Disciplines and Ideas in

Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Supplementary Learning Module
for Senior High School Learners
Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences - Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Supplementary Learning Module for SHS Learners

First Edition, 2020

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Disciplines and Ideas in
Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Supplementary Learning Module
for Senior High School Learners
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences – Grade 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on (Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High
School Learners!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences – Grade 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High
School Learners)!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Congratulations! You are about to end the 1st quarter!

But before we end, let us ask ourselves – do we treat everybody in our society
equally? Do we care for our nature? Are we aware of the things we experience?

The questions above will be answered by learning the last three theories –
Feminism, Human Environment Systems and Hermeneutical Phenomenology. We
will learn its basic concepts and principles as well as its importance and application
to different aspects in our society.

Further, after going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Determine the basic concepts and principles of Hermeneutical
Phenomenology, Human Environmental System and Feminism.

2. Write your own experiences regarding environment and equity in your

community and make a plan of action based on the concepts discussed;
and

3. Acknowledge the existence and contribution of the said theories in shaping

one’s society by means of creative outputs.

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 What I Know

General Directions: Read each item carefully and use extra sheet to write your
answers.
Directions: Below are certain statements present in our discussion below. Identify
if the said statements are describing what theory by choosing in the options below
and write only the letter of your answer.

A. Human Environment Systems

B. Feminism
C. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
_____ 1. The purpose of this theory is to bring to light and reflect upon the lived
meaning of the basic experience.
_____ 2. It can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement
aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection.
_____ 3. It is our fundamental and simplest experience of the world is full of meaning.
The world is full of meaning because people attempt to understand and
explain it.
_____ 4. The behavior of the human system is modelled from a decision theoretic
perspective differentiating between goal formation, strategy formulation,
strategy selection and action.
_____ 5. The practical or phenomenological side of life is the basis for human action
and interaction - the core of social production and creativity.
_____ 6. Refers to systems which combine both human and natural components to
show complex interactions, and feedback between them.
_____ 7. According to Gadamer, it is a way of meaning in the world.
_____ 8. One of its goals is complete equality regardless of actual or perceived sexual
orientation or sexual identity.
_____ 9. In this theory, a hierarchy of human systems with related environmental
systems are considered.
_____ 10. Basic principles of this theory include expanding human choice and
eliminating gender stratification.

II. Determine the theories being defined based on the statement below. Select your
answer from the box and write your answer on a clean sheet of paper.

Human Environment System Feminism Hermeneutical

1. Refer to systems which combine both human and natural components to show
complex interactions, and feedback between them.
2. Historical phenomena (or the world outside) is interpreted differently in proper
context through one’s consciousness.
3. A theory that (1) emphasizes gender as the key basis of structured inequality, (2)
challenges conventional distinction between public and private and (3)
problematizes the fundamentally political relationship between gender and
power.

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 Theories and Applications to
Lesson
Economic, Political and
8 Sociocultural Aspects III –
Hermeneutical Phenomenology, Feminism and
Human Environment Systems
Social Scientists had been searching for reasons as to how societies thrive and
continue to prosper. Diverse and interconnected theories had been introduced so as
to answer the said reasons. Unlike the previous theories, however, the three theories
mentioned above have different focuses yet are still intertwined with each other and
is visible in our present situation.

What’s In

Task I. QUICK RESPONSE

You are about to finish the last topic of the quarter, and I want to congratulate
you because you displayed the character which is referred by the magic word. Read
the following situations and decode the magic word in fastest time possible by filling
the blanks with the first letter of every item.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note: Questions are from the past lessons that we had concerning the ideas and
theories already discussed.

Begin Here:
1. The theory that is also applied as an approach to psychotherapy and a method of
investigation.
2. A product of scarcity and demand the people to make the right option to maximize
the use of its resources.
3. Considered as the largest part of human mind.
4. Function characterized by the positive marginal utility of each good as it gets
smaller and smaller the more of the good that is being consumed in the first place.
5. Operates according to reality principle: It understands that urges of id are often
in conflict with social and physical reality.
6. It refers to a turn to privileging institutions that stemmed from a critique of the
traditional structural-functionalist approach in the 1960s – 1970s.
7. Refers to thoughts, feelings and images about you which you are presently aware.
8. An aspect of society that is connected with the trade, industry and development
of wealth of a country, an area or a community.

