mass of Earth = 6x"lo yadius f Earth = 6340 km Period of xotation = 24 sours Weight of Person = Cravitakional force d - 2 n = (6-610 "(bx 1o")( ko (6340 x lo*)* = 48U4N Cemtbrpetal a on P24 gon qo nee " (a8)" mB 2 8ox(6840x 10°)/ 2K y 24x Bboo - 3N FEIN (Apparent Weight) As the mnotmal deacon force 1S “slightly” fess tan the weight of 3 pesen bess cxpetioncing pac fal weight mas. Complete Weightheseness : “he Sensation of weight ig due to Reaction force ) atting on Gm" check. From dhe above. example, wo can deduce tat Reaction force. is equal bo the Lifferemce of Crovitahomal force. Conteipatal force + Im Coase of Satellites, Gravitatonal perce %& equal fe the cenbeipetal force (Fa = Fe) g Rs Fa -Fe Rafa -F, OG -F? This i$ condition of “Complete We ght less-mass*