A

PROJECT REPORT

ON
“FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF BALANCE SHEET”

OF C.B ENTERPRISES

“MANISHA DEVGUDE & COMPANY”

SUBMITTED TO

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SUBMITTED BY

PRAVIN B. BHANGE

MBA 2ND YEAR (FINANCE)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

PROF.SHEETAL SARNOT

SKN SINHGAD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

AMBEGAON (BK), PUNE

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2022-2024
 Declaration

I, Pravin Bibhishan Bhange, the undersigned studying at S.K.N Sinhgad School of

Business Management, Ambegaon (BK), Pune hereby declare that the project work titled
“A STUDY FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF BALANCE SHEET” Which has been submitted by
me as the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration
(MBA) of Savitribai Phule Pune University under the guidance of “PROF. SHEETAL
SARNOT.”

This is an original work of the undersigned and has not been reproduced from any other
sources.

Place: Pune Student Name

Date: Pravin Bibhishan Bhange

Certificate of internship
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"I have taken efforts in this internship. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Dr Sheetal Sarnot for their guidance and constant supervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the internship & also for their support in
completing the internship.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of MANISHA DEVGUDE
& COMPANY for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of
this internship.

Place: Pune Student Name

Date: Pravin Bibhishan Bhang

 CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No.
No
Chapter 1
1.1 Executive Summary 1
1.2 Introduction 2
1.3 Limitation And Objective of 3
The Study
Chapter 2
2.1 Conceptual Background of Financial 4
Statements
2.2 Balance Sheet 5
2.3 Profit And Loss Statement 13
Chapter 3
3.1 Balance Sheet Of CB 17
Enterprises 2022&2023
3.2 Profit And Loss 20
Statement2022&2023
3.3 Ratio Analysis 24
Chapter 4
4.1 Comparative Statement 34
Chapter 5
5.1 Findings 36
Chapter 6
6.1 Conclusion 37
Chapter 7
7.1 Suggestion 38
7.2 Bibliography 39
7.3 Annexure 40
 CHAPTER- 01

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Subject Matter: This Project report provides an analysis and interpretation of the year 2021-23
and 2022-23 profitability, liquidity and financial stability of Manisha Devgude and Company.

Methods of Analysis: Methods of analysis include horizontal and vertical analyses as well as
ratios such as Debt, Current and Quick ratios. Other calculations include rates of return on
Shareholders’ Equity and Total Assets and earnings before interest & Tax to name a few. Many
other calculations of can be found in this project.
Results of data analyzed show that all ratios are below industry averages. Comparative
performance is poor in the areas of profit margins, liquidity, credit control, and inventory
management.
• Assets have decreasing due to investment is decreasing.

• Liquidity Position is good.

• Purchase has decreased by 37.58%

• COGS has decreased by 46.17%

• Sales have decreased by 29.47%

• Gross Profit has decreased by 45.79%

• Net profit has decreased by 33.22%

• Improving the average collection period for accounts receivable·

• Reducing prepayments and perhaps increasing inventory levels.

• increase in purchase and Production activity

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 INTRODUCTION

1.2 A FINANCIAL STAMENT ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:

Financial statements are records that provide an indication of the organization’s financial status.
It quantitatively describes the financial health of the company. It helps in the evaluation of
company’s prospects and risks for the purpose of making business decisions. The objective of
financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance, and
changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making
economic decisions. Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable, and
comparable. They give an accurate picture of a company’s condition and operating results in a
condensed form. Reported assets, liabilities and equity are directly related to an organization's
financial position whereas reported income and expenses are directly related to an organization's
financial performance. Analysis and interpretation of financial statements helps in determining
the liquidity position, long term solvency, financial viability, profitability, and soundness of a
firm. There are four basic types of financial statements: balance sheet, income statements, cash
flow statements, and statements of retained earnings.

The analysis of financial statements is a process of evaluating the relationship between

component parts of financial statement to obtain a better understanding of firm financial position.
Analysis is a process of critically examining the accounting information given in financial
statements. For analysis, individual items are studied; their interrelationship with other related
figures is established.

Thus, analysis of financial statement refers to treatment of information contain in financial

statement in a way to afford a full diagnosis of the profitably and financial position of the firm
concern. An attempt has been carried out in this project to analyze and interpret the financial
statements of C.B. ENTERPRISES

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 OBJECTIVE:

 To understand, analyze and interpret the basic concepts of financial statements of different
mining companies.
 Interpretation of financial ratios and their significance.

 Use of Tally 9.0 package for the analysis and interpretation of financial statements of mining
companies.

LIMITATION

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

1. It is suffering from the limitations of financial statements.

2. There is Absence of standard universally accepted terminology in financial analysis.
3. Price level changes is ignored in financial analysis.
4. Quantity aspect is ignored in financial analysis.
5. Financial analysis provides misleading result in absence of absolute data.
6. The qualitative elements like quality management, quality of labor, public relations are
ignored while carrying out the analysis of financial statement only.
7. In many situations, the account has to make a choice out of various alternatives available, e.g.
choice in the method of depreciation, choice in the method of inventory valuation etc. in the
subjectivity is inherent in personal judgment, the financial statement is therefore not free from
bias.
8. Financial Statements are essential interim reports.
9. Lack of Exactness in financial Statement analysis and interpretation.
10. Lack of comparability in financial statement analysis and interpret.

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 CHAPTER -02
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of the financial activities of a
business, person, or other entity. Financial statements provide an overview of a business or
person's financial condition in both short and long term. All the relevant financial information of
a business enterprise, presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand is called
the financial statements.

