Unit 1: “Transpost Layer % Ttideluction ~Tarans post Layes protocols x UDP- Tep: Connection monagem ent ~ Flowscontsd _ “Congestion Lontiol = wen gestion avoiden ce CDec bit, RED) - SCT P_ aS gi Sesvice a-\ Toth oolucHon + The. $1 arsport Layer a He heasit p 2 TAp Protocol Auita , tt 48 the end to end Aogiteal Vethicle dor srontgouin dato, afore one point ID cxrcthen i Lthe Internet. Tt 18 Subpondible dos end Ab enck el I ertise. pees oe Funcions: pine ts fayen 43 the disat 0 one. ‘abc bovwaks the vrnessages inte packele.., W This Layen ersures thot Bele ee oust be Seacaive An the Borne Sequtne. do which It loca dent. @Tis Layer provicls ond te end ee lat a netwein hosts ‘ QAN-1 Sesvices 5 ee Each protocol ee praliggourst Ay pes 9 Bevin Ord shouta be used cppropsuately © UDP: UDP 4a ON wacliable Lonnectionle es Prans post _ Jaxer prctocol sized dom ite aebsiyert Lome eS: “TOR: Top bo suliable onneans opuerted, proto . thet Lan be. usec ain any ppheation where ahs a Satlobility 13 \noporitarst , ‘ “* SCTP: New Btémipost Layer tear) seit ering the. deotures a4 UDP and. TEP.4-2 Port nunmber : ao PAeenapordt Leaye” Asuallly has Leverrg | pusponhitites. ee poe stp cols AL&e pow t teas Yorormunitation ; there pro pe MUNObes Zo actor phish thiS. Some 2 the voell Known pac used 4oith 4uDP TcP 48 a belo > ee _ Post | Deouption, “UDP ot Etooes back & ' Beceived dlatacga ee | 9, | Discands, on dakuosian th |} Ad S10 Ler wech oe] t, .| Active. ase 13 | Returns the dab | es ord Hoe’ | See File. Teansfex is ae Pecotp col mi 25 Srrople Hail Teans protocol | ss So: | HypexText honafe a Prwtowot =| a) g Use ey KoA Pwtdes | i 23 rs Be: User Det, orn Pastel CP) cx Connectionle ss, Unrabiable Anaport 50TH Ee - PPO @) . UDP ia 2 pee Uins 0. MIB NUE =| ‘Ovenhe Jo Paoreansoarst Ao Lerch © Arma aries a 4 not core, vouch beat reliobils Tt dls0 hor No exsurg IL y 7 FE an, use i.@ 2 —————— Aad) User Datognarn : UDP packsts colli ch suse Mata. grans, have a poe Bigg. unden 48 bytes roada. 6 our giclds cad, ai Arytes- Below aqure hours the donmat o A User, Aatagpans. oe ee {4itty 4 s | ; Fy Uses Batagnarn Rickat fosrnect |The djelda ose, AZ dollares: + Source port nurnben: This uk the. port nursher L2eck loy the procs suurning onthe. Souscbost. Tt 4 |b bite Jong, which means that the. posct Numbex Can Prange dom oi 65,535 + Destiration posct narober yThin 22 the port nurshey ed by the process Aunning on the clostination host. THis alio 16 bith pong | : + Length ; This 13 0 Ibbit died that cldines the totaj Length 4 the L18e% dlattignam peaclirplas datc, j- Checksum : This dicta ak Lsed to cletect won, 2-2-2 UDP Kenvicos « : : aT ANN ; ? ° Below wre. the-zeneral Aonvites provide by UPP . Process bo process £omreunt ¢citiOn * Lonnectionless £0nvices + Flow Konto]+ Exvion Cont p) * Chec\kaum s Longestion corn 64 + Encapsulotion eck Decapswatio r + Queuin si ; . Huttiptevein Quand Deroulti plexing, + Protesste process coromun ication + Upp provicles PHOwss to porcocess Aommunicatin,, ing Locket odlchiess er, O. Lorebinat/on y IP Ours roureben- . s Lonnectiotess Aesvites + ibis means thet each Luse% volotagrans Ant by UDP 48 on ainclependent date quam . Thewia Po sutationahi p ee MPs nt a0 dake, even if oer eine Lorin dorm the Aarne Aousica Aping tp the tome clestirattion | * Flow