5

·DIFFERENTIAL EQUATio~
5.1 Introduction . S
Students are already f~iliar ~ith the concept of diff
equations and method of solvmg a first order first degree differential
equation by a particular method known as by the method of etential
the variables. However, we sh~l recap~late thesejdeas and ~ating
different other methods of solvmg the first order first degree
The process of solving the differential equations of first O ~qua~ons.
degree and determining the orthogonal trajectories as an r er ~~er
of differential equations are also discussed. application
5.2 Definitions and Examples.
1. An equation in which, the independent, dependent Variabl
differential coefficients of dependent variables w .r. t. indepen: and~
ables are involved is called a differential equation. entvan.
Following are a few examples of differential equations.

1. (3y - 4x) + (7t/ + 6y) = 0

2.

3.

300
r ~tte
re11ua
1Equations

(4!L J 1
301

I• y•• dx +[~)
2
g)f.:::: -a2 X
,. dt iJu
au y- = 2u
6, xfx + 9,Y .
a2u .
~-a2-;3=0
7. al ay
iff rential equation is said to be ordinary differential equation, if ·
z. Ad . \tives involved in it are w.r.t. a single independent variable
.
In the above examples equations (1) to (5) are ardinary differential
equations. . . . . . .
differential equation_ 1S ~aid to be partial differential equation, if
~:derivative involved m 1t ai:e .w.r.t more than one independent
variable. . .
. In the above examples, the equations (6) and (7) are partial dif-
ferential equations.
In the present book we c~nsider only ordinary differential equa-
tions.
4.1he order of the d_ifferential equation is the highest order derivative
present in the equation.
s.1he degree of the differential equation is the positive integral power
of the highest order derivative involved in it.
In the above examples,
(1) is of order 1 and degree 1.

*J' r
(2) is of order 3 and degree 1.

(3) can be written as . [ 1 + ( =( J

and therefore is of order 2 and degree 2.

(4)can be written as y( t) = r( i 1+ I
and therefore is of order 1 and degree 2.
(5) is of order 2 and degree 1.
(6) is of order 1 and degree 1. ·
(7) is of order 2 and degree 1.
302 A Textbook of B.Sc. Mathernai;
cs . . (>
. . ilrt I
6. Sol uti.on of 'r1 differential equation
. bl
1s a relationship b
h. h . etwe
•
depen den t ru,d independent vana es, w 1c satisfies th e give . en the
ferential equation. . n dif.
Solution of a differential equation is also known asp . .
integral of the equation.
· flll11tj Ve or

For example the relation

y = a cos x + b sin x .......... (1)
is a solution of the differential equation

+y = 0
dx2
For, differentiating (1) twice we get
4.Jt.- .
i
d .
= - a sin x + b cos x , dx2 - - a cos x - b sin x

d2
ij = -(acosx + bsin ·x)
dx2
{jj_ - -
dx2 - y

.
Thfa is the given differential equation.
.

In th·e above example we have not only verified th

.

y = a cos x + b sin x is a solution of the given differential equati at

but also we have seen a differen~al equation can be formed fromo:
given relationship between the variables x and y. This process is called
the formation of differential equation. · . ·
We shall make a general statement (without proof) ., - ·
Given a relation between the independent and dependent vari-
ables involving few constant, say n, a differential equation can be
formed by differentiating the relation n· times and eliminating the n
constants involved in these. During the ·process we get a.differential
equation of order n.
7. A solution of a differential equation as many constants as the.order
of the equation is called the general solution of the equation.
for example,
y = acosx + bsinx
is the general solutio1' of the equation
d2
+y=0
dx2
I~

tial Equations 303

oiffere!l
lution obtained from the general solution by giving particular
s. Asoto the constants involved in it, is called a particular solution of
values . n
a,eequahO . .
u• ta == 2 and b = 4 m the above solution, then
If we se y = 2 cosx + 4 sinx
rticular solution of the equation
is a pa d2
+y =O
dx2
In the present book we shall see few methods of solving
(i) Equations of first order first degree.
(ii) Equations of first order but not first degree.
S.3 Differenti.~l Equatio°:s of first ord~r and first degree
Afirst order and·first degree equation, in ge11eral is of the form
· t(x,y,~):o .
in which i appeares with first degree.

