MICROWAVES THEORY AND ANTENNAS

Smitha S M
Assistant Professor,
ECE Dept,
JNNCE.

1
Module 2:
Microwave Network theory: Introduction,
S matrix representation of Multi-Port Networks

Microwave Passive Devices: Coaxial Connectors and

Adapters, Attenuators, Phase Shifters, Waveguide Tees,
Magic tees,Circulator, Isolator.

2
 Microwave Network Theory
Introduction:

● A microwave N/W is formed when several microwave

devices & components such as
sources,attenuators,resonators,filters etc are coupled
together by transmission lines or waveguides for the
desired transmission of microwave signal.

● At low frequencies the physical length of the network is

much smaller than the wavelength of the signal
transmitted, therefore i/p & o/p variables i.e. voltage &
current can be related in terms of impedance Z parameters,
admittance Y parameters , hybrid H parameters or ABCD
parameters.

3
For a two port N/W given below , these parameters relationships
are given by

4
 Current & Voltages can not be measured by these parameters
● Equipment is not available to measure total V & I at any point
● Short & open circuits are difficult to realize
● Active devices such as power transistors, tunnel diodes etc become
unstable

5
Therefore a new representation is needed to overcome these
problems at microwave frequencies.The logical variables are
travelling waves rather than voltages & currents,they are called as
Scattering or S-parameters & are represented for a two port n/w as
shown below:

In the form of equation they are given by

b1=S11a1+S12a2
b2=S21a1+S22a2

6
 S-Matrix representation of Multiport Network

Consider N port n/w as shown below:

7
b2=b3=..........=bn=0
bi=b1=(reflection coefficient) (a1)
b1=(Si1)(a1)
When
from alltravelling
impedance
all theall
outward the
lines the
other (n-1)
, islinesthan noZ0in
. by
Then
wave
given of lines
, the
then itotalarecontribution
ththere
line terminated
will
due in the
bemismatch
to an
reflections
to at
bi= Si1a1+ Si2a2+ Si3a3+..........+ Sinan
Since i can be any line from 1 to n, we can vary i to get the
following relations:

8
b1= S11a1+ S12a2+ S13a3+..........+ S1nan
b2= S21a1+ S22a2+ S23a3+..........+ S2nan
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
bn= Sn1a1+ Sn2a2+ Sn3a3+..........+ Snnan
[b]
[a] =
where
[S] [S] [a]= column
[b]
= column
Scattering or Smatrix
matrix for for
incident
matrix reflected
whichwaves, waves,
is an nxn matrix.

9
 Measuring of Scattering Coefficients

Consider a two port n/w as shown below:

The relationship b/w incident & reflected wave in terms of

Scattering coefficient can be written as

b1 = S11a1 + S12a2
b2 = S21a1 + S22a2

10
From the previous equation, the Scattering Coefficients are defined
as below

11
 Losses in terms of S- parameters

are The
ports incident
are used to
normalised
variables
manner: gives and
in
the such reflected
characterise
average a way aamplitudes
microwave
that
power inthe
that of
square microwaves
circuit.The
of any ofatthese
2 wave in the following
any
amplitudes
Input power at the nth port, Pin = ½ |an|
Reflected power at the nth port, Prn = ½ |bn| 2
where
amplitude
nth port. andan represent
bn normalised thereflected
normalised
waveincident wave at
peak amplitude peak
the
2Note: using the relations
2 2
|b1|P we
i
proportion
can to
express |a
the
1
| , P
losses
0
proportion
in terms to
of |b
S | , Pr proportion to
parameters.
2

12
Insertion loss in db= 10 log 10(Pi/P0)
or Insertion loss in db = 20 log10(1/|S12|) or 20 log10(1/|S21|)
Transmission/Attenuation
2 2 loss in db= 10 log 10((Pi -Pr)/P0)
or 10 log10(1- |S11| / |S21 | )
Reflection loss in db2 = 10 log 10(Pi/(Pi-Pr))
or 10 log10(1/1- |S11| )
Return loss in db = 10 log 10(Pi/Pr)
or 20 log10(1/ |S11|)