conbioti mec cs " UDP4B imple protol. There 14 76 dtovo _ | Lontdol- THEN ST Boece ° Exsos Contsol + é : Thee 4b 0 2G0% coritiol mechanisny . tn UDP except dor the Lhecksum , This means thos she Zenda, oes not know if armness age bas been lost ov cluplicated * Checksum: roe Hg : Tk ss used. by the sercles ancl secnivey to checl dor ata Cosouptlon . “a + Loncestion Coritro |; E say i g Aer dows not provide. Aongestion control Udp arsumes that the packelt wend isu. &rrall cain ol Monnet sr2ati congestion in the, netisyh ‘ ad do23.19,: Cr « Eocap gutation verrek Decupsulation ‘ Ae tend. A mretscge. gorn gone pacers 2 lonothes, tre UDP proto co! encapsulates anck ola. capsutakes yess agen, . Queuing : : Th UDP, queues ore associat d oirth pork 7 Ax the, client 21th when ou process atowtt jt requests vo post nurebe’s geome the. Openrat Aystem -Sormme_ roplumen tations cualt beth an dmeoming and Dukacing, Aueue pssouatick with each pwress . . Multipleiciog anc dlernultiplercing « Th ahost sxuncing ATCP)IP protoro! Autte, there 2 only one UDP bet possibly Aevenal Processes thsodk vera, ast Le suse Abe. Rerviees ef UDP. To hardéc Beep eatepleced oot clerultiplera, 22-3 UDP Applications: ~—s a 1. UDP 43 Auctable. des AL process Ahat 1 eqn 03, Binople se quest - 248 porse Lorormuniceatlon . je. UDP Ad pustable. dor De proce gs znith Intesnal Rou andk esror Comtzo! moechuri smn & . 3. ure erewe Dion post protocol Pov neu lticaztir 4 Ly UDP ub used fos rearagernerste processes . i 6 UDP 44 nonrall wiser For interactive sec tine Appkcati ons that: Carnot eee olay g betwean dections“9 & seceived MreBAcigne :TEP 2b A Lornection osuented sebtible pootoul - Tp Jd’ Be process Hp process postocol Tep ASS gow pnd oso Lost: ol enechamism Atcthe rare, wel.” 2-3-1 TeP Avrvices aS Saas The Servi processes 48 explained peflovo: « Precess 46 Process forereun!cation = Atream’ Hebivery Arvicrr + Fall Duploe, Lorarnunication ° Hultiplecing endl Derou lt ploaing « Connection osiented device + Rebrable Aenvice Procens td process Lororounicati on : ~Ttp provides proces 2 procs’ conmuni- Zokion uring part nurcbert: page Gah) 5 » Stuam Deliver Zuvwits ¢ ep 2s Zhiear osuersted protocol ; “ep Ce eee by Tee ty Lhe_ latiows the Bending, powocess fo debives, data. a3 cr. ; ptseore ef bytes eA ollows the. Mecei ving proces, to obtain late, A& O-. Atsearn p\ bytes ep sects wn environment 2n whith the. tio processea Bera, 20, be Aennected, by an imagines tube, Hook L4701e% the data. acBos$ the. Intesnet pee. s Sending ard pars Mess: Because | the Sending, ome Ahe. sacarvied, processes roay not | poputs 04 saad late. it tre. Rome Apeed, Tep a© |eedis butrers Res Atosoge There. axe Heo ecione [the shee pnd the. seceiving, hufhew, one. des £e eliniection wSeqments ; AL the, dan fport Lowes Te p apoups Leurnher of bytes Arepthes, irite poe ate pi aaOGEe Ti Fall Duplex Cormnaunspaatene Tp offess dull dupiae Service, in which clatc can fous im both Uisuctlory at the, Sarce Lire . Each Tép endlpoirsts then trax £6) Cron BEI veursch saceiving buffer endl: Aeqroensti move: Lm both electors. jo Maltiplercts and Derpuelti ploeing » 4 “Lok UDP Te Peyorms roultiplecing woo line. Sereda» woroek alernulti pleetts at athe. swceives, * Loonection tuuerted Bervice ! Tep 42 a. Connection -osuierted. nacto.col. UIber ou PRoUss vod Lite A aworits te Send nc sucetve, late. spor vonothes pave ot Bits B, the prcxrousbedarcerst snurabe, tb Lonfann the bytes pias Seceuived.: Are Ack mowledlgnent Yournhkes, ines the RurPhen A the neoct byte that Ahe porty expects tb secuve. 