The general solution of this equation is a relation of the form

F (x, y, c) = 0
where c is an arbitrary constant, which satisfies the equation.
· We shall see in subsequent sections, the methods of solving the
following types of differential eq'!ations of first order and first degree.
1. Equations in which v___ariables are separable.
2. . Homogeneous equations.
3. Equations reducible to Homogeneous form.
4. Exact equations.
5. Equations reducible to exact form.
6. Linear equations.
7. Equations reducible to linear form.
5.4 Equations in which variables are separable
A differential equation is said to be of type "varia~le separable", if
it can be expressed _in such a way, so that the.coefficient of dx is a
function of x alone and the coefficient of dy is a function of y alone .
.The general form of such differential equation can be written as
f (x) dx = g (y) dy'
 304 A Textbook of B.Sc. Math .
en-iattcs
. . . - Part ()ifferential Equations
Integrating both sides and addmg an arbitrary const 1
the general solution as ant c, \veg
J J
f (x) dx = g (y) dy + c · e\
or
()n separating the Varia
Working rule of solving by the method of separation of v . get,
t. Write the given differential equation in the fonn ani\h\es.
f(x) dx = f (y) dy
That is make the coefficient of dx as an expression of
that of dy as an expression of y alone. x alone ¾q
2. Integrate both sides ~d add an arbitrary constant to an
and get the general 'Solution. . Y 0 ne silie
Example 1. Solve: (x2 + 1) ?
d
=1
.
l
Solution : The given equation can be written as
d _ dx
y - (x2 + 1)
On integration, we get or

Jdy = J (x2 dx+ 1) + c => tan- i x + c which is the requu1

This is the solution of the equation. ~ ple4.S1c

2. '
Example 2. Solve : sec x tany dx + sec2 y tanx dy == Solution : The giv,
0
Solution : The given equation is
2
tany dx + sec~y tanx dy
sec x =O
Dividing throughout by tanx ·. tany , we get =>
y(
sec2 x
--dx+ dy=O
sec2y Consider
tanx tany

J-t--
2
sec x dx + Jsec2y
t dy = loge y1
anx . any
log (tanx) + log(tany) = loge Let
y
log (tanx. tany) = loge => l=A
tanx. tany =· loge Put y = 0,
This is the required so1ution.
Example 3. Solve : (x2 - yr) i y=l

y= -
Solution : The given equatio;n can be written as

x2(1 - y) + y2(1 + x) =0 .. y( f
1
 equations 305
ijlll p

x2 (1 - Y) dy + y2 (1 + x) dx =O
. the variable (i.e. by dividing both sides by r2y2 ) we
of ~r11tifl8
(I? )dy +( I; x )dz = O
(·1 1) + (1:x2 ·+ X1)
y2 - y dy dx = 0

- y1 - logy - x
1
+ logx = c

: .'asl )- ( + ~) = C
. the -
tllich 15 - , i ~ solution.
rt:'{~~"

~ pie 4. Solve! 1; + xy = xy 3
.

soiution : Toe given equation can be written as

= x(y3 - y) .

dy = xdx .......... (1)

1J (y2 - 1)
Consider
1 1
=
y ( y2 - 1) y ( y - 1) (y +. 1)
1 A B C
I.et = - + + ____;::...._
y ( y - 1) ( y + 1) y ( y - 1) (y + 1)
::) 1 = A(y - 1) (y + 1) + By(y + 1) + Cy(.y - 1)
Put y = 0, we get, 1 = - A A =- 1
y = 1, we get, 1 = 2B B=-1
2
1
y = -1, we get, 1 = 2C C=-
2
1 1 1 1
= - - + +
y ( y2 - 1) y 2 ( y + 1) 2 ( y - 1)
 306 A Textbook of B.Sc. Mathemar
c •cs _ p
"tt I
J (y21- 1) dy = - Jlydy + 2lJ (y 1+ l) dy + 2lJ ~ l
Y Y - I/!!
Now (1) J y(y / - 1)
J
dy = x dx + e
•
1 1 J!-
-logy + log(y + 1) :+- 2l~g(y - 1) = +e
2 2
- 2 logy + log(y + 1) + log(y - 1) = l- + 2 e

,, log(Y/l=x'+zc
This is the required solution.
Example 5. Solve : (e !I + 1) cosx dx + e !I sinx dy = o
Solution: Dividing throughout.by (e !I + 1) sinx, we get
cosxd
- x+-- e !I yd=
0
sinx eY +) .

