Science Study Guide

End of Term Exam

Academic Session 2023 – 24

Student’s Name:
Class: VIII Teacher’s Name: Ms. Anju George

Note:

Please note that this Study Guide has been devised for revision as
an additional resource pack for the learners’ reference and further
support along with all the revision activities conducted at school. This
guide has been designed as a compilation of reference material from
Curriculum objectives & some tasks for practice to supplement
students’ learning.
The students can use this study guide at their own pace and
convenience, however, if there are any questions about using the
resource pack or would like additional support related to the concepts
provided, please do reach out to the teachers. Please note that we will
be referring to the study guide in class as well.
We wish Good luck to all our learners for the Exam Preparation and
thank parents & teachers for their continued partnership and support.
 Exam Topics –Term II

Unit 5- Materials and Cycles on Earth

Unit 6- Light
Unit 7 – Diet and Growth
Unit 8 – Chemical Reactions
Unit 9 – Magnetism

Unit 5: Materials and Cycles on Earth

Chapter 5.1 Structure of the Atom
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Atoms:
 The word atoms come from a Greek word that means “cannot be split”
 An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other
substance.
 Each element has same type of an atom.
 A compound is made when atoms of different elements join together by chemical
bonds.
 Atomic mass in an atom or group of an atom is the sum of the masses of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
 The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom gives us the atomic number
of that atom.
 Rutherford discover the proton and Nucleus.
 Rutherford famous experiment was Gold foil Experiment.
 James Chadwick along with Thompson and Rutherford proved that Neutrons exist.
 There is still a lot that we do not know about atoms.
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Thompson model of the Atom

Rutherford Model:
Chapter 5.2 Purity
Sea Water:

 Seawater is made up of water and various salts, such as sodium chloride.

 To obtain sodium chloride from seawater the water can be evaporated.
 In some countries the salt is separated by letting seawater fill flat
in shallow areas called beds that allows water to evaporate in the
heat fromthe sun.
 Seawater is made up of not only sodium chloride but many other
slats aswell such as Magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium
chloride and some other salts.
 Salta are compounds made from acids, for example sodium
chloride is formed from hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride is
formed from sulfuricacid.

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 Chapter 5.3 Weather and Climate

Weather:

 Weather is the state of the atmosphere and its changes from

minute tominute, hour to hour, day to day, or week to week.
 In some places the weather is very similar each day, but in
other theweather changes frequently.
 Weather is generally the combination of temperature,
humidity,precipitation, cloudiness, visibility and wind.
 Countries all over the world take careful measurements of the
weather tohelp predict what will happen next, to see patterns in
the weather, and toprovide information about the weather over
time.
 When People talk about the climate, they mean the weather of
a placeover a much longer time, usually more than 30 years.
 Climate is the average weather in an area and takes several
years tochange.
 Weather is affected by factors such as temperature, humidity,
cloudinessand precipitation.
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5.4 Climate and Ice ages

Glacial and interglacial period:

 So much of Earth was frozen, it is called glacial period, glacial means ‘frozen’.
 Today Earth is ‘interglacial period’ ‘inter’ means ‘between’.
 In an interglacial period, there is permanent ice close the north
and southpoles.
 In a glacial period, the ice spreads much further south from the
North poleand Further north from the South Pole.
 Chapter 5.5 Atmosphere and Climate

The Atmosphere:

 The atmosphere is the layer of gas above the Earth’s surface.

 Scientists think that the Earth formed about 4600 million years ago.
 The Earth was very hot and it was very hot and it was molten
for millionyears.
 There was a lot of volcanic activity, much more there is now. The
volcanoesproduced gases, which formed the early atmosphere.
 Water vapour was produced by the volcanoes and, as the earth
cooled, this water vapour condensed into liquid water. The water
fell as rain and formedthe first lakes and oceans.
 Million years ago scientist think that the atmosphere contained
mainly carbon dioxide, little or no oxygen, small amounts of
methane and ammoniagas, and some water vapour. This early
atmosphere of Earth was like the atmosphere on Venus is today.