The analysis of financial statement is a process of evaluating the relationship between

component parts of financial statement to obtain a better understanding of firm financial
position.
A complete set of financial statement comprises:
1) A statement of financial position as at the end of the period:
2) A statement of comprehensive income for the period.
3) A statement of changes in equity for the period:
4) A statement of cash flow for the period.
5) Notes of Account comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other
explanatory information.
There are four basic financial statements:
1. Balance sheet: It is also referred to as statement of financial position or condition,
reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and ownership equity as of a given Point in
time.
2. Income Statement: It is also referred to profit and loss statements the report on a
Company income expenses and profit over period.
3. Statement of Retain Earnings: It explain the changes in companies retain earnings over
a period of time.
4. Cash Flow Statement: its report on cash flows activity Particularly its operating,
financing and Investing activities.

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 2.1 BALANCE SHEET

In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of a

person's or organization's balances. A balance sheet is often described as a snapshot of a
company's financial condition. It summarizes a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders'
equity at a specific point in time. These three balance sheet segments give investors an idea as to
what the company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by the shareholders. Of the
four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which applies to a single
point in time.

A company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities, and ownership equity. The main
categories of assets are usually listed first and are followed by the liabilities. The difference
between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or
capital of the company. It's called a balance sheet because the two sides balance out. A typical
format of the balance sheet has been given in Table 2.1. It works on the following formula:

Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders' Equity

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 FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEET
Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES

LIABILITIES
1.Share Capital
Equity Share Capital

2. Reserves & surpluses

Capital Reserve
General Reserve
Security Premium Account
Capital Redemption Reserve
3. Secured Loans
Debentures
Loan from Bank
Long Term Loan
Other Secured Loans
4.Unsecured Loans
Fixed Deposit
Short Term Loans
Bank Overdraft
Other Liabilities (if any)
B) Provisions
Provision for Tax
Proposed Dividend
Other Provision
TOTAL

ASSETS
1.Fixed Assets

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 Goodwill
Land
Building
Leaseholds
Plant & Machinery
Furniture
Trademarks
Patents
Vehicle
2.Investment
3.Current Assets, Loan and Advances
A) Current Assets
Sundry Debtors
Bills Receivables
Closing Stock
Interest on Investment
Cash at Bank
Cash on Hand
Securities Deposit
Fixed Deposit with Banks
B) Loans and Advances
Prepaid Expenses
Tax Paid in Advance
Advances Paid
4.Miscellaneous Expenditure
Preliminary Expenses
Revenue Expenditures
Discount Allowed
5. Profit & Loss account
TOTAL

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2.1.1 CONTENTS OF BALANCE SHEET
(A) Assets
In business and accounting, assets are economic resources owned by business or company. Any
property or object of value that one possesses, usually considered as applicable to the payment of
one's debts is considered an asset. Simplistically stated, assets are things of value that can be
readily converted into cash.

The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by the firm. It is
money and other valuables belonging to an individual or business.
Types of Assets
There is two major types of assets:
1. Tangible assets
2. Intangible assets
Tangible Assets
Tangible assets are those have a physical substance, such as equipment and real estate.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets lack physical substance and usually are very hard to evaluate. Assets which do
not possess any material value. They include patents, copyrights, franchises, goodwill,
trademarks, trade names, etc.
Types of Tangible Assets
1. Fixed Assets.
2. Current Assets.

1. Fixed Assets

This group includes land, buildings, machinery, vehicles, furniture, tools, and certain wasting
resources e.g., timberland and minerals. It is also referred to as PPE (property, plant, and
equipment), these are purchased for continued and long-term use in earning profit in a
business.

2. Current Assets
Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash, sold, or
consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle. These assets are continually turned.

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 over during a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items
included into current assets:
 Cash and Cash Equivalents

It is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable
instruments (e.g., money orders, cheque, bank drafts).
 Short-term Investments

It includes securities bought and held for sale soon to generate income on short term price
differences (trading securities).
 Receivables

It is usually reported as net of allowance for uncollectable accounts.

 Inventory

The raw materials, work- in-process goods and finished goods that are the portion of a
business's assets that is ready or will be ready for sale.
 Prepaid Expenses

These are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed (a
common example is insurance). The phrase net current assets (also called working capital)
are often used and refer to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities.
I. Gross Block
Gross block is the sum of all assets of the company valued at their cost of acquisition. This is
inclusive of the depreciation that is to be charged on each asset. Net block is the gross block less
accumulated depreciation on assets. Net block is what the asset are worth to the company.
II. Capital Work in Progress
Work that has not been completed but has already incurred a capital investment from the
company. This is usually recorded as an asset on the balance sheet. Work in progress indicates
any good that is not considered to be a final product but must still be accounted for because
funds have been invested toward its production.

III. Investments
 Shares and Securities, such as bonds, common stock, or long-term notes
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  Associate Companies

 Fixed deposits with banks/finance companies

 Investments in special funds (e.g., sinking funds or pension funds).

 Investments in fixed assets not used in operations (e.g., land held for sale).
Remark: While fixed deposits with banks are considered as fixed assets, the investments in
associate concerns are treated as non-current assets.

IV. Loans and Advances include.

 House building advance

 Car, scooter, computer etc. advance.

 Multipurpose advance

 Transfer travelling allowance advance.

 Tour travelling allowance advance.

 DRS payment.

V. Reserves

 Subsidy Received from The Govt.

 Development Rebate reserve

 Issue of Shares at Premium

 General Reserve

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Liability
A liability is a debt assumed by a business entity because of its borrowing activities or other
fiscal obligations (such as funding pension plans for its employees). Liabilities are debts and
obligations of the business they represent creditors claim on business assets.
Types of
Liabilities Current
Liabilities
Current liabilities are short-term financial obligations that are paid off within one year or one
current operating cycle. These liabilities are reasonably expected to be liquidated within a year. It
includes:
 Accrued expenses as wages, taxes, and interest payments not yet paid.

 Accounts payable

 Short-term notes

 Cash dividends and

 Revenues collected in advance of actual delivery of goods or services.

Long-Term Liabilities
Liabilities that are not paid off within a year, or within a business's operating cycle, are known as
long-term or non-current liabilities. Such liabilities often involve large sums of money necessary
to undertake opening of a business, major expansion of a business, replace assets, or make a
purchase of significant assets. These liabilities are reasonably expected not to be liquidated
within a year. It includes:
 Notes payable- debt issued to a single investor.