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 What’s New

Task II. EASY AS ONE-TWO-THREE

As a social scientist, you are tasked to uncover the main concept in every
situation given to you. Unlock the main topic by filling in the blanks provided.

Let’s begin here:

1. Maximo came from a poor family. During his high school years, he frequently
skipped one meal a day in order to support his needs for his study. At school, he
always volunteered to do paper works just to have a little amount to be used in
his day to day expenses. However, he never gave up and finished his studies.
Now, he is a professional engineer and is active in charitable works especially in
helping the poor.
_E_ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _E_

2. Alexa observed that her community before was led by males not until her aunt,
Margarita, assumed office as Barangay Captain before being a Sangguniang
Bayan Member of their town. After that, females gain recognition and begun to
have roles in their community. After ten years, females are now involved in their
community and are active in different aspects – political, economic, cultural and
spiritual leadership, among others.
_E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _I_ ___ ___

3. Gina, a transwoman, is active in wildlife preservation and identification in the

forests of Panay and Negros. She identified indigenous and endangered species
in the said places and teach the locals regarding the protection and preservation
of the said species, plants and animals. Now, she is known as one of the main
leaders of “Bangon, Kakahuyan sa Bukid”, a movement that raise awareness on
the said advocacy.
_E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ _E ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ __ _E ___ ___ ___ ___ __

Guide Questions:

A. What are the 3 Es that were formed after you have read the situations?
B. What do you think are the connection of these concepts to the theories that
we had discussed?

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 What is It

HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Hermeneutical phenomenology can be defined as a qualitative research

methodology focusing on the life world and the person’s examination of the
experience.

Hermeneutics is a collection of specific rules used to interpret and

understand a text. In sociology, it dictates that the significance of a social event is to
be interpreted by studying what the event means to the individuals involved.
Therefore, by way of this system, sociologists have a specific method to help them
understand the societies they study.

Phenomenology is an investigation of “phenomena” in terms of describing

how things appear in one’s experience. Phenomenological research study is a study
of the structure of varied types of experience ranging from perception, thought,
memory, imagination, emotion, desire, and volition to bodily awareness, and social
activity.

The idea of “phenomenology” centers on how particular individuals and group

comprehend the world in which they live. Derived from the Greek word phainomenon,
which means “that which appears”, it is about perceiving and analysing an
observable occurrence. Phenomenology is said to be both as philosophy and method.
As a philosophical movement, it approaches the study of human beings and their
culture. Thus, this philosophy is a study of a person's perception of the meaning of
an event. According to Creswell (2007), a phenomenology describes the meaning for
several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon. It is an
investigation of “phenomena” in terms of describing how things appear in one’s
experience
Phenomenologists dwell on the practical side of human existence as they
investigate on the human social processes in the natural setting. The
phenomenological approach describes what all participants have in common as they
experience a phenomenon. The practical side of life is the basis for human action
and interaction.

Hermeneutical Phenomenology

The concept came from two words:

A. Hermeneutical - the theory and practice of interpretation and understanding in
different kinds of human contexts. It came from the Greek word “hermeneu”
which means to translate or interpret.

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B. Phenomenology - reasoned inquiry into the world of appearances, that is,
anything of which one is conscious. The word came from two Greek words
“phainomenon”, to see phenomenon and “logia”, the study of.

Hence, Hermeneutical Phenomenology is the qualitative approach that

emerged from the remains of phenomenological philosophy. With this, method is
executed interpretatively. This is the art of interpretation and theory of
understanding.