Jcotx dx + J-f--
e +1
dy = loge

log (sinx) + log (e + 1) = loge

Y

log (sinx) (e Y + 1) = loge

or (sinx) (eY + 1) = e
r Th_jlfs the general solution.
\ / Example6.Solve:x- 1 cos2ydy + y- 1 cos 2xdx = o
Solution : The given equation can be written as
2 2
coo; 11 d
cos-X dX = 0
+-
==....:z. y
X y
Separating the variables, we get
ycos2ydy + xcos2xdx =·o
· y ( 1 + 2cos2y )dy+x (1 + 2cos2x )d X= 0

(y + ycos2y) dy + (x + x cos2x) dx =0
fY dy + Jy cos2y dy + f x dx + f x cos2x dx = c
i_2 + y sin2y
2 -
f sin2y x2 sin2x f sin2x
2 dy + 2 + x -2- - -2-dx = c
 307
,, . I Equations
....,J1tli1
CJ!·ffe•~ . .J. }l sin2]l cos2y
cos2.x x si,n2x
X2 + .!I- + 2 + 4 C + + - - ::
2 2 . 2 4
+ y2 + 2 y sin2y + 2 x sin2x + cos2y + sin2x == 4c
or
zx 2 2
I ·
•'-e required so utton.
·
•s js u• !El
111'
6XaJJ'P
le 7. Solve : xy dx
.
=Y + 2
.
'fhe given equation is
'
50Jt1ti0Jt : . !!]/_
xydx=y+Z

. g the variable, we get

aratlll
seP d\1 _ dx
y+2 y\ - X

:... tegration, we get \ '- . .

()!\ "'
J dy 11= · J\I:d:,. X . .-.+, C
y + 2 I • ·x
· Jy__ + 2 - 2 dy 4: f dx + c
y + 2
)y 1
\ X

f (I - y ; 2 logx + c

y - 2log(Y + 2) = logx + c ·········· (1)

This is the general soluton of the equation: We have tQ find a
particular solution subjected to initial condition y = 0, when x. = 2.
rothis end put y =0 and x = 2 in (l)r we get
- 2 log2 = log2 + c
1
c = - 3log2 => = lo~
Thus the required particular solution is
1
y = 2 log ( y + 2) + logx + log 8

Example 8. Solve : tany t = sin(x + y) + sin(X. - y)

Solution : The given equation ca:n be written as

tany ~ · = 2 sinx cosy ·,.
c+D c -= D
[Using sinC +· sinD = 2 sin cos 2 1
 A Textbook of B.Sc. Ma
3al lhellt,t•
1cs
=> tany
cosy dy = 2 •inx dx - ~-•~ 1

=> secy tany dy = 2 sinx dx

On integration, we get

Jsecy tany dy = 2 Jsinx dx + c

secy = - 2 cosx + c
or secy + 2 cosx = c
This is the general solution.

. Exercises
Solve the following differenliaJ equations by ""Parar

G x -- --
1 + y dx + y 1 + x2 dy
2

2. (1 - cos 2x) dy + n + cos 2y) dx

3. du = cos3xsm
::.z.
• 4
x
dx

+ = O,giveny=J whenx=o
S. (ex+ e-x)~ =(ex~ e-x)
d·
6. dx =. k (y - a) (y - b)
7 !El._ x(2logx + !2.
· dx - siny + y cosy
@ ex tany dx + (1 - ex ) sec2 y dy = 0

9. ~=(I + x) (I +y') giveny = I whenx =O

10. = (x + !2 i
. dx i(y - 1)
lift.3 er !any dx + (I - er ) sec2 y dy = 0
12. X'ly dx + (1 + y) dy = 0

MS. Y •~ = •(y' + t)
14.- •H; J
+ 2y = 2xy~

\
 . I Equations 309
1'ua .,
·f/ete '
()I - x2) dx + (xt - y2) dy = 0 . '),;J , 6.v J. / )

