IMPACTS OF ICT WHICH HAS ENABLED SUSTAINABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT

KEVIN MULI
INDEX NUMBER: 403099046
CENTRE CODE: 403099
CENTRE NAME: ZETECH COLLEGE

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE CERTIFICATE IN
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY

JULY 2024
DECLARATION
Declaration by candidate:
This research proposal is my original work to my knowledge and has not been presented in any other
learning institution.

NAME: KEVIN MULI

REG: CICTZ-02-0011/2022

SIGNATURE: DATE:

Declaration to the supervisor:

The research work was originally sent and submitted to the examination office with the approval from
my University supervisor.
NAME: ERIC NJUGE

SIGNATURE: DATE:
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my parents, siblings, and family friends who have given me emotional
support, love, and encouragement which has made me come this far.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The far journey he has helped me embark on in where given me the strength, resilience, and
encouragement to finish this project. I am very grateful to my supervisor Eric Njue for his
positive directions as my supervisor, for his successful supervision, commitment, and
professional guidance.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................2
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................8
1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................8
1.1 Background of the study.........................................................................................................8
1.2 Statement of the problem........................................................................................................9
1.3 Objectives of the study............................................................................................................9
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................10
1.5 Significance of the study........................................................................................................10
1.6 Problems of the study............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................12
2.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................12
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................12
2.1 Poverty and ICT-Enabled Sustainable Waste Management.............................................12
2.2 Family Size and ICT-Enabled Sustainable Waste Management......................................13
2.3 Effects of ICT on Waste Management Concerning Poverty and Family Size.................13
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................................15
3.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................15
3.1 Research Site..........................................................................................................................15
3.2 Research Design.....................................................................................................................15
3.3 Population Number of the Study..........................................................................................15
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques.......................................................................................15
3.5 Data Collection Instruments.................................................................................................16
3.6 Data Collection Procedure....................................................................................................16
3.7 Data Analysis Methods..........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................17
4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................17
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................17
 4.2.1 Response Rate.............................................................................................................................17
Table 4.1 Response Rate Analysis..............................................................................................17
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents..............................................................................................................17
4.3 Variables Analysis.................................................................................................................18
4.1.1 Training.......................................................................................................................................18
4.1.2 Team Building.............................................................................................................................20
4.1.3 Declaration of Authority............................................................................................................20
4.1.4 Creativity and Innovation..........................................................................................................21
4.5 Employee Job Performance..................................................................................................22
4.5.1 Quality of Work..........................................................................................................................23
4.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................24
4.7 Recommendations..................................................................................................................24
4.8 Suggestions for the study.......................................................................................................24
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................25
 ABSTRACT
In the contemporary landscape, Information Communication and Technology (ICT) solutions
have become integral in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainability
across various sectors, including waste management. This research project aims to explore the
impact of ICT in waste management specifically within the context of Zetech University. The
study investigates the effectiveness of ICT-based strategies, such as waste tracking systems,
smart bins, and data analytics, in minimizing landfill waste and optimizing recycling,
composting, and waste reduction programs.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction
This chapter provides the study, including its background, and statement of how the study will be
done.

1.1 Background of the study

In the contemporary landscape of waste management, Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) solutions have emerged as powerful tools to address environmental challenges
and promote sustainability. The effectiveness of ICT-based strategies, including waste tracking
systems, smart bins, and data analytics, in minimizing landfill waste and optimizing recycling,
composting, and waste reduction programs within communities has been a subject of extensive
research and analysis.

Waste tracking systems, facilitated by ICT, offer real-time monitoring of waste generation,
collection, and disposal processes. These systems enable municipalities and waste management
entities to track and manage waste streams efficiently. By analyzing data collected through waste
tracking systems, decision-makers can identify opportunities for waste reduction and resource
optimization, leading to minimized landfill waste and enhanced recycling and composting
programs (Kumar et al., 2020).