Basic Tenets of Hermeneutical Phenomenology

1. It is our fundamental and simplest experience of the world is full of meaning. The
world is full of meaning because people attempt to understand and explain it.
2. A way of meaning in the world (a willingness to undergo circumstances that may
emerge and show itself - Gadamer, 1997)

Purpose
The purpose is to bring to light and reflect upon the lived meaning of this basic
experience.

How Hermeneutical Phenomenology seek truth?

This research method goes far and beyond the meaning in order to understand
or explain phenomenon on a micro-scale level.

History
The study of phenomenology can be traced on the ideas of the philosopher
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). He viewed the world having two aspects namely:
A. Noumena - understood as “things in and for themselves. This is considered to be
“the truth”
B. Phenomena - recognized as “the external world” - the world of phenomena, which
is structured and created by our own mental faculties. Unlike the noumena which
is hidden, the phenomena can be studied using certain tools of analysis. It is also
both a subjective and objective external reality.

Peter Burger (Austrian-American; mid-1960s) believed that human

consciousness as the source of all social phenomena. It is the reason why there are
patterns and regularities of activities in the human life. For him, social reality is a
continuous human activity and therefore can be “constructed”.
For him, reality is socially constructed and that the sociology of knowledge
must analyze the processes in which this occurs. Hence, there are multiple realities
due to having different life worlds. This leads them (with Thomas Luckmann) with
the analysis of difference between “reality” and “knowledge”.
Habitualization is a repeated human activity that becomes a pattern, an
institutionalized event and a recipe for doing things. This was the concept made by
Berger and Luckmann after combining the principles of “alienation” with
phenomenology. This is of objective existence and tend not to be longer controlled by
humans.

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Some Principles of Phenomenological Hermeneutics (Lye, 1996)

1. We live in the world. It means that all meaning is only meaning in relation to
concrete and historical existence.

2. Our existence as beings includes: our situation; our tools-to-hand with and
through which we manipulate and articulate the world; and our fore-
understandings of the world.

3. We share reality through common signs. We cannot share anyone else’s reality
except through the mediation of our symbolic world - that is, through a ‘text’ of
some sort, which text has a content - in fact, many contexts.

4. Our symbolic world is not separate from our beings, especially in regard to
language: we ‘are’ language, in that what distinguishes us as persons is that we
are beings who are conscious of themselves, that is, can know themselves
symbolically and self-reflexively.

5. Experience is not just language, or signifying systems but pre-exists signification.

At the same time, signification brings it into meaning.

6. All consciousness is consciousness of. Consciousness “intends”, has an object, is

towards something. Intentionality is at the heart of knowing.

7. As self-consciousness as well as other consciousness is intentional, this means

that at the heart of being there is distance: this distance might be said to be
signification, the making of experience.

8. Self-understanding is a cultural act, and culture is a personal act.

9. That which constitutes our reality, our symbolic world, has a limit, or ‘horizon’,
beyond which we cannot ‘see’.

Application to Different Aspects:

A. Sociocultural
Our cultural traditions and activities have series of meanings, and through
the study of hermeneutical phenomenology, we can understand the meaning of said
customs, traditions and the connection of those activities in our day to day living.
Interpretation of our cultural preferences is also important so that we can
understand the society that we belong in general.

Example. The Ituman-Magahat-Bukidnon Community of Sitio Tigbaw,

Buenavista, Himamaylan commemorates the indigenous peace pact of the 3
warring tribes initiated by Kalanyan Masuhot in Daku Cave and was presently
known as Sandugo Festival.

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B. Political
Hermeneutics, the mastery of language, are common among politicians for by
nature, are public speakers. Added by this, leaders must know how to interpret day-
to-day phenomenon in order to respond accordingly. Leaders must consider the
culture, nature and history of involved things before deciding actions and solutions.

Example. Before responding to defend communities against the spread of

COVID 19, leaders consider how people will be educated by all means on how
to follow health safety protocols. By this, they can decide what actions and
resolutions can be done in their respective communities especially on how
quarantine rules are drafted and implemented.

C. Economic
Sometimes, our economic preference is influenced of our day to day
experiences as well as our respond to it. We decide how to spend wisely by
considering the realities around us and as to how we should respond.