,G (fJ.-;
dy + xy dx = 0 l1 " .• 1

W ~+X
16·
d
tanx + 5) ~dX = 2 (1 + tanx) sec2x
O i ~ .
V
~,, 2X + 2
{ti"'
ix - 3y + 4 x2 e - 3y
17•
8 -
d~ ::d
.
1'. dt (logsecx + tanx) dx = cosx log(secy +--tany) dy
l, cosY d .
_ y) x + (1 + x)y = 0 given y =1 when x =1
zo. (1 _dx .
Answers

1
p + +y =
2
C 2. tany = cotx + c
. m
· s,.. sin-rx · -1x+sm
3, Y :: 5
L----
7
4. sm , -1
y=-7t
. 2

s. Y
:: log(ex + e-x) + c 1~i
l
6. . lo0 y _ b = k (a - b ) + c

7, /Iogx = ysiny + c 8. tany = c (1 - ex)

x2 7t X 1 1
9, tan- ly = X +2 + 4 10. log::- = - + - + c
y X y
. , 3
11. tany = c (1 - ex) 12. +.x r (y+3)-./y =c
13, (1 - ay)(a + x) =c y
1t + + ,j log[ r/J +,? + ~) r/J + ,j + I)] ~-r·
. xy $a.+(_
15.
x2 + i_ + x + y + log(x + 1) (y - 1) = c
Xrn...,
1 - e.. .-
2 2
. 2 .
16. _logy = - 2a) ..Ja+x + c
3(x -
2
17. y = log [ tan x + 2tanx + 5] t(., 18. · 3e2x - 2e 3Y + Bx3 = c
19. [log(secx + tanx)] 2 - [log(secy + tany)] 2 = c
20. logxy = y - x
5.~ Equations reducible to variable separable form
Some of the differential equations can be transformed, by suitable
substitution, to one in which variables are separable.
One such equation is of the form
= q> (ax + by + c)
dx
 310 ATextbookofB.Sc.Jl.fa ...........
therna"t:·tcs
Thisequation_can be transformed to one in Whi . . ~~tt
separated, by putting ax + by + c = v ch Variab1 I
If the differential equation is of the form es c~
!!1_ _ ax + by + c
dx - a'x + b'y c'
11
where , = bb' , then by putting ax + by = v the
a - ' equation
solved by separating the variables. cat\ be

Example 1. Solve : = (3x + 2y + 4)2

Solution: The given-equation is

d .
= (3x + 2y + 4)2
dx
Put 3x + _2y + 4 = v 3 + 2E1i _ dv
dx - dx

E1l .: .! ( dv )
dx-2 _~-3
The given equation becomes
!(dv .;. 3 _] = v2
2 dx
dv - 3 = 2rt dv ,
dx dx = 2v2 + 3
- On separating the variables, we get
dv .
--=dx
2v2 + 3

f 2v2d: 3 = f dx + c
21 f (-/½)2dv + v2 = fdx + c
i.e. .!-~21 -1(..ffvl .
2 -vu3tan T3 = x + c

or
• [../2
2 tan-1
16' T3 (3x + 2y +. 4) l= x +c

This is the required solution.

 311
ual Eq~ati61'S
-~ere" ,
· solve : = x - 2Y- 7
6
~afl\Pte·1, dx 3x - y + 4
The given equation can be wn·ttenas
\ltiOO : = 2(3x - y ) - 1
50l
dx .(3x-y)+4
3X - y = v 3- =-,dv !Ef.dd =3-dv
· d~ , dx X dx
l'l't
,r'I, the equation becomes
"'u5 . _ dv = 2v - 7
3· dx · v + 4 ·
=~ _ 2v - 7 '
_ v·+ ·4
dv _ 3v-+ lZ - 2v + 7
dx- v+4
dv _ v + 19
or dx - v + 4 ·
Separating the variables, we get ., _
' dx= v+4dV
V + 19

On integration, we get
V +4
dx = J;:;T9dv + c
J
v + 19 - 15 d .
x= J - v+c
.V + 19

J
x = dv - 15 J _j_
V + 19 ~v + c

i.e x = v - i5 log(v + 19) + c

or x = 3x - y - 15 log (3x - y + 19) + c
or 2.X - y - 15 log(3x - y + 19) + c = O

t
This is the required solution.
ExaJI\Ple 3, Solve : + 1 = e <.r + yl

olution: Put dx dx
r+y=v"' l+~=dv
S
'fhe given equation becomes
dv
dx=e 11
11
e dv=dx
 ATextbook of B.Sc. Ma ............
312 •lhernat··tcs