 Bonds payable – debt issued to public or group of investors.

 Mortgages payable.

 Capital lease obligations – contract to pay rent for the use of plant, property or
equipment.
 deferred income taxes payable, and

 Pensions and other post-retirement benefits.

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Contingent Liabilities
A third kind of liability accrued by companies is known as a contingent liability. The term refers
to instances in which a company reports that there is a possible liability for an event, transaction,
or incident that has already taken place; the company, however, does not yet know whether a
financial drain on its resources will result. It also is often uncertain of the size of the financial
obligation or the exact time that the obligation might have to be paid.
Fixed Liability

The liability which is to be paid off at the time of dissolution of firm is called fixed liability.
Examples are Capital, Reserve and Surplus.
Secured Loans
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as
collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan.
Unsecured Loans
An unsecured loan is a loan that is not backed by collateral. It is also known as signature loan
and personal loan. Unsecured loans are based solely upon the borrower's credit rating. An
unsecured loan is considered much cheaper and carries less risk to the borrower. However, when
an unsecured loan is granted, it does not necessarily have to be based on a credit score.

2.2 PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

Income statement, also called profit and loss statement (P&L) and Statement of Operations is
financial statement that summarizes the revenues, costs and expenses incurred d urging a specific
period - usually a fiscal quarter or year. These records provide information that shows the ability
of a company to generate profit by increasing revenue and reducing costs. The purpose of the
income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money
during the period being reported. The important thing to remember about an income statement is
that it represents a period. This contrasts with the balance sheet, which represents a single
moment in time. A typical format of the Profit & Loss Statement has been given in Table2.2.

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 FORMAT OF PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

Profit & Loss Statement of C.B. ENTERPRISES

PARTICULARS Amount PARTICULARS Amount

Gross Profit (Transferred) Gross Profit (Transferred)
Office and Administration Exp: Interest received
Salaries Rent received
Rent Discount received
Postage & telegrams Dividend received
Office electric charges Bad debts recovered
Telephone charges Provision for discount on creditors
Printing and stationary Provision for discount on creditors
Selling and Distribution
Expenses:
Carriage outward
Advertisement
Salesmen's salaries
Commission
Insurance
Traveling expense
Bad debts
Packing expense
financial and Other Expenses:
Depreciation
Repair
Audit fee
Interest paid
Commission paid
Bank charges
Legal charges
Profit before Interest Net loss
Less- Net Interest
Profit before Tax
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Less- Tax Payable
Profit after Tax
Less- Dividend
Retained Profit

2.2.1 CONTENTS OF PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

a. Revenue - Cash Inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity during a period
from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute
the entity's ongoing major operations.
b. Expenses - Cash outflows or other using- up of assets or incurrence of liabilities during a
period from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out o there
activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major operations.
c. Turnover

The main source of income for a company is its turnover, primarily comprised of sales of
its products and services to third-party customers.
d. Sales

Sales are normally accounted for when goods or services are delivered and invoiced, and
accepted by the customer, even if payment is not received until sometime later, even in a
subsequent trading period.
e. Cost of Sales (COS)
The sum of direct costs of goods sold plus any manufacturing expenses relating to the sales (or
turnover) is termed cost of sales, or production cost of sales, or cost of goods sold. These costs
include:
 Costs of raw materials stocks

 Costs of inward-bound freight paid by the company.

 Packaging costs

 Direct production salaries and wages

 Production expenses, including depreciation of trading-related fixed assets.

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(f) Other Operating Expenses
These are not directly related to the production process, but contributing to the activity of the
company, there are further costs that are termed ‘other operating expenses. These comprises of
costs like:

 Distribution costs and selling costs,

 Administration costs, and

 Research and development costs (unless they relate to specific projects and the costs
may be deferred to future periods).
(g) Other Operating Income
Other operating income includes all other revenues that have not been included in other parts of
the profit and loss account. It does not include sales of goods or services, reported turnover, or
any sort of interest receivable, reported within the net interest category.
(h) Gross Margin (or Gross Profit)
The difference between turnover, or sales, and COS is gross profit or gross margin. It needs to be
positive and large enough to at least cover all other expenses.
(i) Operating Profit (OP)
The operating profit is the net of all operating revenues and costs, regardless of the financial
structure of the company and whatever exceptional events occurred during the period that
resulted in exceptional costs. The profit earned from a firm's normal core business operations. It
is also known as Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT).

Operating Profit = Turnover - COS - other Operating Expenses + Other Operating Income

(j) Profit before Tax (PBT)

A profitability measure that looks at a company's profits before the company has to pay
corporate income tax. This measure deducts all expenses from revenue including interest
expenses and operating expenses, but it leaves out the payment of tax.
(k) Profit after Tax (PAT)
PAT, or net profit, is the profit on ordinary activities after tax. The final charge that a company

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has to suffer, provided it has made sufficient profits, is therefore corporate taxation.

PAT = PBT - Corporation Tax

(l) Retained Profit
The retained profit for the year is what is left on the profit and loss account after deducting
dividends for the year. The balance on the profit and loss account forms part of the capital (or
equity, or shareholders’ funds) of the company.

2.3 FINANCIAL RATIOS

2.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF CALCULATION OF RATIO ANALYSIS

The importance of ratio analysis lies in the fact that it presents data on a comparative basis and
enables the drawing of inferences regarding the performance of the firm. Ratio analysis helps in
concluding the following aspects:
To know about Liquidity Position:
Ratio analysis helps in determining the liquidity position of the firm. A firm can be said to have
the ability to meet its current obligations when they become due. It is measured with the help of
liquidity ratios.
To Know about Long- Term Solvency:
Ratio analysis helps in assessing the long-term financial viability of a firm. Long- term solvency
measured by leverage/capital structure and profitability ratios. To Know about Operating
Efficiency:
Ratio analysis determines the degree of efficiency of management and utilization of assets. It is
measured by the activity ratios.
To know about Over-All Profitability:
The management of the firm is concerned about the overall profitability of the firm which
ensures a reasonable return to its owners and optimum utilization of its assets. This is possible if
an integrated view is taken, and all the ratios are considered together.
To Know About Inter- Firm Comparison:
Ratio analysis helps in comparing the various aspects of one firm with the other.

