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Part 4 - Radiation Safety

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22 views20 pages

Part 4 - Radiation Safety

Uploaded by

Saddam Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAFETY IN Biomedical

Engineering

Part 4: Radiation Safety

Dr./ Awadh Al-Kubati


Sources of Radiation in Hospital

• X-Ray emitting equipment


• Radioactive solutions in nuclear medicine
• Radioactive preparations in the laboratory
• Radioelement in the research institute
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

➢ Dose Equivalent expresses the deleterious effects


of exposure, the unit of measurement is sievert
(Sv) = Dose (Gy) x Q

➢ Types of exposure:
• Acute exposure: A one-time
• Chronic exposure: A long-term
Major Sources of radiation Exposure

➢ Natural sources ➢ Other


•Cosmic rays • Nuclear fallout
•Land sources • Nuclear power station
•Isotopes present in the • Construction material
human body

➢ Medical sources
• Medical radiology
• Dental radiology
• Nuclear medicine
Dose Limits
Radiation Protection Program

• Environmental Surveillance environmental controls


consist of all the measurement of radiation exposure
rate and levels of contamination

• Personal Dosimetry consists of the assessments of


external exposure to radiation with the use of a
radiation detector placed directly on the body
Diagnostic Radiology

➢Radiology Procedures
• An x-ray room for more than one radiological
examination
• No body must be in x-ray room when the exposure is
carried out
• Operators should remain in the control behind
protective screen
• All doors of the x-ray room must be kept closed
while a patient is in the room.
• All personnel working in radiology must wear
dosimeter
Diagnostic Radiology

➢ Mobile Units
• 3 meter distance from the x-ray mobile unit

➢ Fluoroscopic Procedures
• Protective aprons
• Protective clothing
• Protective gauntlets
• Eye protection
Diagnostic Radiology

➢ Dental Radiology
• The operator should always energize the x-ray
tube from a location where he is protected

➢ Nuclear medicine
• Special room for the radioactive isotopes
• Don’t store Food near the area
• Wipe test
• Documentation on the purchase and use of all
radioisotopes
Radiation Therapy

➢ Teletherapy
• Equipment housing radioactive sources
• X-ray irradiators and accelerators

➢ Intracavitary Brachytherapy
• In brachytherapy procedures, a sealed
source is applied directly at the surface of
the body or inside the patient’s body
Radiation Therapy

➢ Interstitial Brachytherapy
• Consist of the insertion directly in a tumor
of small sources of radioactive material

➢ Radiation therapy with Open Sources


• It is performed with radioactive substances
administered orally
Electromagnetic Radiation

• RF 100 kHz to 300 MHz


• MW 300 MHz to 300 GHz
• Biological effects may occur from the heating
of deep body tissues by MW and RF Radiation
• Recommended standard for exposure is 10
mW/cm2
Hazards of Radiation

Ionizing Radiation:

Alpha, beta, and neutron particles, and x-rays and


gamma rays are ionizing radiation.

Each of these may cause injury by producing


ionization of cellular components, leading to
functional changes in the tissues of the body.
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Body Tissues and Organs

• Blood: White cell are the most sensitive to radiation.


• Bone marrow: can be damaged by radiation, so that blood cell
replacement cannot take place.
• Eyes: are the part of the body most sensitive to radiation.
• Reproduction organs: Immediate effects would be the same as those on
other cells.
• Lymphatic system: the lymphatic system nodes would be the first
affected in this system by a heavy dose of radiation.
• Digestive system: The various portions of the digestive system vary in
sensitivity and types of damage.
• Nervous system: Nerves are highly resistant to radiation.
• Hair: radiation will lead to loss of hair.
• Other organs: kidneys, circulatory system, respiratory system, liver are
generally highly resistant to ionization.
Nonionizing Radiations
Three types can cause injury:

Ultraviolet Radiation: thermal or photochemical. Principal

absorbers of ultraviolet energy- the cornea and conjunctiva of the

eye.

Infrared: Skin burns, body salts, eye damage et al.

Microwave: Heat of metals and tissue by induction


Hazards Checklist-radiation
Possible effects
Ionizing:
Tissue damage
Degradation of electronic components & characteristics changes
Degradation of metal strength
Microwave:
Heat of metals and tissue by induction.
Eye injury
Interference with other electronic Equipment
Activation of sensitive electroexplosives
Hazards Checklist-radiation
Possible effects
Infrared radiation:
Undesirable heat again & temperature rise
Temperature increase in enclosed space
Overheating; Skin burns
Charring of organic materials
Initiation of combustion of flammables
Visible light:
Temporary blindness
Ultraviolet light:
Vision damage & other eye injuries
Deterioration of rubber, plastics, and other materials
Ozone or nitrogen oxide generation
Color fading of fabric
Hazards Checklist-radiation
Possible cause

Ionizing:
Radioactive materials
Exposure to ionizing source
Inadvertent production of rays by radar, communications, etc.
Use of x-ray equipment
Nuclear reaction
Microwave:
Radar equipment operation
High power & microwave equipment operation
Other microwave generator generation
Hazards Checklist-radiation
Possible cause

Infrared radiation:
Flame; Solar; Infrared heaters
Highly heated surface; Lasers
Visible light:
Strong sunlight; High-intensity lights & flashlamps
Electric arcs
Ultraviolet light:
Sunshine; Welding arcs
Germicidal lamps
Lasers; Photocopying machines
The End

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