J e-
11 I
dv = dx + c
, iltt I

-e - 11 = x+c
x + e - (.t+y)
+ C :::: Q

i
This is the required solution.
Example 4. Solve: = 1 + 6x .' e (x - Yl

x-y=v 1- _ dv
Solution: Put dx -;&
!!11_ = 1 dv
dx - ;&
The given equation becomes
dv 1 6 v
1 - dx = + xe
dv v
or dx = - 6xe
•
On separating the variables, we get
e- vdv = - 6x dx
On integration, we get
. J e-v dv = - 6 f x dx + c
. - e- V = - 3.x2 - C e (X - y)
::: 3-2
This is the required solution. r +c
1
~ pie 5. Solve:~ =
dx cos (x + y)

Solution : Put · x +y = v 1 + !El_ _ dv

dx - dx
!El_ dv
d~=dx-1
The given equation becomes
dv
- -- 1 - -
1 dv 1
dx - cosv dx=~+l
dv _ 1 + cosv
dx - cosv
On separating the variables, ~e get
cosv
.1 + cosv.dv = dx
 II'
Equations 313
ti~,
/ . J 1 cosv
+ cosv
dv = Jdx +
£

~dv = X +c
J 1 + cosv

1~ I.dv - J l +1cosv dv .= x + c
I
1 2V
v- J 2sec 2dv = x + c (Since 1 +cosv = 2cos2 E.2 ]
V
V - tan
2= X + C
x+y-tan(x;y)=x+c
or

or
y-tan(x;y)=c
. is the general solution.
11115.
J i· d
4!!H_ -
,.- Example 6. Solve : x dx + ly + cosec xy = o

solution : Put xy =v => x$,_ + = dv

dx Y ·dx
1he given equation can.be written as

1
x'~~ + y + cosecxy = O
dv .
-i3 dx + cosec v = O
On separating the variables, we gel
_--4E__ + dx = 0
cosecv .;

Jsinv dv + J = c.
\ 1 .
-cost, - -
1
=c
2r- .
.
-
or cos xy + 7 + c :::;: 0
2 -- - -
2
Example 7. Sol~e: xdy - ydx = x + y dx
Solution : The given equa~on can be written as
 ATextbook of B.~ . Math
314 ernatics
... J>i\tt I

or
··········· 0)
Put ; : V y = VX :::) =V + X
Thus (1) becomes
v + x dv - v = x +J
dx
dv = X1 + V2
x-
. dx
dv = dx
· +v2

,. sinh- 1 V = X + C

Sinh-1 ( - X) - X
y - +C
This is the solution of the equation.
,J -~ .
., Example 8. Solve : dx = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)

Solution: Put. x + y = v du = -dv

1 + _-.:z..
dx dx
= dv _ l
dx .dx
The given equation becomes
dv .·
1
dx - = sm v + cos v

or dv . · -
dx = 1 + sm v + cos v
dv · .
dx = sin v + (1 + cos v)

• V V 2 V
= 2s~co~. + 2cos
2
= 2cos'~[ + 1]
rr O'((erct'
tiaJ Equations 315

- --ird_v--:-- -, = dx
E 1
2 cos 2 tan 2 +
2V

f [½ sec' ( ¥)] dv = f dx + c
1 + tan
2

or log[ I + tan(~?)] = X -~

fhis is the required solution of the equation.

Exercises
solve the following differential equations.
2
L ~=(4x+y ,+!) 2. (x+y+l)*=l

3 !!Y=x+y-1 4]{=4x+6y+5
. · dx x+y +1 4. d x 3y + 2x + 4
5, (2x + 2y + 3) dy - (x + y + 1) dx = 0
6. (x - y - 2) dx - (2x - 2y - 3) dy = 0
7, (x+2y-1)dx=(x+2y+1)dy
s. (3y + 2x + 4) dx - (4.x + 6y + 3) dy = O
9, (4x - 6y - l) dx - (2x - 3y + 2) dy = 0
10. (x + y + 1) dx - (2x + 2y + 1) dy =