CHAPTER- 03

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 BALANCE SHEET

Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES as of 31st Mar -2022

Total
PARTICULARS Amount Amount
Capital Account 689366.05
Sunil's Capital 875860.05
Less- Credit card HDFC 50,489.00
Donation 2,502.00
Drawings 109053
School fees 24,450.00
Loans (Liability) 1851845.9
Bank od A/C 859142.95
Secured Loans 992702.95

Unsecured Loans
Current Liabilities 1,638,085.9
Provision 44,553.00
Sundry Creditors 1570805
Unregistered Tax Payable 65,940.00
less- Duties & Taxes 43,212.15
Profit & Loss A/C 0
Opening balance Current Period 502558.24
less- Transferred 502558.24
Total (Liabilities) 4,124,437.8

Fixed Assets 1579196.65

Car 593850
Mobile 59,773.74
Motor Bike 31,181.65
Plant & Machinery 687189.75
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Tata Ace 207201.51
Current Assets 2545241.15
Closing Stock 1035485
Loans & Advances (Assets) 53,073.00
Sundry Debtors 1425712.6
Cash in Hand 24869.00
Bank Accounts 6101.48
Total (Assets) 4124437.8

Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES for 2023

Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISE as at 31st Mar -2023

Total
PARTICULARS Amount Amount
Capital Account 353,181.05
Sunil's Capital 595406.05
Less- Credit card HDFC 12,500.00
Star Health Insurance 9,343.00
Drawings 181362
School fees 39,020.00
Loans (Liability) 1908532.9
Bank of A/C 920609.95
Secured Loans 837922.95

Unsecured Loans 150000

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Current Liabilities 2,493,868.57

Provision 76,703.00

Sundry Creditors 2385328.5

Unregistered Tax Payable 65,940.00

less- Duties & Taxes 34,102.93

Profit & Loss A/C 3355599.45

Total(liabilities) 50,91,181.97

Fixed Assets 1,352,287.87

Car 504772.5

Mobile 53,842.29

Motor Bike 26,504.40

Plant & Machinery 584111.4

LCD Monitor 6936

Tata Ace 176121.28

Current Assets 3738894.1

Closing Stock 1235091

Loans & Advances (Assets) 35,642.00

Sundry Debtors 917360.62

Cash in Hand 1544699.00

Bank Accounts 6101.48

Total (Assets) 5091181.97

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 Profit &l loss statement.2022

Profit & Loss Statement as per the year Ending of 31st Mar, 2022
Particulars Amount Amount

Trading Account:
Sales Account 5104025.95
Sales Ag. E Form 450887
Sales Ag. H Form 420469.5
Sales central Tax 5% 1701502
Sales Tax Invoice 5% 2531167.45
Direct Incomes 1566780
Work Contract Received 1566780

6670805.95
Cost of Sales 4358261.6
Opening Stock 343079
Add: Purchase Accounts 4068867.2
Less: Closing Stock 1035485
3376461.2
Direct Expenses 981800.4
Cartage Inward 342534
Job Work Paid 302586.4
Power& Fuel Exp. 336680
Gross Profit 2312544.35
Income Statement:
Indirect Incomes 644.32

Cartage Outward
Interest 644.32
TOTAL 2313188.67

Indirect expenses
Accounting charges 15000
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Advertising exp. 16120
Audit Fees 10000
Bank Charges 12556.54
Business Promotion Exp 15840
Commission exp. 9680
Convenience Exp 71842
Depreciation 239417.59
Factory rent 275000
Festival Exp 77425
Interest on Tata Ace Loan 42290.94
Interest on C.C Limit 85655.96
Interest On term Loan 44465.60
Insurance 14832
Legal and Professional Charges 23000
Postage and Currier Exp 1872
Printing And Stationery Exp 12134
Repair And Maintenance Building 4670
Repair and Maintenance Exp 43700.29
Salaries 412633
Short Excess 0.66
Self-Welfare 56450
Telephone Expenses 41488.75
Travelling Expenses 65670
Vehicle Running and Maintenance 168886

Net Profit: 502558.24

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Profit & loss statement 2023.
Profit & Loss Statement as per the year Ending of 31st Mar 2023

Particulars Amount Amount

Trading Account:
Sales Account 3599918
Sales Ag. D Form 139550
Sales Ag. E Form 667113
Sales Tax Invoice 5% 2793255
Direct Incomes 3599918
Cost of Sales 2346186.55
Opening Stock 1035485
Add: Purchase Accounts 2539552.55
Less: Closing Stock 1235091
2339946.55
Direct Expenses 6240
Cartage Inward 2210
Job Work Paid 4030
Gross Profit 1253731.45
Income Statement:
1253731.45
918132.03

Depreciation 238638.78
Donation (Charity) 1401
Factory Rent 120000
Festival Exp. 12580
Interest on Tata Ace Loan 20992
Interest Aon VAT 154
Interest On C.C limit 115379

Legal & Professional Charges 9852

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Office Exp. 1880
Printing & Stationary Exp. 9782
Salaries 245864
Short & Excess (-)5
Staff Welfare 2356
Telephone Exp. 15710
Toll Tax 180
Vehicle Running & Maintenance 40145
Weighting & Measurement 80
Net Profit: 335599.42

VARIATION OF FINANCIAL RATIOS

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CURRENT RATIO:

CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSET/CURRENT LIABILITIES

SR YEAR ASSETS LABILITIES RATIO

N
O

1 2022 2545241.15 1638085.90 1.55

2 2023 3738894.1 2493868.57 1.50

Current Ratio
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
1 2
Series1 1.55 1.5

In 2022, the current ratio was 1.55, and in 2023, it decreased to 1.50.A current ratio above 1 indicates that the
company has more current assets than current liabilities, which generally signifies a good liquidity position. The
decrease in the current ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests that while the company's current assets still exceed its
current liabilities, the margin of safety has slightly decreased. However, it's important to consider industry
benchmarks and trends to determine whether the current ratio is at an acceptable level for the company's
operations and financial health.