Example. Before the pandemic, masks, alcohols and face shields are common
among medical practitioners. However, based on experiences as to how the
virus spread, these things became now necessary for many in order to avoid
it.

FEMINISM

Feminism is a theory that emphasizes gender as the key basis of structured

inequality. There are varied ways to approach this theory, including liberal feminism,
socialist feminism and radical feminism. Accordingly, let’s focus on the basic feminist
ideas and various approaches in achieving gender equality.

Most feminists agree on five basic principles:

1. Working to Increase Equality - Feminist thought links ideas to action, insisting

we should push for change toward gender equality and not just talk about it.
2. Expanding Human Choice - Feminism asserts that both men and women should
have a choice to develop their human talents, even if those interests are contrary
to the status quo.
3. Eliminating Gender Stratification – Feminism disagrees with laws and cultural
norms that limit education, income and job opportunities for women.
4. Ending Sexual Violence
5. Promoting Sexual Freedom

History of Feminism
The history of feminism can be summarized into three waves according to
Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker:

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 First Wave (Seneca Falls and Women’s Suffrage)
- mainly concerned with women’s right to vote.
- 19th and early 20th century in UK and US, focused on the promotion of equal
contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and
ownership of married women and their children by their husbands.

Second Wave (The Equal Rights Amendment and Inclusion Issues)

- beginning in the 1960s, this campaigned for legal and social rights for women.
- 2nd wave feminists saw women’s cultural and political inequalities both present.
Thus, they encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as
intensely politicized and reflect on the sexist power structures.
- the second wave brought in women of colour and of differing economic classes. This
wave also differentiate sex (which is biological in nature and is permanent) and
gender (social construction and is changing by culture and towards time)

Third Wave
- response to perceived failures of the second wave and a reaction to the criticisms
on the initiatives and movements created by the second wave.
- central to this ideology is the post-structuralist interpretation of gender and
sexuality.
- originated in the mid-1980s to further advance feminism in accordance with race-
related subjectivities.

Goals of Feminism

1. Complete equality of men and women

a. social equality of men and women
b. economic equality of men and women
c. political equality of men and women
2. Complete equality regardless of actual or perceived sexual orientation or sexual
identity
a. social equality
b. economic equality
c. political equality
d. the elimination of all forms of established hierarchy, particularly
mandatory and enforced (Hetero) patriarchy.

Main Types of Feminism

Gender Differences
Gender difference perspective investigates how women’s location, experience
or even social situations differ from men in general. Cultural feminists look to the
different values associated with womanhood and femininity as a reason why they
experience the social world differently. Others believe that different assigned roles
within institutions better explain gender and explain. Existential and
phenomenological feminists focus on how women became marginalized and objects
and are denied the opportunity for self-realization.

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Gender Inequality
This theory recognizes that the woman’s location in, and experience of, social
situations are not only different but also unequal to men. Liberal feminists argue
that women have the same capacity as men for moral reasoning or agency. For them,
marriage is a site of gender inequality and that women do not benefit from being
married as men do. The division of labor in both sexes on public and private
workplace needs to be improved achieve equality in women.

Structural Oppression
This theory posits that women’s oppression and inequality are a result of
capitalism, patriarchy and racism. Intersectionality theorists seeks to explain
oppression and inequality across a variety of variables. They make the important
insight that not all women expression experience oppression in the same way. They
believe that diverse groups of women come to view the world through a shared
standpoint of “heterogenous commonality.”

Feminism and Heterosexism

Feminist perspective disapproves the exclusive understandings of sexuality
such as heterosexism. Heterosexism is a system that favors male-female sexuality
and relationships. Moreover, this can widen through government validation
describing a set of rules and institutionalized beliefs that systematically disadvantage
anyone who does not fit into the norms of society.

Feminism and Multiculturalism

Though the feminist perspective focuses in diversity and liberation, it has been
accused of being incompatible with multiculturalist policy. Multiculturalism seeks to
allow distinct cultures to exist together, either as direct region or as separate states
with national borders.