23-3 Segment : a packet 2 Top ta calkad 0 Zeqrrent ’. Ed dosrrnett 4 me Aogroerst 43 Ahowwn 40 iquee + 2ote bo hyles h Peal” a aa Sousee post adcbiess Si Ua Dee UNTb Blea Atknowledgme nt Rancher ! | 1 | "| aes i Bae er | 16 bits | | HLEN heer airs 6 bits Gera Uagerst poirtey eee Options arck pad Cup to ho eee ease be ages 1) Sousee. pot aclelwess : ates Ms Mb bit Stell that clefines the. nurckes bP ithe oppliation prograna Linn the. host Heat ae the. Begment 2) Cetocton post ccleloess oi \b bie ielel that Agnes the Poot nurpben OF the vepplic oxtion S orn an the. host that 4s 3 the- ‘ oo3) Bequernee es : Tus subst ld ap a to the fast byte ™ athe. Rurnkes vossigne 6 globo contained an this upnhens t's 32 brt iets Blekirres the. bute mumbes thot sthe. ers cthe. Secrest ub Sc pectin to sureive Pron the. other pose: IP the PLCLLVES & Phe Seam, has Auceessfullyseeceived byte, nurabes 2CFoc9, eg on posiky it seecses +1 ag the Qckrowkd, 1p Aexraoladayrert eot rumobe. ‘ >This by bit Pekd trrclicates byte Woodels S1> the Tep heads acctes, Lor be. betrioeen 26 8) Header Lirgth the murmber et ae Te Length 4 the sock bo bytes . “hesefose the Value ofthis jeer 23 always between SCSx4y=20) ancdk 6 Lisxy=bed- oe 6) Rexerweck: Mois 16 bit Fieta as srosesved| for Petune Ae pers," = ae ; A) Contso) : This Pretd clesivses 6 clifferort core! pits om qtoas a aa ORG + Ussgerst, porntes 4% Vabsrch Ack: Acknocshedament 12 Valo . + Pst : ‘Requect Re push ere Rsiaes Peset the. Lomnection . fal ( _ yet Sypcbronige Sequence nurebevs _ FIN: Terminals The wornection Chinish) g) Window Size. Tris fieid clgtires the sig the wirday, £7 bytes, that the othes ty must maintain. . —a . |9) Checksum: This [6 bit field contains the Chectksurn. The use oF Check tun, sin the ODP datogtary AX optional, when eas the ute 9 the Ahecksum for TTtp 48 reandatosy . ae >) Ussgent Poirter: This 16 bit diet, obich 42 Valid, oly, if the arsgerst Mag 4a Ret 1 Lured wohen the eet Lorntains susgent lata. 1) OpHons : These! Can be. upto Lo bytes of optiona | Mrofowrmati on im the TP heacles . A3-4 “Tep Lonnectiong ‘ +_—~— “Tep 43 i Lonnection osented teonspey otocol extubliihes o Logical peith bekwerr the {Bouxce Oud velostirati on. “Yep tormection 42 logical Mpokspigical, Am Tep, Lomnec Hon -oscierstea Anomancission equines three phares: — Lomnection eatublishmerst ~ Mota. tronsfex = Lonnection termination w Connection zstobliahment : Téep Sromarnits dota. iy Pall -cluploc Kemoele « Lohen 200 TPs in tee machines Yowrre, meted, they ere ible tosend gegroents te 7 7 . othe, Aimultaneoualy, 5 TThxee Louyltand shaking: S | * “The. Lormection, egtublishm ert MN Tep Axcalleck thee use Fred. Shea king. 1 i |thowe au hendhe king, Pototess 48 showon hele.peeve mr oi Passive open Time. 7 Sexver Time Ss ig: Connection establishment using -thuee oa handSha king \. The client Bends the Siast Aegroent, ; Syn egreent, i> cobich onty the Syn Flag Bs Beh This Aegroerst As fos Sgnchsongation of Sequence rurebes $ Tt LonAurces One - pequente snurnbes: When the. data