11. !!1_ a2 y) 2
dx = (x...;. 12. x = cos (x + y)
13. 2 (x + y) dy = (1 - 3x - 3y) dx

14. :~ = 1 + ex - Y 15. :~ = (x + y)2

h
16. du = sin(x + y) 17· fxx .1.,, ey[41ldx-l]=ex .
Y.
18 y_~ ,r+y2-l =C
· x dx + 2(j + y2) + 1
 316 A Textbook of 8.5c M
. ll thllfl)
Answers "'ic\ ,
J. ,x + y + 1 = 2tan(2x + 2c)
l ;r + y +2 a CtY 3. X - y+
1
,. y _ 2x + log (16x + 24y + 23) = c C ::::: I
og (~ ,
s. 6y _ 3r + 6 log (3x + 3y + 4) = c
6. x _ 2y - log (x - y - 1) = c

1
7, x = y + log( X + 2y - !)+ C ,

8. x=2y-~log(2r+-3y+~)+c
'·

9. X =HY - 2r - ~y 7 I)]+ C

10. 6y - 3x = log (3x ,+ 3y + 2) +c

,111. y =•tan-t ~) + C 12, X+C =tan(? j

13. 3x + y + 2 log(l - X - y) =C
14 - (x - Y) - . 15 · tan- I
• x- e - c • (x + y) ::: x+c
16. (x + c) [ I + tan ( x ; )] + 2 =0

17, e- (x - y) = X +C
18. ; + 2y2 = 3log (l- y2 + 2) + c
S.6 HomogeneO'us Equations
yif A function/ (x, y) is said to be homogeneous of degree n in x and

f (i, y) = x" g (; )
A differential equation of the form
- i(x, 1/L
dx - g (x, y)
 ua· !Equations 317
•{fer&
(JI 1 y) and g (x, y) are homogeneous functions of the e
,f"heree
re/Cjfl ; and y is called a Homogeneous differential equatio~f
1eS rder, .
~~Io sider a Homogeneous differential equation
con - fjx , Y2.
dx - g (x, y) ......... (1)
(x y) and g (x, y) be homogeneous functions of d
f
1.,et an' write the equation (1) as egree n.
wee
111e11 -x" q> (y/
dx - x" 'I' (ylx)
_ q> (ylx~
dx - \jf (ylx) ......... (2)
::i
Jve this equation, hence (1), we put
foSo y = VX
· dv
dx = v. + xdx
::i
'(lief\ (Z) beeomes

+ -dv = '" 'v'

V
dx 'I' (v)
wnich can be solved by separating the variables.
Example 1. Solve : (x - y) dy - (2x - y) dx = o
solution : The give~ eq~ation can be written as
~ -- ~
dx- x-y
This is a homogeneous equation - for 2x - y and x - y are
homogeneous equations of degree 1.
dv
Put Y = vx dx = v + x dx
Thus the equation becomes
dv 2x - vx
V + x- =
dx x - vx
dv 2- v
V + x- = - -
dx 1- v
dv 2- v
x- = - - - V
dx 1- V
dv 2-v-v+v2
xdx= l-v
' 318

or
dv
/\ Tex tbook of B.Sc M

x dx =
. the variables, we get
v - 2v + 2
1 - v
2
· athel"tl
<ltics
'P
i\11 ,

By separating 1- v dx
- - - - dv == -
v2 - 2v + 2 x

f J -1-v d -Jdx
2v + 2 v - -;- + loge
- .!. f 2v - 2 dv == f ~-
2
2 v - 2v + 2 x + loge
1
-- log (if - 2v + 2) = logx +
2 1oge
2
2 logx + log (v - 2v + 2) + 2 logc = o
2
Iog[x2(v - 2v + 2)]c2 = o
2
( x2 (v - 2v + 2)] c2 = 1

or 1[(;) -2(;)+;]<'=1
or 2x2-2.xy+t/=c' Wherel
L c- "'-c'
+
" Example 2. S~lve : (y~ 2xtJ) dx (2x2 3xy) d :::. + +
Solution .! / The given equation can be written as Y O