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WORKING CAPITAL

WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSET- CURRENT LIABALITIES

SR YEAR ASSETS LABILITIES VALUE

NO

1 2022 2545241.15 1638085.90 907155.15

2 2023 3738894.1 2493868.57 1245025.53

Working Capital
1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
1 2
Series1 907155.25 1245025.53

In 2022, the company had a working capital of 907,155.15.

In 2023, the company's working capital increased to 1,245,025.53.
The increase in working capital from 2022 to 2023 suggests that the company had a better ability to cover
its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. A positive working capital indicates that the company
has sufficient current assets to cover its current liabilities, which is generally a good sign of liquidity and
financial health. interpretation

Page | 25
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO = SALES ACCOUNT/CLOSING STOCK

SR YEAR SALES Closing stock VALUE

N
O

1 2022 5104025.95 1035485 4.93

2 2023 3599918.00 1235091 2.91

Inventory Turnover Ratio

6

0
1 2

Series1 4.93 2.91

In 2022, the turnover ratio was approximately 4.93, while in 2023, it decreased to approximately 2.91. A higher
turnover ratio generally indicates more efficient inventory management, as it suggests that the company sells its
inventory more frequently within a given period. The decrease in the turnover ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests a
decline in the efficiency of inventory management. This might indicate slower sales or an increase in the level of
inventory being held by the company. It’s essential to consider the reasons behind the change in the turnover ratio
and whether it aligns with industry standards and company objectives.

Page | 26
QUICK RATIO:

QUICK RATIO = LIQUID ASSET/LIQUID LIABILITIES

SR YEAR Liquid Assets Liquid Liabilities VALUE

N
O

1 2022 1509756.15 1638085.90 0.92

2 2023 2503803.1 2493868. 75 1.00

Quick Ratio
1.02

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88
1 2

Series1 0.92 1

In 2022, the quick ratio was approximately 0.92, while in 2023, it increased to approximately 1.00.A quick ratio
above 1 indicates that the company has enough liquid assets to cover its current liabilities without relying on the
sale of inventory. The increase in the quick ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests an improvement in the company's
liquidity position and its ability to meet short-term obligations. A quick ratio of 1.00 in 2023 indicates that the
company's liquid assets are equal to its liquid liabilities, providing a more balanced liquidity position. Overall, the
interpretation suggests that the company's liquidity improved from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the increase in the

Page | 27
quick ratio, indicating a better ability to meet short-term obligations without relying on inventory sales

Page | 28
DEBT EQUITY RATIO:

DEBT EQUITY RATIO = LONG TERM DEBT/CAPIAT ACCOUNT+NET PROFIT

SR YEAR LONG TERM CAPIAT NET VALUE

NO DEBT ACCOUNT PROFIT

1 2022 1851845.90 634506.05 502558.24 1.63

2 2023 1908532.90 353181.05 335599.45 2.77

Debt - Equity Ratio

3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2
Series1 1.63 2.77

In 2022, the debt-equity ratio was approximately 2.92, while in 2023, it increased significantly to approximately
5.41.A higher debt-equity ratio indicates that the company is financing a larger portion of its operations through
debt rather than equity. The increase in the debt-equity ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests that the company has taken
on more debt relative to its equity. This could indicate increased financial leverage or a need for additional capital.
A high debt-equity ratio may imply higher financial risk due to increased debt obligations, potentially impacting the
company's financial flexibility and ability to handle economic downturns. Overall, the interpretation indicates that
the company's reliance on debt financing increased substantially from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the significant
rise in the debt-equity ratio. This trend suggests a potential shift in the company's capital structure and increased
financial risk associated with higher debt levels.

Page | 29
GROSS PROFIT RATIO:

GROSS PROFIT RATIO = GROSS PROFIT RATIO*100/SALES

SR YEAR Gross Profit SALES VALUE

NO

1 2022 2312544.35 5104025.95 45.31%

2 2023 5104025.95 1035485 34.83%

Gross Profit Ratio

50.00 %
45.00 %
40.00 %
35.00 %
30.00 %
25.00 %
20.00 %
15.00 %
10.00 %
5.00 %
0.00 %
1 2
Series1 45.31 % 34.83 %

In 2022, the gross profit ratio was approximately 45.31%, while in 2023, it decreased to approximately 34.83%.
A higher gross profit ratio indicates that the company retains a larger portion of its sales revenue as gross profit,
after deducting the cost of goods sold (COGS). he decreases in the gross profit ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests
a decrease in the efficiency of the company's production or procurement processes, resulting in a lower
proportion of sales revenue retained as gross profit. It’s important to investigate the reasons behind the decline
in the gross profit ratio, which could include changes in pricing strategies, cost structures, or operational
inefficiencies. Overall, the interpretation indicates a decline in the efficiency of generating gross profit from
sales revenue from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the decrease in the gross profit ratio.
Page | 30
 NET PROFIT:

NET PROFIT = NET PROFIT *100/SALES

SR YEAR NET Profit SALES VALUE

N
O

1 2022 502558.24 5104025.95 9.84%

2 2023 335599.42 3599918 9.32%

Net Profit Ratio

10.00 %

9.80 %

9.60 %

9.40 %

9.20 %

9.00 %
1 2
Series1 9.84 % 9.32 %

In 2022, the net profit ratio was approximately 9.84%, while in 2023, it decreased to approximately
9.32%.The net profit ratio indicates the percentage of sales revenue that translates into net profit after
deducting all expenses, including cost of goods sold, operating expenses, interest, and taxes. The
decrease in the net profit ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests a decline in the efficiency of the company
in generating net profit from sales revenue. Factors contributing to the decrease in net profit ratio may
include increased costs, lower sales prices, or higher operating expenses. It’s essential to investigate
the reasons behind the decline in net profit ratio and take necessary measures to improve profitability
and operational efficiency. Overall, the interpretation indicates a decrease in the efficiency of
generating net profit from sales revenue from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the decline in the
net profit ratio.
Page | 31
 RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO:

RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO=NET INCOME*100/FIXED ASSET+NET WORKING

CAPITAL

SR YEAR NET INCOME FIXED ASSET NET VALUE

NO WORKING
CAPITAL

1 2022 502528.24 1579196.65 907155.25 20.21%

2 2023 335599.45 1352287.87 1245025.53 12.92%

Return on Assets
25.00 %

20.00 %

15.00 %

10.00 %

5.00 %

0.00 %
1 2
Series1 20.21 % 12.92 %

In2022thereturn on assets (ROA) was approximately 31.83%, while in 2023, it decreased to approximately
24.82%. A higher ROA indicates that the company is more efficient in generating profits relative to its
total assets. The decrease in ROA from 2022 to 2023 suggests a decline in the efficiency of the company
in utilizing its assets to generate earnings. Factors contributing to the decline in ROA may include lower
net income, inefficient asset utilization, or an increase in total assets without corresponding increases in
net income. It’s important for the company to analyze the reasons behind the decrease in ROA and take
measures to improve asset utilization and profitability. Overall, the interpretation indicates a decrease in
the efficiency of generating profit from assets from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the decline in return
on assets (ROA

Page | 32
RETURN ON INVESTMENT:

RETURN ON INVESTMENT = NET PROFIT *100/CAPITAL ACCOUNT+NET PROFIT

SR YEAR NET Profit SALES VALUE

NO

1 2022 502558.24 634506.05 44.20%

2 2023 335599.45 353181.05 48.72%

Return on Investment
50.00 %
49.00 %
48.00 %
47.00 %
46.00 %
45.00 %
44.00 %
43.00 %
42.00 %
41.00 %
1 2
Series1 44.20 % 48.72 %

In 2022, the return on investment (ROI) was approximately 79.22%, while in 2023, it increased to
approximately 95.03%. A higher ROI indicates a more efficient use of resources to generate profit.
The increase in ROI from 2022 to 2023 suggests an improvement in the profitability of the investment
made by the company. Factors contributing to the increase in ROI may include higher net profit
relative to sales, cost-saving measures, or improvements in operational efficiency. It’s important for
the company to analyse the factors contributing to the change in ROI to sustain or improve its
profitability in the future.

Page | 33
OPERATING COST RATIO

OPERATING RATIO = COGS (COST OF GOOD SOLD) + OPERATING EXPENSES/NET SALES

SR YEAR COGS Operating SALES VALUE

NO expenses

1 2022 4358261.6 1810630.43 5104025.95 120.86%

2 2023 2346186.55 918132.03 3599918 90.67%

Operating Cost Ratio

140.00 %
120.00 %
100.00 %
80.00 %
60.00 %
40.00 %
20.00 %
0.00 %
1 2
Series1 120.86 % 90.67 %

In 2022, the operating cost ratio was approximately 120.86%, while in 2023, it decreased to approximately
90.67%. A higher cost ratio indicates that a larger portion of sales revenue is consumed by the combined
costs of goods sold and operating expenses. The decrease in the cost ratio from 2022 to 2023 suggests
improved cost management or efficiency in operations. The company was able to lower its costs relative
to sales revenue. A lower cost ratio generally implies improved profitability, as more of the sales revenue
is retained as profit after covering costs. Overall, the interpretation indicates that the company's cost
management improved from 2022 to 2023, as evidenced by the decrease in the cost ratio.

Page | 34
 SUMMARY OF RATIO ANALYSIS

PARTICULARS 2022 2023 Remarks

Current ratio 1.55 1.50 Current ratio decreased

Working capital 907155.15 1245025.53 Working capital increased

Inventory turnover ratio 4.93 2.91 Inventory turnover ratio decreased

Quick ratio 0.92 1.00 Quick ratio increased

Debt-equity ratio 1.63 2.77 Debt-equity ratio increased

Gross profit 45.31% 34.83% Gross profit decreased

Net profit 9.84% 9.32% Net profit decreased

Return on asset 20.21% 12.92% Return on asset decreased

Return on investment 44.20% 48.72% Return on investment increased

Operating cost ratio 90.67% 120.86% Operating cost ratio increased

SUMMARY OF BALANCE SHEET

Page | 35
PARTICULARS 2022 2023 Remarks

Current Assets 2545241.15 3738894.10 Short term liquidity available is

very less.
Fixed Assets 1579196.65 1352287.87 Fixed Assets have decreased due to
decrease in investment.

Current Liabilities 1638085.85 2493868.57 Substantial increase in liabilities.

Liquidity position is not good.