Stansley “ stant; Hhe Aeguen@ number 43 AnoumenbA - byl, f ae es Q. The. Sever Aerccls BAG s SINt ACK ‘ segment, with QF lag bits Aet 2 Sy¥rv and Ack 9. he. Lhient Sends the Bhisck begrnen’ _ Tis wscust an Ack deqmmerse- Tt. acknow- _ledlges Ase. suceipt £ He, Ae card Segment , -udith: Dhe, Atl Flag end sock rousledgmont wie aroben Field FT - ;G3) Ss Doctor tsonsSes, : After Lornection 42 extablished, biclurecti- onal clata. tsarks con take place “The Clernt lord Serves Con beth Bercl clate. circ ockrowo- ledge ; Fguse Shows the encaaple : Bele st a E vanes Vv. W/ “Vie _ lime Na: Data. tvonsfer Re thie exarople, Witen Lormection 48 gatableshod, the «clierst Serds 2000 bytes of clota. in two Segments. The Sever then Bends Zooo bytes in ferne Aegrrent » The bent Bends One rove Segrert “me. fiest Lhvee Aegments corny both data ard\ Ck Row! ment, but the last’ Aegmmerst COPIER Det van eck nowledgernenst, be cee these ou sno nose. -clota 1 be Sent . :> Rushing vclatas The Berclings Tep tttes ig buffers sto as the. BLeUare Of Alocte. Cons}, idiom xhe. Seroding, eapplicecti on progres: 1a fending TEP. can Aelect the Zegroent Sige. |The. vapphication progam ‘veut the. Berclting re 8 be pean scegueat YX push Opertarti on. Tis. Wan, that sthe Bending TEP roust mot tocu't Poy the wieclow 2p 2. fille Te rmeust ect a. Seqment aod Atndcdk it Arorrinolietely ys aonnection Tleamination : Any of the ti00 postin’ Anvolved 2's ew lobo. Cetierst ob Besiven) san lose Liebe. ccommection ,orthough Auda suBeallis Anitioted| by she. client. Nost ineplementations toda Lallow stn00 options foes connection ees... Pheer. usa) randsha tin wend dour wa. hard — Shaluing woith .o. hat? close eptent: — Thewg uo hordstrakine, ‘Most Inoplernentdion todas ln Pav ong bporad.tlna kg, ox comnechon Bsns nertion Od Shovon WoBguce1 Tn 0, ormeal Situation cthe client Ter Aft, Pe ceiving, sc. Alese. Lormrmanch dior the. erst motes, Benda, Abe disat Aecment, oo FIN Segrrent In whith the Fin Flag 48 set. The. Fin Segrren t Cometanes one. Bequanas Punakes, fh oe Choe rot Q. The, Sesven TER, AFGY swceiving the Finy Beqreerst, Aetosms tte process H the Lituatioy Aerds the. Aerond Aegrment , cr FINFACK ; ment 10 Loriism the. secoipt & the Fin/ Segroent From the. client ward ct the eer ame. 1D OrM0un Ce the. Lbosin $4 the Correcting in othen chistection he Fin tAcic egret deonaumes Ore Bequence Mursker (f it cloe, hoot oe eho, 3. The chert TeP Bends the Lost Aeament won Ack Aegment, to fon Sisrn the secerpt ts ~ the Fin Aegmert Psorm the TeP ewes ."Thy « Jj Kkontaing the. Ack ee eeu ey tebe ds 4 plus the Aeqguence Mursbes siecoi veck . Fin Acgrmeent Fromm tire. Sesve x . oe Wee Alidling, 0Iecdouw AD harclle | The, Abiching, suwieclow PRIDE L1204 . 42 dorsething hetwenn Gro-Berce_ a, BBE wWiaclocst 52:36 g Besos Lot ep us ce subiable Bian post 1eije » i eer Thus mee. ane bat om appli att, ie Bre tee at clebivers vr Bbwanm & plat. he Ont es on TEP tp clelivers the entire AD Tree pal ee 2 caton pregPorm 6 nist in omclen, upithout PACE argh goithouk and past lost OF cluplcatedl + Checksunc: Each Aepoert Arrchuclos Pear dutch « Zobich & useck techecls ra | Lonnupte aA Becyroerst + Actrnowlel gernent ;TeP Atses OCERo Gdns dacconfam the 2uceipt oe dake Saments ’ + Qutwonsmission: The Aeoxt i the e105 conti b\ Bees 