Indicators of Gender Equity (Baybay and Quisumbing, 2009)

Used to assess their own community or country on the condition of women.
A. Economic Participation – Male and female unemployment levels, levels on
economic activity and remuneration for equal work.
B. Economic Opportunity – wage inequalities between men and women,
accessibility of government childcare facility, duration of maternity leave, number
of women in managerial positions.
C. Political Empowerment – number of female ministers or cabinet secretaries,
share of seats in parliament or Congress, women holding senior legislative and
managerial positions, number of years a female has been head of state.
D. Educational Attainment – literacy rates, enrolment rates for primary, secondary
and tertiary education, 6 average years of schooling.
E. Health and Well-Being – effectiveness of governments efforts to reduce poverty
and inequality, adolescent fertility rate, the percentage of births attended by
skilled health staff, and maternal and infant maternity rates.

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Application to Different Aspects
A. Sociocultural
Feminism as a theory is a catalyst of change towards fair and non-
discriminating society. Our cultural perspective had been switch from a patriarchal
society to a much equal one. Our society’s tradition and customs can also be
understood and compared using this theory. Lastly, the theory can be observed as
culture and tradition continue to thrive and prosper towards an equal and active
society.
Example. Our society nowadays are now open for equal opportunity between
males and females. Our culture of being patriarchal are now changed for a
more equal opportunity such as jobs, etc.

B. Political
Feminism also affects the political arena since we are facing new concept in
leadership in which females are also leaders. The ability to decide, to initiate
programs and to serve people with care are also seen to female leaders in this modern
era. This kind of limitless and unbiased leadership is being sought nowadays, as well
as equal rights and responsibilities.

Example. Our society nowadays are now open for women and even LGBT to
be nation-builders and leaders in their own constituents. Women can also be
employed in tasks that are for males before, such as in military and police,
among others.

C. Economic
Females and males are now involved in generating income and contribute to
the economic growth and activity in our society. Females can also generate income
even same or higher than males and is mostly seen in our markets and is active in
purchase mechanisms than males.

Example. Females always involve themselves in the purchasing power of the

nation. We always seen females as those who budget for the family. They are
also the ones who are mainly involve in the workforce. In teaching profession,
we can see females more than males, and is indication of their active
participation in the society.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

Human Environment System or simply “System” is a collection of components

that interact with each other to form some gathered whole. In this topic, the
components are treated as systems combined together - the Human System and the
Environmental System. Systems which combine both human and natural
components to show complex interactions, and feedback between them are called
Human Environment Systems (HES). HES ecompasses all environmental and
technological systems that are relevant for or affected by humans.

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The Basic Principles of HES
1. Human and environment systems are created as complementary systems.
2. There must be an order of human systems with related environmental systems.
3. Environmental systems are modelled in their immediate and delayed dynamic
reactions to human action.
4. The behavior of the human system is modelled from a decision theoretic
perspective differentiating between goal formation, strategy formulation, strategy
selection and action.
5. Conceptualization of different types of environmental awareness in these steps
can be established.

Related Concepts on the Study of Human Environment Systems

A. Environmental Change – caused by a perturbation to the landscape system as

a result of internal or external natural disturbance or human-induced
disturbance. Environmental change can either be pulsed or ramped.
B. Environmental Threshold – refers to a point whereby the environment changes
from one phase or trajectory to another. An environmental threshold can
therefore be reached after a period of slow accumulation of natural capital, when
an internal or external disturbance of human-imposed catastrophe, disturbs the
existing trajectory.
The following are concepts related to responses to change:

A. Sensitivity – the high susceptibility of the landscape to external impact

B. Resilience – according to Holing (1986), it is defined as the magnitude of
disturbance that a system can experience before it moves into a different state or
“stability domain”. Moreover, resilience implies that the landscape has the ability
to recover from damage inflicted by human or other factors.
C. Adaptation – the ability of an organism, human or non-human, to survive and
reproduce itself in a particular environment (Kirck).
D. Carrying Capacity - refers to the largest population that can be sustained over
the long-term. It is not constant and varies over time in response to the changes
in the environment.
E. Sustainability - the ability for something to be maintained into the future
F. Thematic Maps - is a map that emphasizes a particular theme or special topic
such as the average distribution of rainfall in an area. This map uses natural
features as a reference.
G. Mental Maps - is an individual’s selective representation of their known world.
The mental representation of the environment is of vital significance. This can be
investigated by asking for directions to a landmark or other location or by asking
a person to name as many places as possible in a short period of time.