 Changes to atmosphere:
 Million years ago micro-organisms developed on Earth.
 They lived in Oceans.
 They used the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make food.
 They produced oxygen as a waste product of this process.
 As plants developed over millions of years, they began to grow on land.
 Plants use carbon dioxide to produce food (glucose, a sugar) by the process of
Photosynthesis.
 The levels of oxygen in the atmosphere continues to rise. Scientist know this because
there was enough oxygen to combine with iron in the rocks to formiron oxide.
 When the organisms die and rot, the carbon in them is released back into the
environment. It is recycled.
 Some organisms do not rot when they die and are turned into Fossil fuelssuch as oil
or coal. The carbon is locked up in the fossil fuels until they are burned.

 Read Atmospheric changes today on page 180 and Atmospheric

 changes andclimate on 181-182 in learner’s book carefully.

Reducing global Warming:

 Humans contribute to global warming, one way to reduce this impact is touse
renewable resources.
 A renewable resource is that never deplete (run out) or can be replenishedwithin a
human’s lifetime. Examples include wind, tidal and solar power.
 A renewable resource is a resource that cannot be replaced after it is used.
Examples include Coal, Petroleum, and Natural gas.
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Unit 6 Light
Chapter 6.1 Reflection

Reflection:
 Most of the mirrors we use are plane mirrors. Plane means flat surface.
 Light travels in straight lines called rays.
 A light ray arriving at a surface, such as mirrors, is called Incident ray. An incident
ray is theray coming onto a surface.
 The angle of incidence is measured from the line perpendicular to the mirror and
not fromthe mirror itself.
 The line perpendicular to the mirror is called Normal.
 In Physics and maths, Normal means perpendicular or at Right angles to something.

Law of Reflection:
The angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence.
 6.2 Refraction

 The Change of speed can cause the Light to change direction.

Light passing from air into water or glass

 The light slows down when it passes from air into glass or water. This cause it to
changethe direction.
 The light passing from air into glass or water is bent towards the normal.
 The refracted ray is closer to the normal when light passing from air inti water or
glass.
 The angle of incidence is greater than the angle of Refraction.
 Both of these angles are measured from the normal.
 Light passing from water or glass into air
 The light speeds up when it passes from glass or water into air. This causes it to
changedirection.
 The light passing from glass or water into air is bent away from the normal.
 The refracted ay is further away from the normal.
 The angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
 Both of these angles are measured from the normal.
Refraction in everyday life:

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 6.3

Making Rainbows

 Isaac Newton began a series of experiments with sunlight and

prisms. Hedemonstrated that clear white light was composed of seven
visible colors.

Dispersion:

In Physics, 'dispersion' is the property by which light spread out according

to itscolor as it passes through an object. For example, when you shine a
white lightinto a prism all of the different colors of light are bent different
angle, so they spread out and make a rainbow.
 6.4 Colours of Light

Subtraction of Light:
The method to produce color by removing colors from the white light is
called colorsubtraction.
Read Chapter 6.5 galaxies and 6.6 Rock in Space carefully in Learners book.
 Unit 7
Diet and Growth
7.1 Nutrients

Food
Food is a basic requirement for all living organisms. It provides energy for carrying out
normal physiological activities. There are different components and they have different
nutrients. They all come together to provide wholesome nourishment to us.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are present mostly as starch. They provide us with energy and are thus
energy-giving food.
Wheat, Potato, Rice etc. are good sources of carbohydrates.

Iodine test for the presence of Starch

Carbohydrates present in all food items are tested by the Iodine test. A few drops of dilute
iodine solution are added to the sample food item. If the colour changes from brown to
blue-black, the presence of starch is confirmed.
Proteins
Proteins are body building nutrients. They are needed to build every single part and organ
of the body. They help in the growth and repair of our body.

Eggs, Meat, Lentils etc are good sources of proteins.

Fats
Fats are high-energy nutrients. They are needed in a moderate amount by the body. Fats
are the reserved food material of our body.

Oils, ghee, butter etc are the sources of fat.

Minerals
Calcium

Helps blood clotting.

