OILWELL CEMENTING (DAY 1)

Primary & Secondary Cementing Overview

SAFETY MOMENT
 CEMENT MANUFACTURING

Oilwell Cementing 2021

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 History of cement
DEFINITION (BRITISH STANDARD) :
A product obtained by intimately mixing together a calcareous and
argillaceous, or other silica, alumina, and iron-bearing materials, burning
them at a clinkering temperature (+ 1480°C) and grinding the resulting clinker.

• History :
BC Era Clays, Quicklime Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3
Early AD Era Pozzolan cement (Volcanic)
1824 Portland Cement (Selective raw materials)
1903 Portland cement used in oil well
1917 Oilwell cements commonly available

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 Manufacturing Sequence

Tour

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 Process

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 Types of Manufacturing

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 Clinkers Chemistry

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 Complexities

Material Conc (%) TOO LOW TOO HIGH

CaO 65
SiO2 22 Low early strength Cracking +
Al2O3 5 Rapid setting Unsoundness
1. Proportioning Increased kiln Slow setting
of Raw Materials Fe2O3 4 temperature Rapid setting
MgO 1 required for burning Rapid setting
Unsoundness (>5%)

SLOW COOLING FAST COOLING

• Allows clinker crystallisation • Glass formation
• Ensures better Grindability • Clinker difficult to grind
2. Cooling • More C3A + MgO to crystallise out • Preserves ß-form of C2S
Process • Produces g - C2S (almost inert) • Causes less C3A + MgO to form

FINER GRIND • Increased proportion of cement reacts

• Rate of hydration increased
• Higher early strength development

GYPSUM : • Controlled addition difficult

3. Grinding process • Calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate
& Gypsum •formation leads to shorter
Addition hydration times • Too little gives gelation problems

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 API Cements

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 Strength retrogression

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 Other Kinds of Cement
A. Thixotropic Cements
Thin when mixed, rigid when pumping stops, fluid and thin again
when a force applied.
– Good for plugging or cementing across zones with lost circulation,

B. Microfine Cement - Particle size is 10 microns & less compared

to 100 - 150 microns for Class H
– Will penetrate 20/40 & 40/60 gravel pack screens. Portland
cement will only penetrate 10/20.
– Good for repairing casing leaks & difficult squeezes

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PRIMARY CEMENTING

Oilwell Cementing 2021

 Reference

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 Ideal Wellbore
BHST at top of Annular gap
cement Minimum: 3/4”
>BHCT at TD Ideal: 1 1/2”

Properly conditioned
hole and mud

No sloughing
Gauge
diameter Uniform as possible
( no washouts or restrictions)

NO LOSSES NO FLOW

Thin, impermeable mud filter cake Casing centered in borehole

(not gelled or unconsolidated)

Accurate BHST and BHCT

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 Objective of Primary Cementing

1. Zonal Isolation
2. Support for subsequent casing
strings
3. Protection of the casing from
corrosion, shock load.
4. Protection of borehole from
collapse (plastic, water-
sensitive or unconsolidated
formations

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 Function of Casing

– Prevent washing out under rig

– Confines circulating fluids
– Provide elevation for the flow line
– Provide support for part of the
wellhead, BOP
– Give support at the surface for deeper
strings of casing or provides structure to
hang liner.
– Isolates gas, water, salt, shale and lost
circulation zones
– Control high pressure zones
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 Process

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 Conductor

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 Stab-in

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 Top Job Cementing

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 Surface Cementing

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 Intermediate Cementing

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 Production Casing Cementing

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 Two Stage Cementing

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 Primary Cementing - Summary

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 SECONDARY CEMENTING

Oilwell Cementing 2021

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 Remedial Cementing

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 Plug Cementing

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 Plug Application

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 Plug for Zonal Isolation

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 Plug for Sidetracking

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 Methods
A. Balanced Method

B. Pump and Pull

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 Methods
C. Dump Bailer

D. BHKA/sacrificial tubing

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 Plug Guidelines
• Know and design for the well conditions (temp)
• Condition the hole
• Make a base for the plug
• Design for minimum thickening time
• Slurry to fill 500 ft
• Use diverter tool
• Batch mix the slurry
• Use sufficient spacer or wash
• Rotate pipe while placing the slurry
• Use a positive means of displacing
• Small diameter stinger
• Under displace
• WOC adequate time
• If kickoff is not achieved, leave cement as base
• Highly deviated -longer plug
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 Cause of Failure
• Inaccurate temperature data.
• Inaccurate or insufficient well
information.
• Drilled too early.
• Inadequate compressive
strength.
• Cement contamination during
displacement.
• Slurry not correctly designed
for the problem.
• Insufficient cement.
• Plug sinks due to difference
between cement and mud
density.
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 Squeeze Cementing
… the process of applying hydraulic pressure to force or squeeze a cement slurry
into the desired perforations, fractures, channels, or voids and force filtrate
water from the slurry to create a solid mass which will harden to provide the
desired seal.

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 Why Need Squeeze Cementing?

• Shut off unwanted water or gas production

• Abandonment of non-productive zone
• Seal off troublesome zone during drilling
• Injection profile modification in injection wells
• Repair mud or gas channeling on primary cement job
• Isolate a formation prior to perforating
• Insufficient top of cement on primary job
• Repair casing leak

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 Squeeze Method

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 Squeeze Method

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 Squeeze Sequence

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 Recommended Practices
• Rabbit tubing
• Pressure test work string
• Use only fresh water for mixing
• Check compatibility of fluids
• Batch mix slurries
• Design slurry / job for each situation
• Open perforations with acid, or appropriate fluid
• Monitor pressure behavior
• Maintain annulus pressure to prevent casing collapse
• Do not run packer through perforations
• Reverse more than one pipe volume
• Use wiper plugs/spacer fluid in large diameter pipe & deep wells
• Do not try to spot fluids if the well is on vacuum (verify returns)
• Do not attempt squeeze pressure greater than frac pressure
• Check flow-back and reapply squeeze pressure
• Do not leave excess pressure on the wellhead
• Adequate WOC = time for 7000 kPa (1000 psi)
• Final evaluation by production flow test

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Type of Squeeze Job

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 Squeeze Job Summary

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 To Wrap Up

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