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Human Environmental System Approaches

1. Environmental Determinism – asserts that the natural environment dictates

the course of culture. Humans are restricted to a single possible outcome by a
particular set of environmental factors. This approach was used to explain social
changes in different geographical locations, believing that individual and natural
character, culture, health, religion, economic practices and social life are all
products of environmental influences.

2. Possibilism – claims that although nature may circumscribe the possibilities for
humans, historical and cultural factors explain what possibility is actually
chosen. The proponent was Franz Boas. Boas suggested that the availability of a
resource does not influence a population to use it in a particular manner and
concluded that cultural decisions, rather than nature itself, dictates the direction
of cultural change.

3. Cultural Ecology – defined by its proponent, the American anthropologist Julian

Steward, as the study of processes by which a society adapts to its environment.
This approach to the study of Human-Environment Systems introduced the
concept of an integrated system within which cultural and environmental factors
interact.

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4. Historical Ecology - this approach utilizes the notion of ecology as an attempt
to understand the reciprocal relationship between people and environment and
draws its understanding of these relationships from their mutual influence over
time.

Application to Different Aspects

A. Sociocultural
Nature became part and primary subject of cultural preservation and societal
adjustment. Landscapes can really affect the culture preservation of a community.
Our community, attitudes, values and ideal are also influenced as to how we relate
ourselves in the environment.
Example. Being nature lovers, Filipinos are fond of eating at places that are
located near natural attractions. Filipinos are therefore looking at those places
that are promoting nature and having as natural resources as possible.
B. Political
Environmental protection is one of the main platforms of many politicians,
and governments around the world are now in quest of programs and solutions
related to environment. Being one with the environment is also among the priority of
civil as well as other leaders, and affect how people choose their “ideal” leaders.
Example. Issues such as forest protection, wildlife conservation and
environmental preservation are main platforms of government. The
government must make sure that the environment, as partners in strive for
leadership, be preserved by them. Human as we are, taking care of our
environment is an obligation as higher rational individuals.
C. Economic
Our economy is also affected by our relationship with the environment.
Balance in ecology as well as prime food commodities affect our economic supply –
from plants such as grains and vegetables to livestock such as mean and poultry.
When we strike the balance, the economic supply never falters. However, controlling
supplies is also beneficial sometimes because concepts such as sustainability and
carrying capacity is also seen as the reasons beyond the control.
Example. The production of tuna products doubles every January and
February so that when breeding season for tuna every March and April came,
the production will not be affected given the catching of tuna is limited during
this month.

14
 What’s More

Take Notice
Accomplish the table below by checking your observation of the following
characteristics and realities in yourself and your community. There are no right or
wrong answers but be honest with your answers.

Sometimes
A. Experience – Wise

Did not
Always

Never

know
1. I can recall my daily activities and make my day productive
2. I always seek the true meaning and essence of every significant
experiences/activities that I had.
3. I value people around me based on the experiences I had with them
4. I repeat activities and experiences that I am pleased and benefited with
5. I always choose what is practical and doable.