!El.
dx =-
[i:+2xy]
2x2 + 3.xy
1his is a homogeneous equation.
d - dv
Put y = vx !El. = v + x -
dx dx
Thus the equation becomes

v + x dv = _ [
dx
2
v x2 + ilv
2x2 + 3x2v
l
V dv = - [ v + 2v
+ x-
dx
2

2 + 3v
l
dv v2 + 2v
- x- = V +
dx 2 + 3v
 Equations 319
.,
._1
r&tlill
x =· 2v + 3tf + v2 + 2v
- dx 2+3v
2
dv 4v + 4v
x--
- dx - 2 + 3v
arating the,vJlriables, we get
f,l\seP • 2----t 3v dx\
"' dv = - 4-~ \
v-·2 +v.. . _, X ,

2 + 3v
dv + 4
J-dx = loge \
J V2 + V X ......... (1)

Let 2 + 3v - 2 + 3v A B
consider, .J- + v - v(v + 1) = ; +
-:i , 2 + 3v = A (v + 1)· + B v
::: o : : :), 2 = A -1.e. .(\ = 2

\
0
:::-1:::::) -1 =-B i.e. B = 1
0
2 + 3v2 1
--+
v2+v-v v+l
J \ + 3v = 2 J! dv + J_1_ dv
v+v v v+l
= 2 logv + log(v + 1)
= log v2 (v + 1)
(1) becomes
log v2 (v + 1) + 4 logx = loge
. log x4 tl (v + 1) = loge
x4J(v + 1) =e

or x'y' (; + 1 ) =c or x,/- (X + y) =c

~ e required solution. •
Example 3. Solve : (x2 + 2y ) dx - xy dy = 0
2

Solution : The given equation can be written as

4Jl - t_± Ji ,
dx - xy
This is a homogeneous equation.
dv
Put y = vx ==> dx = v + x dx
 320 A Textbook of B.Sc. Mathe . ........
tnahcs 'llllllllllllll
Thus the equation becomes .... I>iltt l '!
dv x2 + 2v2x2
V + x- =
dx iv
dv 1 + 2v2
v+x-=-~ xdv ==~
dx . v
dx v .- ti

~-l+v2
---=-
xd x V
On separating the variables, we get
v
--dv=-
2
dx
=>
1 2v -
-2 ~dv:::J~
J
l+v x l+v x+Iogc
1 log(l + v2) = 1ogx + loge
2
log(l + v2) = 2logx + 2logc
(1 + v2) = x2 + c2
l+y2 =i-+c2
x2
x2+y2 =c'x4 (where c, == <!-)
This is the required.general solution.
Example 4. Solve: x dy - y dx = + y2 dy
Solution : The given equation can be written as
xEY.
dx
- y= + y2

4)/_ - y + + y2
dx - x
This is a homogeneous equation.
. du dv
Put y = vx => ::.z. = v + x -
dx dx
Thus the given equation becomes

dv vx + + x2J-
v + x- = - - - - . . - - -
dx x

x ddv = v + + v2 - v
X r-- .

xdv = + v2
dx
Qn separating the variables, we get
,,,-
Oitteren
.
rial Equations
321

dv dx
- X

. J dv . Jdx
,.,,/ + J- = X +C
sinh- t v = logx + c

smh-
1
(;) =logx +c[smce v =;]
£xal11Ple 5. Solve ,( x Ian; :- y sec' ; ) dx + x sec\; ) dy = O

The given equation can be written as

solution:
X tan (; )- y=2 (; )

x1;)
41[_ -
dx - -

This is a homogeneous equation.

du dv
Put y = vx => ::;i..
dx = v + x -
dx
:. the equation becomes
2
dv · [ x tanv - v x sec v ]
V + x- = -
dx x sec2v

2
dv [ tanv - v sec v ]
V + x- = -
dx sec2v

=> X -dv - tanv_

= _,;,_ +_v sec2v
_ - V
2
dx sec v
dv tanv
=> x- = - --·-2
dx sec v
On separating
. the variables, we get
.
2
sec v dv + dx = d
tanv · x

+ J-dx = loge
2
sec v
J--dv
tanv x
 322 A Textbook of B.Sc. Mathematics p
- art t

log : vd: t~(~x )==•:sc

x tanv = c \..
•rect solution.
This is the ~:. Solve : ) ( )
Ex5"l'
V" lxcos y_x +y sin Y.x y - y sin y_x - x cos Y..x x ,h-_
0

.
Solution : The given y_ I
equation can be written as

y( xcos! + y_sin x J
~=
dx . x ( y sin; - x ll) .
cos

. uation is of hokogeneous
l theeq
Cleary d type.