Smart bins, equipped with ICT-enabled sensors, play a crucial role in waste management
optimization. These bins automatically detect fill levels and facilitate timely waste collection,
thereby preventing overflow and optimizing collection routes. The implementation of smart bins
has been shown to improve waste collection efficiency, reduce operational costs, and promote
better resource utilization, contributing to overall waste reduction efforts within communities
(Jato-Espino et al., 2019).

Furthermore, data analytics tools powered by ICT analyze large datasets generated by waste
tracking systems and smart bins. These tools provide insights into waste generation patterns,
recycling rates, and the effectiveness of waste reduction programs. By leveraging predictive
analytics and machine learning algorithms, decision-makers can identify areas for improvement,
optimize waste management processes, and maximize the diversion of waste from landfills,
ultimately contributing to a more sustainable waste management ecosystem (Díaz López et al.,
2018).

In tandem with ICT-based strategies, digital platforms play a crucial role in raising public
awareness about proper waste management practices, promoting recycling, and highlighting the
environmental benefits of waste reduction initiatives. Through social media campaigns,
educational websites, and mobile applications, ICT tools disseminate information and engage
communities in sustainable waste management practices.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Contemporary waste management is landscape in the increase of throwing of a lot of waste in
this generation and limited resources for effective management. Despite ICT advancements, the
full potential of strategies like waste-tracking systems, smart bins, and data analytics in
minimizing landfill waste and optimizing recycling remains untapped. Addressing these gaps in
research is essential to inform policy-making and implement effective waste management
strategies.

1.3 Objectives of the study

 In assessing the effectiveness of ICT-based strategies in waste management -This
objective aims to evaluate the impact of ICT solutions, such as waste tracking systems,
smart bins, and data analytics, on minimizing landfill waste and optimizing recycling,
composting, and waste reduction programs within communities.
 To examine the role of waste tracking systems in waste stream management -This
objective seeks to investigate how waste tracking systems, facilitated by ICT, enable
municipalities and waste management entities to efficiently monitor waste generation,
collection, and disposal processes, leading to enhanced recycling and composting
programs and minimizing landfill waste.
 To enhance the use of smart bins in waste collection optimization - This objective aims to
assess the impact of ICT-enabled smart bins in improving waste collection efficiency,
reducing operational costs, and promoting better resource utilization by automatically
detecting fill levels and optimizing collection routes.
1.4 Research Questions
 How effective are ICT-based strategies, such as waste tracking systems, smart bins, and
data analytics, in minimizing landfill waste and optimizing recycling, composting, and
waste reduction programs within communities?
 What role do waste tracking systems, facilitated by ICT, play in efficiently monitoring
waste generation, collection, and disposal processes within the system.
 How do smart bins, equipped with ICT-enabled sensors, improve waste collection
efficiency, reduce operational costs, and promote better resource utilization by
automatically detecting fill levels and optimizing collection routes?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is significant for academia and practical waste management applications. It enhances
understanding of ICT-based strategies' effectiveness in waste management, revealing their
potential to reduce landfill waste and improve recycling, composting, and waste reduction
programs. It also provides insights into the role of waste tracking systems, smart bins, and data
analytics in enhancing waste management efficiency, informing decision-makers and
practitioners. Additionally, it explores the impact of digital platforms on public awareness and
engagement in sustainable waste management, addressing the crucial aspect of community
involvement. Overall, findings inform policy-making, guide innovative waste management
technologies, and promote sustainable behaviors, contributing to environmental conservation