Sometime
B. Equality – Wise

Did not
Always

Never

know
1. There are equal work, employment levels and economic activity among
ALL genders.
2. There are equal opportunities among all genders, including availability
of healthcare benefits, wages and promotions
3. There are equal political opportunities among all genders, including
equal number and length of services of females in government
offices/positions
4. There are equal opportunities and literacy rates among all genders in
educational attainment
5. There are equal health and well-being among all genders, including
anti-poverty programs among other projects of the government
concerning the said aspects.
Sometimes

C. Environment – Wise
Did not
Always

Never

know

1. The programs and projects of my community considers environmental

protection and preservation.
2. Sustainability programs in environment had been adopted in my
community.
3. Environment protection had been part of our community’s cultural
behaviour and became part of our everyday routine.
4. Balance between human and environment had been observed in our
community.
5. My community became resilient as well as sensitive in environmental
changes and challenges.

15
 What I Have Learned

Reflect Upon

In 5 - 7 sentences, give at least one experience how equality

and/or environment protection was being observed on your community.
Are you in favor of it? Why?

What I Can Do

Be on the Case
Direction: Read the situation carefully and access how the character reacted based
on the three main concepts that we had learned – experience, equality and
environment protection. Answer the evaluation table afterwards.
Carmina started to observe her community in Barangay San Pedro. Every
calamity, especially during typhoons, everyone submits themselves and go to the
nearest evacuation center that is San Pedro Community Hall, the highest building in
their place. Inside, they are given all their needs without preference. Everybody was
involved in community building, and equal representations among all sectors and
gender are observed. Everyone in their community enjoys the same privilege. Last
2019, the whole barangay celebrated their victory after bagging the gold in the
Regional Search for Solid Waste Management Act Best Implementer. The barangay
created the Task Force Ecowarriors to clean up the barangay frequently and strictly
implement the 5 R’s. Carmina was happy and proud to be part of her barangay. She
is always proud of being a Pedrohanon.

Observation/Comparison
Aspect Positive Observation
on your community
A. Experience

B. Equality

C. Environment
Protection

16
 Assessment

General Directions: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your
answers.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following questions and write the letter of your answer
on a clean sheet of paper.

1. This refers to a repeated human activity that becomes a pattern, an

institutionalized event and a recipe for doing things.
A. Phenomenology C. Habitualization
B. Hermeneutics D. Noumena

2. In our country, being half-naked is a negative taboo. Filipinos believe that our
human body is sacred and that we must take care of it. What principle of
Hermeneutical Phenomenology is being described by the scenario?
A. Reality is being-in-the -world
B. Reality is socially constructed
C. Self-understanding is a cultural act, and culture is a personal act
D. We share reality through common signs

3. Romeo is a Senior High School graduate. However, he is undecided of what to

take as a course in college. His parents own a pharmaceutical laboratory and he
is trained to manage the said laboratory. He dreams of becoming an educator
despite the said reality. College came and he received scholarship in a pharmacy-
related course. Applying the principle of Hermeneutical Phenomenology, what did
he choose?
A. To proceed to education despite his parents’ preference.
B. To stay at home and rest for a year
C. To grab the scholarship grant and learn to love it.
D. To take-over their family business and manage it on his own.

4. This theory posit that women’s oppression and inequality are a result of
capitalism, patriarchy and racism.
A. Gender Inequality C. Heterosexism
B. Gender Differences D. Structural Oppression

5. In our country, men and women can equally access to education, and in several
times, there are more women than men in higher grade levels. What indicator of
gender equity is being present in the scenario?
A. Economic Participation C. Educational Rights
B. Political Empowerment D. Educational Attainment

17
For number 6, use the following options:
A. Campaign for legal and social rights for women.
B. Post-structuralist’ interpretation of gender and sexuality as central
ideology
C. Concerns about women’s right to suffrage.

6. Based on the History of Feminism, the proper sequence is?

A. a-b-c B. c-b-a C. c-a-b D. a-c-b

7. The following are the indicators of Gender Equity by Baybay and Quisumbing
(2009) EXCEPT?
A. Economic Recognition C. Economic Participation
B. Political Empowerment D. Educational Attainment

8. According to Holing (1986), it is defined as the magnitude of disturbance that a

system can experience before it moves into a different state or “stability domain”.
A. Resilience C. Sustainability
B. Adaptability D. Sensitivity

9. When Lorna was asked about Himamaylan, she enumerated previous places like
San Antonio, Buenavista, Talaban and Aguisan. Her representation of the city is
therefore described as ____?
A. Geological Maps C. Mental Maps
B. Thematic Maps D. Unconscious Maps

10. Following are the approaches on Human Environmental System EXCEPT?

A. Cultural Ecology C. Possibilism
B. Environmental Determinism D. Cultural Environmentalism

Go with the Plan!

