TRANSMISSION LINE MODELLING (300Km Transmission line)

To click the transmission line component to view he transmission line editor. In the info option; set

the bus number and also the bus voltages (400 KV), set the length of the transmission line in Km

(300 Km) and set the tolerance for the transmission line length that is length tolerance (0%) and to

make the line in service. Click ok to save the entered data.

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In the parameter option; click the conductor library option to choose the phase conductor type,

code, size, strands and click ok to save the details. Click the Ground wire library to choose the

Code, size, strands and click ok to save the details.

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In the configuration option; choose the configuration type (horizontal) and enter the height of the

phase conductor at the top of the tower from the ground (24 m). Choose the spacing between the

Conductor (AB = 6m, BC = 6m, CA = 12m) and to enter the number of ground wires (2) and also

to enter the ground to ground wire spacing (10 m); enter the conductor to ground wire conductor

spacing (7m) and click ok to save the details.

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In the impedance option; the positive, negative and the zero sequence impedance are in the ohms per

one Km but in the report the impedance value for all the sequences in the ohms per 300 Km. R,X,Y

are in the phase domain. Operating temperatures at minimum is 75 degree Celsius, maximum is 75

degree Celsius. Base T1 and T2 are 20 and 75 degree Celsius. But in the ETAP report the Base T1 is

view as 75 degree Celsius.

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FERRANTII EFFECT (300Km TRANSMISSION LINE):

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WHAT IS FERRANTII EFFECT?

In a long transmission line, in a HV or EHV system during light load or no load condition;

receiving end voltage is more than the sending end voltage. It happens because of capacitance

of the transmission line, causing reactive power flow.

CAUSES OF FERRATII EFFECT:

Ferranti effect basically happens due to the presence of a high charging current because of

the capacitance of the transmission line. Although various elements affect the current in the

transmission line. However, Ferranti effect happens due to the following three reasons;

 Transmission line capacitance

 Load at the receiving end

 Supply frequency

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Transmission Line Capacitance:

The transmission cable comprises many shunt capacitors and series inductors similarly

distributed along the length of the cable. The capacitance increases with an expansion in the

length of the transmission line. The capacitors draw a lot of charging current that courses

through the entire length of the line. Reactive power is produced by the capacitor and flows

in the opposite direction of the source. The inductors in the line consume the receptive

power causing a voltage drop across them. The sending voltage is synchronized with the

voltage drop. Consequently the voltages add up and the receiving voltage is increased.

Load at the receiving end:

The connected load at the receiving end is another factor that affects the Ferranti effect. The

load can be in one of three states:

 No load

 Light load

 Full load

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No load condition:

In the no load state, the transmission line only receives a charging current and no load

current. The charging current is drawn by the shunt capacitors the line. It produces reactive

power that causes a voltage drop across the inductor that is in-phase with the sending

voltage and expands the voltage at the less than receiving end.

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Light load condition:

At the point when light load is connected, there is an very low load current when contrasted

with the charging current flowing through the lines. The charging current is naturally

leading because of the line capacitance. The capacitor generates reactive power that moves

through the inductors which is more prominent than the reactive power consumed by the

inductors because of low load current. The voltage drop across the inductors is practically

in phase with the source voltage and it is relative to the charging current. As the charging

current is higher than the load current, the Ferranti effect happens.

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Full load condition:

In full load conditions, the load current is higher than the charging current drawn by the

capacitor (it is practically steady). Since a large load current is moving through the series

inductors, the reactive power consumed by the inductor is larger than the reactive power

produced by the capacitor. In this way the net reactive power is negative and the voltage

decreases at the less than receiving end.

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Supply frequency:

The Ferranti effect happens because of the reactive power produced in the shunt capacitance

of the electrical cables. Anyway reactive power possibly happens if supply voltage and

current has some frequency. Since DC has zero frequency, there is no Ferranti effect. The

Ferranti effect is more likely to occur in transmission lines that operate at a high frequency.

How to Reduce Ferranti Effect?

Ferranti effect makes voltage instability in the electrical system that cause a

dangerous hazardous for equipment and personnel at the load side. There are specific

measures taken to limit the Ferranti effects.

 Shunt reactor

 Load management

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Shunt Reactor:

The Ferranti effect arises when reactive power accumulates in the power system without

loads to absorb it. We must install something that can absorb this excessive reactive power

in the transmission line. This reactive power can be absorbed by installing a shunt reactor in

the transmission line. Usually, it is installed in at the load end.

Load Management:

Ferranti effect happens when there is no or light load associated with the lines. To reduce the

Ferranti effect, it should satisfy the given condition.

Load current > Charging current.

A transmission line’s loads should be continuously monitored, and the load must be

maintained above the limit. It tends to be finished by setting different light load lines onto a

single line.

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TRANSMISSION LINE MODELLING (50 Km (Load condition)):

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SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING:

Reactive power generation = Reactive power consumption by the transmission line

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INPUT PARAAMETERS ARE GIVEN TO TRANSMISSION LINE:

FOR LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

 Rated sending end and receiving voltage in KV

 Length

 Tolerance (%)

 Phase conductor type from library

 Ground wire conductor type from library

 Configuration type of the conductor

 Height of the conductor at the top of the tower from the ground in meter

 Spacing between the conductors in meter

 Number of ground wires ( Ground – Ground spacing in meter, Conductor to ground

spacing in meter)

 Impedance values are calculated by the ETAP from choosing the above details but

when the impedance values are given by the manufacturer; there is no need to fill the

above details.

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TRANSMISSION LINES:

 LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

 MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

 SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

Long Transmission Line:

A transmission line having a length more than 240 km and the voltage level of greater than

100KV is considered as a long transmission line. In a long transmission line, parameters are

uniformly distributed along the whole length of the line. For a long transmission line, it is

considered that the line may be divided into various sections, and each section consists of an

inductance, capacitance, resistance and conductance as shown below.

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Medium Transmission Line:

These lines have an length of greater than 50Km and less than 150Km. The allowable voltage

level is from 20 to 100 KV. The analyses of the medium transmission lines considered the

three types as below.

 Nominal Pi Model

 Nominal T Model

 End condenser

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Nominal Pi Model:

In the nominal pi model of a medium transmission line, the series impedance of the line is

concentrated at the center and half of each capacitance is placed at the centre of the line. The

nominal Pi model of the line is shown in the diagram below.

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Nominal T Model:

In a nominal T model of a medium transmission line, the series impedance is divided into two

equal parts, while the shunt admittance is concentrated at the center of the line. The nominal T

model of a medium transmission line is shown in the figure.

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End Condensor Model:

In End Condenser Model, shunt capacitance of line is lumped at the receiving end. Notice

that, we are localizing the net shunt capacitance of line at the receiving end even though shunt

capacitance is uniformly distributed. This means that, we are over estimating the effect of

shunt capacitance in End Condenser Model.

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Phasor Diagram of End condenser model:

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Short transmission line:

A transmission line having its length less than 80 km and the line voltage is comparatively

low (< 20 kV) is considered as a short transmission line. In short transmission line capacitance

is neglected because of small leakage current and other parameters (resistance and inductance)

are lumped in the transmission line.

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Phasor diagram of short transmission line:

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