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Picornaviruses

Picornaviruses are recognized causes of acute respiratory and systemic diseases in horse

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Yseemaz Azeera
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19 views2 pages

Picornaviruses

Picornaviruses are recognized causes of acute respiratory and systemic diseases in horse

Uploaded by

Yseemaz Azeera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Arreza, Jamesy E.

Subject: VME-425
Student No: 9190626 Yr. & Sec.: DVM-4A
Picornaviruses in Horses
I. Etiology

 Picornaviruses are recognized causes of acute respiratory and systemic diseases in horse.
 Equine rhinitis A (ERAV) and B viruses (ERBV) which are previously classified as equine
rhinoviruses 1, 2, and 3 and equine rhinitis B virus 3 (previously called acid-stable
picornavirus) are the two known species of Picornavirus that infect horses.
 These viruses are seldom specifically diagnosed as causes of respiratory diseases in horses
due to;
a) to the dominant position of influenza viruses and equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1,
EHV-4) as causes of acute respiratory diseases in horses
b) lack of sensitive, widely available and adopted diagnostic tests
 Picornaviruses are single-stranded, positive sense, RNA viruses.
II. Pathophysiology

Age Predilection site


Primary infection for ERAV occurs between 3  After aerosol/indirect transmission, virus
and 9 months of age replicates in nasal epithelial cells
 ERAV replicates in the URT producing
viremia then it colonizes the urinary system
where it is established persistently
ERBV infection occurs between 4 and 6 months  Unknown but it can vary depending on
of age of the horse phenotype since another acid-stable
picornavirus do so in the GIT
 ERBV could cause modulation of the
immune response and consequently an
increase in duration of severity of infections
caused by other pathogens

III. Clinical Signs and Pathognomonic Signs

ERAV ERBV
 Causes mild to moderate respiratory disease  May result in acute febrile respiratory
although clinical signs may be quite characterized by coughing and
variable and nasal discharge is not variably lymphadenitis; virus shedding occurs from
present; infection is subclinical in many the respiratory tract
cases
 In clinical outbreaks, clinical signs include
fever (41°C ± 0.5°C), anorexia, and serous
nasal discharge that becomes mucopurulent
 Coughing and pharyngitis (may continue for
2-3 weeks)
 Lymphadenitis of the head and neck
(Plummer 1963)

IV. Diagnosis
Clinical Laboratory and Virus Isolation Serology Virus detection
 ERAV replicates in cultured  Demonstration of SN  ERAV detection in
equine cells as well as in cells (serum neutralization nasopharyngeal swabs using

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assay) antibody titer in RT-PCR
from several heterologous animal paired sera collected  An ERBV-specific nested
species about 2 weeks apart RT-PCR was also developed
 Primary isolation of ERBV confirms diagnosis for which can detect all 24
proved to be difficult ERAV and ERBV available ERBV1 isolates and
infection one variable ERBV2 isolate

V. Management & Treatment

 No specific antiviral therapy


 Therapy should be symptomatic and supportive
 Limited exercise consisting of small paddock turnout and use of well-ventilated stalls to
ensure a dust-free environment
VI. Prognosis

 Most horses recover fully but since viruses cause damage to the respiratory tract, affected
horses that do not receive adequate rest during recovery are more susceptible to secondary
infections
VII. Prevention

 ERAV vaccines have been developed in the United States but its efficacy and potency need
further studies
 Good biosecurity protocols and hygiene practices must be practiced including quarantining of
new horses, disinfecting shared equipments and ensuring proper hand washing
References:

 Equine rhinitis virus (2023). Equine Infectious Diseases Online Database. VISAVET Health
Surveillance Centre
https://www.visavet.es/infequus/en/equine-rhinitis-virus.php
 Mair et. al (2013). Equine Medicine Surgery and Reproduction (2nd ed.). Saunders Elsevier
 Sellon, D.B., & Long, M.T. (2014). Equine Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Saunders Elsevier
 Sprayberry K.A. & Edward Robinson, N. (2015). Robinson’s Current Therapy in Equine
Medicine (7th ed.). Elsevier Saunders
 Young, A., (2020 August 28). Equine Rhinitis Viruses. UC Davis Veterinary Medicine.
Center for Equine Health
https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/equine-rhinitis-viruses#:~:text=How%20are
%20equine%20rhinitis%20viruses%20treated%3F,be%20rested%20and%20exercise
%20limited.

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