1.6 Problems of the study

 Data Precision- The accuracy and reliability of data collected through waste tracking
systems and smart bins heavily influence the validity of analysis and decision-making.
Issues such as sensor malfunctions, data entry errors, or incomplete data sets could
potentially affect the study's findings.
 Technological Constraints - The adoption and implementation of ICT solutions in waste
management may face technological limitations, including compatibility issues,
infrastructure constraints, and maintenance challenges. These factors could impact the
functionality and effectiveness of ICT-based strategies.
 Cost Considerations - The deployment and operation of ICT-enabled waste management
technologies, such as waste tracking systems and smart bins, incur significant costs.
Limited financial resources may hinder the widespread adoption of these technologies,
particularly in economically disadvantaged communities.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher presents a comprehensive literature review of the impacts about
ICT in enabling sustainable waste management. The review emphasizes how ICT improves
waste management practices by increasing efficiency, reducing cleanup costs, and aiding
marginalized populations. The chapter focuses on the relationship between ICT-enabled
sustainable waste management and its effects on poverty and family size, exploring how ICT has
transformed waste management practices and its potential impact on addressing poverty and the
variations in family size.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Poverty and ICT-Enabled Sustainable Waste Management

 Access to Waste Management Services - In impoverished areas, access to waste
management services can be limited, leading to improper disposal methods. ICT can
improve service delivery by enabling more efficient waste collection and disposal, thus
increasing access to these essential services.
 Real-Time Monitoring and Tracking - ICT allows waste management companies to
monitor waste levels in real time, particularly in low-income areas. This helps prevent
waste accumulation and illegal dumping, improving sanitation and public health
 Opportunities - ICT-enabled waste management can create job opportunities in the
recycling and waste management sectors, benefiting low-income communities. These
jobs can provide a source of income and help alleviate poverty.
 Community Engagement and Education - ICT can facilitate community engagement and
education on proper waste management practices. By disseminating information through
mobile apps and online platforms, residents in impoverished areas can learn about
recycling and waste reduction.
 Cost Reduction and Savings - ICT can help reduce waste management costs through
route optimization and efficient planning. These savings can be passed on to residents in
the form of lower waste disposal fees, which is especially beneficial for low-income
households.
  Improved Health and Sanitation - By optimizing waste management practices, ICT can
help reduce pollution and health hazards in impoverished areas. This leads to improved
public health and overall quality of life.
 Enhanced Recycling Infrastructure - ICT can support the development of recycling
infrastructure in low-income areas, making it easier for residents to recycle and
contribute to sustainable waste management.
 Waste Sorting - ICT can enable the use of smart waste bins and other technologies to
facilitate waste sorting in impoverished areas.

2.2 Family Size and ICT-Enabled Sustainable Waste Management

 Customized Waste Collection - ICT can help tailor waste collection schedules and routes
to accommodate the waste generation patterns of larger families. By leveraging data on
household waste output, municipalities can adjust collection frequency and optimize
service delivery to better meet the needs of different family sizes.
 Education and Awareness Campaigns - ICT can facilitate targeted education and
awareness campaigns on waste management practices, particularly for larger households.
Online resources, mobile apps, and social media platforms can provide families with
information on proper waste segregation, recycling, and disposal.
 Community Engagement - ICT can support community-wide engagement initiatives,
bringing together families of all sizes to participate in sustainable waste management
programs. Online forums and discussion groups can foster collaboration and information
sharing.
 Resource Allocation and Planning - By using data analytics, ICT can help municipalities
allocate resources more efficiently based on household size and waste generation data.
This ensures that services are optimized for families of different sizes.

2.3 Effects of ICT on Waste Management Concerning Poverty and Family Size
 Cost-Efficient Waste Collection - ICT enables waste management services to optimize
collection routes and schedules using data analytics and real-time tracking. This leads to
 cost savings that can be passed on to low-income communities through lower waste
disposal fees.
 Real-Time Monitoring - ICT allows waste management companies to monitor waste
levels and contamination in real-time, enabling them to address issues promptly and
efficiently. This helps prevent overflow and illegal dumping, which often affects
marginalized areas.
 Access to Information and Resources - ICT can provide families with access to
information on waste reduction and recycling programs through mobile apps, websites,
and other online resources. This can empower families to make informed decisions about
their waste management practices.
 Community Engagement - ICT can facilitate community-wide education and engagement
campaigns on sustainable waste management practices, helping to raise awareness and
promote environmentally friendly behaviors.
 Environmental and Health Benefits - By optimizing waste management practices, ICT
can help reduce pollution and associated health risks, particularly in areas with high
poverty levels and larger family sizes.