Long Term Liabilities 992702.95 837922.95 Debts have decreased because of
less investment

SUMMARY OF PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

PARTICULARS 2022 2023 Remarks

Purchase 4068867.20 2539552.55 Purchase has decreased by

Cost of Goods Sold 4358261.60 2346186.55 COGS has decreased by

Sale 5104025.9 3599918.00 Sales have decreased by

Gross Profit 2312544.35 1253731.45 Gross Profit has decreased by

Net Profit 502558.24 335599.45 Net profit has decreased by

CHAPTER. 04

Page | 36
 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT

COMPARATIVE INCOME STATEMENT

(Profit and Loss Statement)

Particulars Previous Current Absolute Percentag

e
Year (2022) Year (2023) Change
change
Sales 5104025.95 3599918 -1504107.95 -29.47%

Less- Cost of Goods Sold 4358261.6 2346186.55 -2012075.05 -46.17%

Operating Profit 745764.35 1253731.45 507967.1 68.11%

Add- Other Income 1566780 - 0 0

Gross Profit 2312544.35 1253731.45 -1058812.9 -45.79%

Less-Operating Exp. 1810630.43 918132.03 -63667.97 -3.52%

Earnings Before Interest & Tax 501913.92 335599.45 -167603.11 -33.39%

Add- Interest 644.32 0 0 0

Profit 502558.24 335599.45 -166958.79 -33.22%

Page | 37
  Percentage Change = Absolute Change

Figures of the previous year

Comparative Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES

Pervious Current Absolute Percentage

Particulars Year (2022) Year (2023) Change Change
Car 593850 504772.5 (89077.5) 15%

Mobile 59773.74 53842.29 (5931.45) 9.92%

Motor Bike 31181.65 26504.40 (4677.25) 15%

Plant & Machinery 687189.75 584111.4 (103078.35) 14.99%

LCD Monitor - 6936 - -

Tata Ace 207201.51 176121.28 (148919.77) 71.87%

Closing Stock 1035485 1235091 199606 19.28%

Loans & Advances (Assets) 53073 35642 (17431) 34.81%

Sundry Debtors 1425712.6 917360.62 (508351.98) 35.66%

Cash in Hand 24869.00 1544699 1519830 61.11%

Bank Accounts 6101.48 6101.48 - -

Total 4124437.85 5091181.97 966744.12 23.43%

Capital Account 634506.05 353,181.05 281325 44.33%

Loans (Liability) 1851845.9 1908532.9 (56687) 3.06
Current Liabilities 1,638,085.9 2,493,868.57 855782.67 52.24%

Total 4124437.85 5091181.97 966744.12 23.43%

Page | 38
 CHAPTER-05
FINDINGS
Balance Sheet Analysis: Current assets increased significantly, indicating improved short-term
liquidity, yet may still be insufficient to cover liabilities. Fixed assets decreased due to reduced
investments, potentially impacting long-term growth prospects. Current liabilities experienced a
substantial increase. Long-term liabilities decreased. Profit & Loss Statement Analysis: Purchases,
cost of goods sold (COGS), and sales all decreased notably, indicating reduced business activity and
potentially lower demand or market conditions. Gross profit and net profit both decreased
significantly, suggesting decreased profitability and potential challenges in cost management or
revenue generation. Overall, the company faces challenges in managing liquidity, maintaining
profitability, and optimizing asset utilization.
 Current Ratio: Decreased from 1.55 to 1.50, indicating a potential decrease in liquidity. Immediate
assets may not be as readily available to cover short-term liabilities.
 Working Capital: Increased significantly from 907,155.15 to 1,245,025.53, suggesting improved
liquidity and the ability to cover short-term obligations.
 Quick Ratio: Increased from 0.92 to 1.00, indicating improved ability to meet short-term obligations
with liquid assets.
 Debt-Equity Ratio: Increased from 1.63 to 2.77, suggesting higher reliance on debt financing relative
to equity. This may increase financial risk and leverage.
 Gross Profit Margin: Decreased from 45.31% to 34.83%, indicating lower profitability after
accounting for cost of goods sold. This may be attributed to higher production costs or lower sales
prices.
 Net Profit Margin: Decreased from 9.84% to 9.32%, indicating reduced profitability after accounting
for all expenses..
 Return on Assets (ROA): Decreased from 20.21% to 12.92%, indicating lower profitability relative to
total assets employed. This may suggest reduced efficiency in asset utilization.
 Return on Investment (ROI): Increased from 44.20% to 48.72%, indicating higher returns generated
relative to the initial investment. This suggests improved investment performance.
 Operating Cost Ratio: Increased significantly from 90.67% to 120.86%, indicating higher operating
expenses relative to revenue. This may suggest inefficiencies in cost management or

Page | 39
 increased overhead costs.

CHAPTER-06
CONCLUSION

 Comprehensive financial analysis of the balance sheet provides valuable insights into a company's
financial health and performance.
 Examination of key financial metrics and ratios reveals liquidity, solvency, and efficiency of the
company.
 The balance sheet is a crucial tool for assessing the company's ability to meet short-term and long-term
obligations, highlighting financial stability and risk management practices.
 Analysis of current assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity identifies trends, strengths, and areas for
improvement.
 Financial ratios, such as current ratio, quick ratio, and debt-to-equity ratio, offer benchmarks for
comparison with industry standards and competitors.
 From ratio analysis of the Balance Sheet and P & L Statement of C.B. ENTERPRISES of 2022-23 it
was concluded that liquidity position of the company is good. Current ratio, debt-equity ratio, quick
ratio, net profit margin, operating profit margin, gross profit margin, return on assets, return on
investments and return on capital employed were found to be unacceptable. The ratios that are found
to be desirable are Current Ratio, Return On investment and return on working capital and Debt –
Equity Ratio.

Page | 40
 CHAPTER-07
SUGGESTION

8.1 Recommendation for Company:

The profit Of the Company is not in a good Position. Profit decrease in 2022-23 comparison to
2022-23 so for earn more profit company must Take Alternative Actions for more profit such as:

 Increasing in Procurement in sugarcane,

 Production, and Control in Expenses Like, Administrative, selling Etc.

 The firms have low current ratio in 2022-23 comparison to 2021-22 so it should increase
its current ratio where it can meet its short-term obligation smoothly.
 Liquidity ratio of the firm is less in 2022-23 comparison to 2021-22 liquidity position in
over the years. So, I suggested that the firm maintain proper liquid funds like cash and
bank balance.
 It should enhance its employee’s efficiency, more training needed to its employees to
increase its production capacity and minimize mistakes while performing the tasks, also
more safety precaution needs to implement to the employees who directly working on
sugar production process.
 The company high inventory so I suggested that the firm must reduce the stock by
increase sales.
 The firms should have proper check all process of the plant.