Helps muscle contraction and nerve function.
Essential for building strong and healthy bones.
Iron

Helps in transporting oxygen to all parts of the body.

Produces and stores the energy for further metabolisms.

Fibres
Fibres are materials that add bulk to the food.
Humans cannot use fibres as a nutrient.
But they help in the easy movement of the food along with the digestive system.
Water
The body needs to be hydrated to stay healthy. Failing to replace lost fluids can result in
Dehydration. This is a more serious condition than lack of food. All drinks count but water
is the healthiest. Fruit juices are fine in moderation but do contain high levels of sugar.

7.2 Balanced Diet

A balanced diet is a diet that has all the necessary nutrients in the amount that is needed
for normal body functioning.
 7.3 Growth and Development

Growth refers to the increase in mass and size of a body or organs. It typically occurs
through the multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance
Development refers to the physiological and functional maturation of the organism. It also
refers to the increase in capacity and skill to effectively function.
7.4 Moving the body
Skeleton

The skeleton supports the organism. The skeleton allows the organism to stand up.
The skeleton is made from a very rigid material (bone) and so is used to protect vulnerable
parts of the body, such as the brain, heart and lungs.
Because of attached muscles, the skeleton allows the animal to move.

The place where two or more bones are joined together in a skeleton is known as a joint.
Ball and socket joint:

It is a type of joint found in the shoulder bone. In this joint, a ball-like surface of the bone
fits into the cup-like hollow space of the other. It is a joint that allows movement in all the
directions.
Hinge joint:
The joints found in the elbow and knee that allows only a back and forth movement is
known as a Hinge joint.
 Unit 8: Chemical Reactions

 Chemical Reactions

A Chemical Reaction is a process that occurs when two or more molecules interact to form
a new product(s).

Compounds that interact to produce new compounds are called reactants whereas the
newly formed compounds are called products.

Exothermic Reactions
In exothermic reactions thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings so the
temperature of the surroundings increases.
Combustion, oxidation, and neutralisation reactions are typical exothermic reactions
Hand warmers used in the wintertime are based on the release of heat from an exothermic
reaction
Self-heating cans of food and drinks such as coffee and hot chocolate also use exothermic
reactions in the bases of the containers
Endothermic Reactions
In endothermic reactions thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings so the
temperature of the surroundings decreases.
Sports injury treatments often use cold packs based on endothermic reactions to take heat
away from a recently injured area to prevent swelling

Burning /oxidation
Oxidation is when a substance reacts and combines with oxygen.

Combustion (burning) is an example of an oxidation reaction.

8.3 Reaction of Metals with oxygen
8.4 Reactions of Metals with Water
8.5 Reaction of Metals with Acids
 Unit 9: Magnetism
9.1 Magnetic Fields

Magnetic fields
The region around a magnet where a force can be felt is called the magnetic field. If magnetic materials enter this
region, they will be attracted to the magnet.

Permanent magnets can come in lots of different shapes and sizes. Bar magnets and horseshoe magnets are two of
the most common shapes of magnet.

One of the most important features of a permanent magnet, whatever shape it is, is that it has two different ends.
These ends are called poles. There is a north (N) pole and a south (S) pole. The magnetic field is shown by lines with
arrows that point from north to south.
A compass can be used to detect magnetic field
 9.2 Earth as a giant magnet

The Earth's Magnetic Field

On Earth, in the absence of any magnet or magnetic materials, a magnetic compass will
always point north. This is evidence that the core of the Earth is magnetic and creates its
own magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic field is similar to that of a bar magnet.
On Earth, the north arrow on a magnetic compass will point towards the geographic North
Pole (in the Arctic Ocean)
This is because the geographic North Pole is a magnetic south pole (the magnetic field
lines point out of the pole)
The north pole of the magnetic compass is attracted to the Earth's magnetic south pole
The geographic South Pole (in Antarctica) is a magnetic north pole (the magnetic field lines
point into the pole)
The north pole of the magnetic compass is repelled from the Earth's magnetic north pole
9.3 Electromagnets
9.4 Investigating Electromagnets
WORKSHEETS
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