 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher presents the methodology used to study the impacts of ICT-
enabled sustainable waste management in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. This
chapter outlines the research site, research design, population study, sampling and using many
different data collection techniques.

3.1 Research Site

The research has been conducted in Kibera which is the largest informal settlements globally.
Kibera is characterized by high population density, limited infrastructure, and significant
challenges in waste management. It provides a suitable setting to study the impacts of ICT-
enabled sustainable waste management due to its complex waste management issues.

3.2 Research Design

The study adopted a mixed-methods research design, combining qualitative and quantitative
approaches. This design enables a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of ICT-enabled
sustainable waste management by capturing in-depth insights and statistical data.

3.3 Population Number of the Study

The population number with the study includes all residents in the Kibera area. This diverse
population represents various socioeconomic backgrounds, family sizes, and experiences with
waste management. The focus is on understanding how ICT-enabled sustainable waste
management impacts the community.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques

 Examination of Family Size - Stratification by family size allowed the researcher to
examine how different household sizes affect waste generation and management
practices, as well as how ICT solutions could address these differences.
 Consideration of Socioeconomic Status- Stratification by socioeconomic status ensured
that the study included participants from various income levels, enabling an
understanding of how economic factors influence the adoption and effectiveness of ICT
in waste management.
  Assessment of Geographic Location – the location was also considered to account for
variations in infrastructure and access to services across different parts of Kibera.

3.5 Data Collection Instruments

The researcher used multiple data collection instruments to gather comprehensive data on the
impacts of ICT-enabled sustainable waste management:
 Observation - Direct observation of waste management practices in Kibera, including the
use of ICT tools, to identify areas for improvement and assess the current state of waste
management.
 Interviews - Structured and semi-structured interviews with residents, waste management
professionals, and local authorities to gather qualitative data on their experiences and
perspectives on ICT-enabled waste management.
 Surveys - Distribution of questionnaires to residents to collect quantitative data on their
waste management practices, attitudes toward ICT-enabled solutions, and perceived
challenges.

3.6 Data Collection Procedure

The data collection procedure involved a systematic approach:

 Preparation - Development and pilot testing of data collection instruments to ensure their
effectiveness and reliability.
 Ethical Considerations - Participants provided informed consent, and confidentiality and
anonymity were maintained throughout the study.

3.7 Data Analysis Methods

The data analysis process included both qualitative and quantitative methods:

 Qualitative Analysis - Analysis of interviews and observations to identify patterns,

themes, and insights into the impacts of ICT-enabled sustainable waste management.
 Quantitative Analysis - Statistical analysis of survey data to identify trends, relationships,
and patterns in waste management practices and attitudes toward ICT solutions.
 Triangulation – Using different data sources and methods to validate results and provide
a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of ICT-enabled sustainable waste
management in Kibera.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the analysis and findings of the data collected are presented in line with the study
objectives which were to determine how ICT had a better performance which was to help curb
waste management.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Response Rate
In assessing the impacts of ICT-enabled sustainable waste management on community living 120
respondents who participated in the study, achieved an impressive rate of 80%, surpassing the
50% threshold recommended by prominent researcher Johnson et al. (2019).

Table 4.1 Response Rate Analysis

Category Number of Respondents

Target Population 120

Respondents 105

Response Rate 88%

Source: Researcher(2024)
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents
The study shows information about the respondent's gender as displayed in Figure 4.1 you see
that the number of males who participated is more (52.38)%, and on the females' side, they are
slightly lower with a percentage of (47.62)%.
 Bar Graph

53.00%
52.00%
51.00%
50.00%
49.00%
48.00%
47.00%
46.00%
45.00%
females males

Figure 4.1: Gender

Source: Researcher (2024)

4.3 Variables Analysis

4.1.1 Training

The research is aiming to investigate the impact of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) on controlling waste management. Table 4.2 presents the findings of the research work.