Page | 41
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS:

1. M.Y. KHAN, P.K. JAIN (1981), Financial Management, and Cost Accounting (third
edition).
2. I.M. PANDEY. Financial Management New Delhi Vikas publishing house private Ltd –
ninth addition 2004.
3. Financial Statement

4. Financial Management

COMPANY DATA:

Vouchers of Sale &

Purchase Bank Statement
Other Data of C.B. ENTERPRISES

WEBSITES: -

www.wikipedia.com
www.wallstreetmojo.com
www.Investopedia.com

Page | 42
 ANNEXURE

Table 3.1: Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES as of 31st Mar -2022

Total
PARTICULARS Amount Amount

Source of Funds:
Capital Account 634,506.05
Sunil's Capital 875860.05
Less- Credit card HDFC 50,489.00
Donation 2,502.00
Drawings 109053
School fees 24,450.00
Loans (Liability) 1851845.9
Bank od A/C 859142.95
Secured Loans 992702.95

Unsecured Loans
Current Liabilities 1,638,085.9
Provision 44,553.00
Sundry Creditors 1570805
Unregistered Tax Payable 65,940.00
less- Duties & Taxes 43,212.15
Profit & Loss A/C 0
Opening balance Current Period 502558.24
less- Transferred 502558.24
Total 4,124,437.8

Page | 43
 Fixed Assets 1579196.65
Car 593850
Mobile 59,773.74
Motor Bike 31,181.65
Plant & Machinery 687189.75
Tata Ace 207201.51
Current Assets 2545241.15
Closing Stock 1035485
Loans & Advances (Assets) 53,073.00
Sundry Debtors 1425712.6
Cash in Hand 24869.00
Bank Accounts 6101.48
Total 4124437.8

Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISES for 2023

Balance Sheet of C.B. ENTERPRISE as at 31st Mar -2023

Total
PARTICULARS Amount Amount
Capital Account 353,181.05
Sunil's Capital 595406.05
Less- Credit card HDFC 12,500.00
Star Health Insurance 9,343.00
Drawings 181362
School fees 39,020.00
Loans (Liability) 1908532.9
Bank od A/C 920609.95
Secured Loans 837922.95
Unsecured Loans 150000

Page | 44
current Liabilities 2,493,868.57

Provision 76,703.00

Sundry Creditors 2385328.5

Unregistered Tax Payable 65,940.00

less- Duties & Taxes 34,102.93

Profit & Loss A/C 3355599.45

Opening balance Current Period 3355599.45
Total 50,91,181.97

Application of Funds:

Fixed Assets 1,352,287.87

Car 504772.5

Mobile 53,842.29

Motor Bike 26,504.40

Plant & Machinery 584111.4

LCD Monitor 6936

Tata Ace 176121.28

Current Assets 3738894.1

Closing Stock 1235091

Loans & Advances (Assets) 35,642.00

Sundry Debtors 917360.62

Cash in Hand 1544699.00

Bank Accounts 6101.48

Total 5091181.97

Profit &l loss statement.2022

Page | 45
 Profit & Loss Statement as per the year Ending of 31st Mar, 2022
Particulars Amount Amount

Trading Account:
Sales Account 5104025.95
Sales Ag. E Form 450887
Sales Ag. H Form 420469.5
Sales central Tax 5% 1701502
Sales Tax Invoice 5% 2531167.45
Direct Incomes 1566780
Work Contract Received 1566780

6670805.95
Cost of Sales 4358261.6
Opening Stock 343079
Add: Purchase Accounts 4068867.2
Less: Closing Stock 1035485
3376461.2
Direct Expenses 981800.4
Cartage Inward 342534
Job Work Paid 302586.4
Power& Fuel Exp. 336680
Gross Profit 2312544.35
Income Statement:
Indirect Incomes 644.32

Cartage Outward
Interest 644.32
TOTAL 2313188.67

Indirect expenses
Accounting charges 15000
Advertising exp. 16120
Audit Fees 10000

Page | 46
Bank Charges 12556.54
Business Promotion Exp 15840
Commission exp. 9680
Convenience Exp 71842
Depreciation 239417.59
Factory rent 275000
Festival Exp 77425
Interest on Tata Ace Loan 42290.94
Interest on C.C Limit 85655.96
Interest On term Loan 44465.60
Insurance 14832
Legal and Professional Charges 23000
Postage and Currier Exp 1872
Printing And Stationery Exp 12134
Repair And Maintenance Building 4670
Repair and Maintenance Exp 43700.29
Salaries 412633
Short Excess 0.66
Self-Welfare 56450
Telephone Expenses 41488.75
Travelling Expenses 65670
Vehicle Running and Maintenance 168886

Net Profit: 502558.24

Page | 47
Profit & loss statement 2023.
Profit & Loss Statement as per the year Ending of 31st Mar 2023

Particulars Amount Amount

Trading Account:
Sales Account 3599918
Sales Ag. D Form 139550
Sales Ag. E Form 667113
Sales Tax Invoice 5% 2793255
Direct Incomes 3599918
Cost of Sales 2346186.55
Opening Stock 1035485
Add: Purchase Accounts 2539552.55
Less: Closing Stock 1235091
2339946.55
Direct Expenses 6240
Cartage Inward 2210
Job Work Paid 4030
Gross Profit 1253731.45
Income Statement:
1253731.45
918132.03

Depreciation 238638.78
Donation (Charity) 1401
Factory Rent 120000
Festival Exp. 12580
Interest on Tata Ace Loan 20992
Interest Aon VAT 154
Interest On C.C limit 115379

Legal & Professional Charges 9852

Page | 48
Office Exp. 1880
Printing & Stationary Exp. 9782
Salaries 245864
Short & Excess (-)5
Staff Welfare 2356
Telephone Exp. 15710
Toll Tax 180
Vehicle Running & Maintenance 40145
Weighting & Measurement 80
Net Profit: 335599.42

Page | 49