43 the Setscatsroiss10n 2) Begreest- * - = ON. gestorn Lontso| : Longation Kontsol pens do Li choigues Land Beer reac that Lan ekthen Prevent ongestion Todona it hoppers On Sureove eee aatisn. agtin ee has bergen P ; Conger | Condo) Anppliatt Signaling Expurect Signalingwe n wWereral, we ton civics Congestion tonto! nccthankn, nts two hero tote Qorues = Open Loop ; onaes Opecersti ch rans poset protoro| - Dec bit 248 a Te} Lompestion Lonto| techoigus. Arepternerteol ry P Soules Te voi el Longesh on th atility 1k t predcg possible congestion anol vert it. When va Moukn svont do Aignal Congestion 2D the, Serclos Hddels abit 12n the header 2S packets Aént . When a Pocteet uwwouves ot the steutey tthe Souls eoleutaler the. PNR CM2 yurus Lingth’ dom the Rast Cbusyridle) pouod plus the cusvert bus pecod . Othe swedle, 19 hey tOhen sé 48 Aranansitting packets wand elle. |\Othex wie ) x Cohen the average guette Lingth excised ), then the. soukia Sek. the. Zonges ton indicatio,, brit tn the packet heacles, 4 PEO, packed 2 “This Arch nique Alymarn ically rane oes the soiccdoey wo wave dl, Ko rgestion . : i IRtesval Thus In Dechit Stouters exphiuitty notify Bousiers about eo) ; , ) es «Reais baniy dltectie, SS 7 oD — Kanelonn sary wletection CRED) alec Kran 0g Sosnclonn eaunley wlacord /olxop Ge 7G, vlsoipline Peck i = gueue 5. Z] ave smace Stream Control transrnisston protocol Fo) pu transport days pritocel, Sewing sirilan sole as TEP aol UDP. p> Tt BA Joye protocl, —> sctP orobines the best Gfatures o UdP and TeP. it parses Phe, messeu bounclasues 9 ek. wk the Dire Line, ated, Last dloto-, voluplicalle olato and out otlen lata : > Tt hos song esto coy Holiable, rntssage stented Asenspeat- 1 and dow onto! mecharisn, oul _sere Awe Re. svwvices d by setP “Io the ~cppliteds' on wen processes DBs OB follows: 1. Process To process orereunic.ction * Sap pee poe Ie recess raun| cation gs “post punchy. : ented pscto'e! . Gach Benves involvesIw TY one o the Sbuam +4 blocked. the other Seseams can atill clebives ther vlate . 3. Mult horsiag: A Tep connection one glestination IP cl cliess - This means the Wey, if the. &enclen or peciver tae. roulkhomed host Gcormected te mone *han one. physiced iclelo.e9 ‘th roultiple 1P colds esses), Orly OP* S| These be. sstilized lusung the unvolves One ABOUT Ce ing IP cxclelnesses per end fan donne CH On : But Scr P suppl moult homing Beau Co , Gre Aoreling ard seciving best £4P volyine multipe [Peddnesses 4° €ach end Spe an G&Ssoucdti on Tn this ault bolenant APPToUch, vohen Fee path duls sanothen uisterface, Rebinbility ’ TH 48 one of the moun Characteristics that the few needs. g Dhow. 8 O hack & sebicbil' then it Airoply means ed oe packet os losing oy Bl ockpoe. ment elue AB eahith SeGansnnission is needed Rubiohibcty becomes moore. teopontant de elecseonic. Yeall, Gb dans gev g dor Antianel accegs— Delay: Ar nother Chana ctaristic = the Ik 03 the clelay Un Gansreission bdwan the Sousce, and elesti naton « Dusting Suck eonees ma, Gh vicleo Sees re hee Bhoutel be 0. Teininsum ay , - Jittes: : Tt 48 basically the Vesuation sn the ow tes jo packel that belor Ap the Barse. a Horo. [hus jit 43 bagicall the wosdation do the packet clelag. Highes the. Value 9 jidlay roeans thew. 18 Oo Large celery and the low jit means the Uae A3 Arg}! 