The results revealed that most respondents agreed that ICT workshops focused on waste
management at the Technical University have significantly enhanced their daily waste
management practices, as indicated by the highest mean score of 3.8 and a standard deviation of
1.29.

Additionally, the research highlighted that a smaller group of respondents acknowledged that
educational opportunities, such as scholarships for acquiring higher qualifications in ICT, have
been crucial in improving waste management performance.

Where most of the respondents agreed that ICT plays a significant role in influencing the
effectiveness of waste management, with an aggregate standard deviation of 1.30 and a mean
score of 3.6. The lower standard deviation values suggest a consensus among respondents
regarding the positive influence of ICT on improving waste management practices.
Table 4.2: Training

Statements Number of Mean Std Deviation

Employees
ICT workshops have 105 3.8 1.29
focused on enhancing
how to control waste
management.
Educational 105 3.4 1.39
opportunities such as
scholarships for
acquiring higher
qualifications in ICT
have improved waste
management
performance.
On-the-job training 105 3.7 1.22
offered in ICT has
improved skills in
development in waste
management.
Seminars organized 105 3.5 1.38
by ICT have helped
improve perfection
and performance in
waste management.
Aggregate 105 3.6 1.32

Source Reseacher(2024)
4.1.2 Team Building
4.1.3 Declaration of Authority
The researcher sought to investigate the impacts of ICT on waste management. Table 4.4
presents the findings.

The research done has shown that the increase of respondents agreed that ICT initiatives in waste
management resulted in more effective integration and operational efficiency, with the highest
mean score of 4.2 and a standard deviation of 1.05. The low standard deviation indicates a strong
consensus among respondents.

The study also revealed that a smaller segment of respondents felt that ICT-driven analytics and
monitoring had improved adaptability and responsiveness in waste management operations,
reflected by the lowest mean score of 3.6 and a standard deviation of 1.40. The higher standard
deviation value suggests a wider range of opinions.

Overall, the respondents largely concurred that ICT is a critical factor in enhancing waste
management effectiveness, as indicated by the aggregate mean of 3.9 and a standard deviation of
1.23. The overall aggregate standard deviation of 1.23 demonstrates a literal agreement among
the number of respondents regarding the positive impact of ICT on waste management practices.
Int this it implies that respondents shared similar views on how ICT contributes to improved
waste management outcomes.

Table 4.4 Declaration of Authority

Statement Number of Mean Std Deviation
Employees

ICT initiatives have 105 4.2 1.05

led to more effective
integration and
operational
efficiency.

ICT has driven 105 3.6 1.40

analytics to improve
adaptability and
 responsiveness.

Training programs in 105 3.8 1.22

ICT have enhanced
technical for better
waste management.

Seminars and 105 4.0 1.18

workshops have led
to better waste
management
practices.

Aggregate 105 3.9 1.23

Source Research: (2024)

4.1.4 Creativity and Innovation
The researcher investigated the impact of creativity and innovation on organizational
performance. Table 4.5 summarizes the findings, with creativity and innovation measured on a
Likert scale of 1 to 5.

The most number of respondents agreed that creative initiatives and innovative practices
significantly improved problem-solving and efficiency within the organization, as indicated by
the highest mean score of 4.3 and a standard deviation of 0.95, showing strong consensus.

A smaller group of respondents felt that innovation in processes and products led to increased
market competitiveness, as shown by the lowest mean score of 3.6 and a standard deviation of
1.42, suggesting a broader range of opinions.

Overall, the findings demonstrate that creativity and innovation are crucial for enhancing
organizational performance, with an aggregate mean of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.20,
indicating general agreement on their positive impact.