Put Y = vx dx = V + X~
dx
Thus the given equation becomes .
dv _ vx(xcosv + vxsm11
v + x dx - x (v x sin v - x cos v)
= v (cos v + v sin v_l
V sin V - COS V ·

dv v cos v + v2 sin v
x dx = v sin v - cos v - v
i.e. dv
x-=
2vcosv
.
dx v sm v - cos v
·On separating the variables, we get
.J v sin v -cos v dv = dx
2 X
VCOSV

J v sinVCOSV
v - cos v d J dx
v = 2 -X + 1ogc
-log (v cos v) = 2 log x + loge

"9x (v cosv) = - v ~inv + cosv}

[ Since
l?gr- + log(vcosv) +loge= o· ·

log (r- cv cos v) == O x2 i cos i . c == 1

X X

L
 323

:::) xycosy_ = c
X

S tve:(1 + e"ly + exly(1 -)dx == 0 / !)dy

J.,tt,PJe7, o . y .
F thiS equation we shall put
r·ri•~'fjl =X iJy "' dx vdy + ydv = .
uation becomes
·ve!'
j)'f eq ;<"
( 1 + e' '\ dy + y dv) + e' ( 1- - v) dy = 0
(v + ve' + e' - ve' Ji1y + {,t + e' )ydv = 0
. ( v + ev )dy + l1 + e )Y dv = ·O
v
\
..:ng the variables, we get
sep.ara~· .
Oil 1+l
- d v + -dy 1 =0
V +l y
1+l
- d v + Jl-dy = loge
J v+l
,~
I~ Y
log ( v + ev -) + log y = loge

log [ y (v + ev ] = loge

or
iLY! 1·
+ e "ly = e =>
.; ,
x
-w
+_y e x ly = e

Thisisthecompletesolution. /'.~ " '

Ex~~
t- J.v = 4K')(.
/-1- u~ f ,__
Solve the following equati~ } r e, /.f-fi) CI - ~)
2
1. (/ + y2)dy =. xydx ...---~ ~dX =. ~+ Y.
, +_y.

3. 7xd ; x(X:r:° ++ yy)

2
4.
.
(x2 -¥ y2) dx
:
- 2xy dy = o

s. (x '. . ~)dy =ydx 6. . 41df, - sinY.X = Y.X

.~ ':L2 ' 8. 2 xy + (y
2
- x2) ¼; = 0
7· x dx + x = Y
' 10. ·x(y - x)dy = y(x + y)dx . J
9· = y_ + tan Y.
_!,;,JJ(I -rjo/l-
' --t J'#, f
dx ,x x
~- J
. ,_ /-{ (/-V)
 324

*•;(
A Textbook of B.Sc. Math

11. log :; • I l 12. X gJ/_ - y

erriatics -- p

dx - x cosec2 .'l
artJ

X
, 13. (r3 + y~ dx = (x2 y + x y2) dy
I'- (x2 + 2y 2)dx - xydy = 0

15. (x sin .Y. - y cos .Y.

X X
)dx + xcosy_X dy = o

16. 2xy2dy-(x3+2y3)dx=O
17. x2 + (x2 - 1'11) !El.
··:, dx :::: 0
18 x !bl = y + x cos ( .Y. ) 2
· dx x 19. x(x - y) dy + y2 dx _
' -o
Answers

3. (x -y}2 = cxe -ylx

4. (x2 - y2) = k x
5. 2 Wy + logy + c = 0 6.
tan(i, ):ex
7. logx - - = c
X
8. x2+y2=cy
Y,
9. y = x sin..: 1 (c x~
10. log (x y) = ·Y.. + c

log(:;J:cx .
X
11.
12. X = C e cos ( ylx)
13. Y. + log (y - x) = c .
X 14. x2 + y2 = C x4

15. X sin Y._ =C

X
3
16. 2y = 3x3 (logx +c)
* t7. y =x(logy + c)
18. logx = tani + c

i~
X
19. logx = )L - logi + c -If
X X

v'