5 Banolesi ol ath : : ar clifforert aepibetas nee af \. [diggoent hancluidth Taps op Seay fie, fe: b Aredaless Solution: Hex, the ee, “anot reqs ed to keep or Atore the Sever infosmala5- OM Session wletalls to 1belf he Moullers - monletain no fine grained stale About H wbo it has doeak ee von} fe aod. State jul Aolation: Here, the Server £5 regurrec| 40 Tedintain the cwoert std voor £48105, Intoeraation the MoulBy rnoaintain pernflows Btate 18 the Gtow 48 Ver iespod tart An proviola the Quality of Beers LObich 4h pacrsidhing Power. ,] Renuiess Auch a3 guananteock senuices, Hesg the Aenven ancl ebiont ase Ai ghtg boverncecl , " Quality eI Aewvlee Prrarctixs Qos Larbe roeasused ee eatNels sire, Bens Several Purarneling . > Patket loss >Tiites > Latency Pa Grenwnally there, ase fous techrigus Lo ality 4 sevice :| _ | i as a oa duling, Aichniguts www slesrgns d st Seva. They ae LSevenral Ache to on psrove the & ualty . Fifo Que ung . Pstosaly Fuecl ng . Weighted ous queuing w Touche shoping | Tht Ad ee mechanis op tb ort xo/ cthe arokintuind the mats gs the Araffic an Ao the netwosls - Taso technigues ary Shape Bratve = Pesto Deere toker, bucket | ‘Raowsen. Reservation A flow 2} sclerta nercls Sw20crrag, bach os o babfer band oielth , pu Hime and Bo on: The. Qype 4 Benvice 43 Ampkoved '@ fhrese. Yerountes cB Sesenve d bejoxe hernol i a Adbolssion Lorstro| es Adtaission kontrol sou +he. Mechanisny used by A 200 0% con uoitch 1D cuccept 0% seject o. fous ‘bas p on prevleined pararneliy calle ol 3 dperigications Byer O soul, woceepts ee fous Jos, procral rey TE Checks the, qteco Specticatons 1o feo il city . Rey cel wiasaal, v ae Ey xan -_ Se lea ee|: 2: 3 Deine Congestion i (Dec Ww) fOv0ick i 6.Jrobet do you roeon by Qos ? tthe. dull bondusidth around tne. how Aon Hetd to UIBELp ORDA 34, Question baok fobairaoe athe. aadlverstaiges 4 maine UDP oves, TCP (Decis 4 Give the Opprouches dp nape ve tre. Qos, (mais Deer7 Ie Fine groaned Opproaches, wabich poodle. Qogdo . ‘ , incl vteLual apphic.cctions os flows ‘ 2. Cowwe- etl eapproacches wohrich. prow Gos to Large. lasses 9 clet o Anajgic ols cOhot is TceP ? (eet) Oho sho aes 1oeon By Ablow stant iP TEP Congestion? Chay 16) Slovo stant +8 pant & the Loegestion 310\ Brsatengy sssec by TLR. Slowstayt 48 dasged in Lonjunchon With othes algasuitom © ob Bendiino, Moore chato, thar the pet wok i¢ Capable of romaraitt'0g > Q@ee ty, 18.16 18) Tep opercites On OW \-Gibps Lok, utilizing Loti nucusly +» How tong will ie uence, Dammbess th WHOP wanoanol , an added 92 bit troestam)s times Cuweing thu Wrap of voll) He tatca oe the _ timessten, 5? troay 1319) 7 aap Reventised Window's [6 bits Kee Jo Beg rn pletely 9 Suppose eld incrarnerts , (00° enc. nurcbes Nea iG thew ili be 222 bytes on-thediy ie thisThe. Loasesponting, transre'ssion tes i Bxe }rxiod = gyal sec So it coill tale 3y3h sec tpwxep M0un9| tthe Beguend numbey Each Incunsent ay bene stamp Bs 4-36 m So the total Hone Lan be, expreied bu, a roe.stannp = a 36 xw? xo asec = yg xi08 se ¢ Bay oe So by adding this Hime stamp, it cil] daice 14°68 Yeas to WXaP axound the Segue 2. nurmbex . E 8. Dithoruntiatt beteweerr wclefeus ound jittes ec | G, | List Sorne. ways b> doal Leith congestion ? i Diffesanbalt pp and TeP Creay ly, 16) phat aoe Aowieas 2 prowilah by tanspoy