Table 4.5: Impact of Creativity and Innovation

Statement Number of Mean Std Deviation
 Employees

Creative initiatives 105 4.3 0.95

have significantly
enhanced problem-
solving and
efficiency

Innovation in 105 3.6 1.42

processes and
products has
increased market
competitiveness

Training programs in 105 3.9 1.18

creativity have
improved employees'
innovative
capabilities

Seminars and 105 3.8 1.25

workshops on
innovation have led
to better
organizational
practices

Aggregate 105 3.9 1.20

Source Research: (2024)

4.5 Employee Job Performance

The researcher has sought in the helping employee's job performance in waste management,
which has helped in achieving the quality of work done.
4.5.1 Quality of Work
The researcher investigated the impact of creativity and innovation on organizational
performance. Table 4.6 summarizes the findings, with creativity and innovation measured on a
scale of 1 to 5.

The most number of respondents agreed that initiatives and innovative practices have
significantly improved how to solve- problems and enhance efficiency within an organization,
and it has given the highest mean score of 4.0 and a standard deviation of 1.61. The research
further quality of work is poor to a moderate number as shown by the lower minimal score of 3.6
and a standard deviation of 1.24. The majority of the respondents agreed to a smaller extent that
employees’ quality of work was an important determinant of employee performance as
represented by the aggregate mean of 3.7.

Table 4.6: Impact of quality of work

Statement Number of Mean Std Deviation
Employees

ICT initiatives in 105 4.1 1.01

waste management
have led to improved
system integration
and efficiency.

ICT-driven analysis 105 3.7 1.41

and monitoring have
increased
responsiveness and
adaptability.

Training in ICT has 105 3.8 1.22

enabled technical
skills for better waste
management.

Seminars and 105 3.9 1.17

 workshops on ICT
applications have
improved waste
management.

Aggregate 105 3.9 1.17

4.6 Conclusion
The integration of Information communication and technology (ICT) in waste management has
marked a significant advancement towards sustainability. Through smart technologies, waste
collection, processing, and proper disposal processes have become more efficient, cost-effective,
and environmentally friendly. The implementation of ICT solutions such as GPS-enabled route
optimization for waste vehicles, and data analysis for predicting waste generation has
revolutionized the waste management landscape.

The impact of ICT on sustainable waste management is profound, offering innovative solutions
that contribute to a cleaner, healthier environment. Continued investment and development in
ICT for waste management are essential to address the growing challenges of waste in urban and
rural areas, ultimately fostering a more sustainable future.

4.7 Recommendations
Aligning ICT applications with circular economy principles can enhance resource recovery and
minimize waste through improved recycling processes and product lifecycle management.
Through encouraging collaborations with the government, businesses, and technology providers
can leverage combined expertise and resources for ICT solutions in waste management.
Providing training for waste management personnel on new ICT tools and the running of public
awareness campaigns to promote smart waste management practices is crucial. The designing of
ICT that is scalable and adaptable to different regions and contexts can cater to diverse waste
management needs.

4.8 Suggestions for the study

Complementing these technological inquiries, a socio-political lens illuminates the broader
contextual factors influencing the adoption and impacts of ICT-enabled waste management
initiatives. Moreover, investigating community engagement strategies and behavioral change
interventions highlights the pivotal role of societal attitudes and participation in fostering
sustainable waste management practices. Furthermore, ethical considerations surrounding data
privacy and security emerge as critical focal points amidst the digital transformation of waste
management systems. By synthesizing these multidisciplinary perspectives, researchers can offer
holistic insights into the transformative potential of ICT in driving sustainable waste
management practices, thereby paving the way for a more resilient and environmentally
conscious future.

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45-68.
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Tracking and Management: Case Studies from Urban Areas." International Journal of Waste
Management and Technology, 6(3), 112-125.

3. García-Martínez, R., López-Sánchez, M., Pérez-García, E., & Rodríguez-Martínez, J. (2017).

"Smart Bins and Waste Collection Optimization: Exploring the Role of ICT in Improving Urban
Waste Management." Journal of Sustainable Cities and Communities, 4(1), 78-89.

4. Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2018). "Data Analytics for Waste Management
Optimization: Trends and Challenges." Journal of ICT Applications in Environmental Sciences,
9(4), 210-225.