1. Based on your answer on “What I Have Learned”, identify an issue related to

equality or environmental protection and propose a plan with the said content:
A. Issue
B. Title Plan of Action – Rationale (1 to 2 sentences only to describe your plan
title)
C. State your Action (single paragraph of 5 – 7 sentences only to state how
will you implement the plan, the WHs of plan and the Success Indicator)

* Success Indicator – refers to your criteria on how you measure the accomplishment
of the plan.

Write your answer on a clean sheet of short bond paper with your name and
signature below as well as two witness (one from your circle of friends and one from
your family or your guardian). Make sure that your plans are doable.

18
 RUBRICS
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Content Basis (based on the topics) 10 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 7 pts.
Organization (presentation of thoughts) 5 pts.
Grammar (correct grammar and spelling) 5 pts.
Possibility of plans to succeed 3 pts.

Additional Activities

Heart and Soul of Phenomenology, Feminism and

Environmentalism
Directions:
1. Prepare the following: clean bond paper, glue, old newspapers/magazines with
pictures and letters.
2. Out of the available materials, make a collage showing the importance and
contribution of the theories we learn in this topic.
3. Write a short explanation about the collage that you made.

RUBRICS
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Creativity 10 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 7 pts.
Organization (presentation of thoughts) 5 pts.
Grammar (correct grammar and spelling) 5 pts.
Timeliness 3 pts.

19
Glossary
The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

1. Environment – Surroundings, the totality of things that in any way may affect
an organism including both physical and cultural conditions. It is a region
characterized by a certain set of physical conditions.

2. Feminist Theory – A theory that (1) emphasizes gender as the key basis of
structured inequality, (2) challenges conventional distinction between public and
private and (3) problematizes the fundamentally political relationship between
gender and power.

3. Hermeneutical Phenomenology – Historical phenomena (or the world outside)

is interpreted differently in proper context through one’s consciousness.

References:

1. 3G Elearning FZ LLC, Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Science, UAE: 3G

Elearning FZ LLC, 2017.

2. Tatel, Carlos P. Jr, Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences, Sampaloc, Manila:
Rex Bookstore, May 2016.

3. DepEd Philippines, Curriculum Guide, Disciplines and Ideas in Social Science, K

to 12 Basic Education Curriculum, 2016.

4. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross et. al. Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences.
Quezon, City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc, 2016.

5. Tatel Jr., Carlos Peña. Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences, Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc, 2016.

6. Oxford Learner Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2020.

20
 21
What’s More What can I do Assessment
Answers Vary Experience: 1. C 6. C
Everyone submit 2. B 7. A
themselves during 3. C 8. A
typhoons. 4. D 9. C
5. D 10. D
Equality:
Given needs without Test II.
preference, equal Answers Vary
representations,
enjoying same privelege
Environment:
Creation and functional
Task Force Ecowarriors
What I Know What's In What's New
1. Psychoanalysis 1. Experience
1. C 6. A 2. Equality
2. B 7. C 2. Rational Choice
3. Unconscious 3. Environmental
3. C 8. B Protection
4. A 9. A 4. Diminishing
5. C 10. B Marginal Utility
5. Ego
II. 6. New Institutionalism
1. Human 7. Conscious
Environment 8. Economics
Systems
2. Hermeneutical Magic Word:
Phenomenology PRUDENCE
3. Feminism
Answer Key
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Curriculum and Learning Management

Division – Learning Resource Management Section

Duran St., Iloilo City 5000

Telephone: (033) 509-7655

Email Address: clmd_depro6@yahoo.com