13
 Properties of S parameters

i) Zero diagonal elements for perfect matched n/w:

For an ideal N-port matched n/w with matched termination at all
ports,Sii=0,since there is no reflection from any port.Therefore
under perfect matched conditions,the diagonal elements of [S] are
zero.
[S]= 0 S12
S21 0

ii) Symmetry of [S] for a Reciprocal n/w:

A reciprocal n/w is one whose transmission characteristics in either
directions are the same if the i/p & o/p ports are interchanged.Such
a n/w is characterised by a symmetric scattering or [S].
Sij = Sji (i ≠ j)
which results in transpose of S matrix [S]t = [S]

14
This can be proved as following
The steady state voltage & current in a n/w are
V= V+++V- ---------(1)
I= V /Z - V-/Z ---------(2)
from (1) & (2)
V+- =1/2 [V+ZI]
V =1/2 [V-ZI]
The +normalized incident & reflected waves are given by
a=V - / = 1/2 (V/ + I)
b=V / = 1/2 (V/ - I)

15
If the characteristic impedance is normalised so that =1, then
a =1/2 (V+I) ---------(3)
b = 1/2 (V-I) ---------(4)
(3) can be written in matrix form as
[a]=1/2 ([V]+[I])
but
. [V]= [Z][I]
. .[a]=1/2 ([Z][I]+[I]) where [U] is identity matrix
[a]=1/2 ([Z]+[U]) [I] ---------(5)
IIIly [b]=1/2 ([Z]-[U]) [I] ---------(6)
From (5) 2 [a]=([Z]+[U]) [I]
or [I]=2 [a]([Z]+[U])-1 ---------(7)

16
Substituting (7) in (6)-1
[b]= ([Z]-[U])([Z]+[U]) [a] ---------(8)
W.K.T [b]=[S] [a] ---------(9)
Comparining (8) & (9),-1we can write
[S]=([Z]-[U])([Z]+[U])
Let P=[Z]-[U]
Q=[Z]+[U]
. . [S]= [P][Q]-1
.
For a reciprocal n/w [Z] is symmetric,
[P] & [Q] are also symmetric.

17
So we can write-1[P] [Q] -1 = [Q] [P]
Multiplying [Q]-1[Q] to -1 both sides-1 of above equations,
[Q]-1 [P] [Q] [Q] = [Q] [Q] [P] [Q]
[Q]-1 [P] = [P] [Q]-1 = [S]
Now consider transpose-1of [S],
[S]t = ([Z]-[U])t ([Z]+[U])t
since [Z] is symmetric,
([Z]-[U])t =-1([Z]-[U]) -1
([Z]+[U])
. = ([Z]+[U]) -1
. . [S]t = ([Z]-[U]) ([Z]+[U])
t

18
 [S]t = [P] [Q]-1 = [S]
[S]t = [S], hence the proof.
iii) Unitary property for a lossless junction:
For any
one lossless
anycomplex
its or ofn/w,
rowconjugate any the
one
is sum of the
column
unity. products
of the of each
S-matrix term by
multiplied of
For abe
must lossless
equal toN-port device,
the total powerthei/ptotal power
to these leaving N-ports
ports,
|bn|2 = |an|2

19
 Sni ai 2 = | an|2
If only ith port
terminated then all is aexcited
n
& all
=0 except ai, other ports are matched
| Sni ai |2 = | ai|2
| Sni| 2 | ai|2 = | ai|2

20
 |Sni|2 = 1
Sni Sni *=1 -----(1)
If all an*= 0, except ai & ak,
Snk Sni = 0 for i≠k -----(2)
In matrix
* notation (1) can be written as
[S]t [S
* ]=[U] -1 , where [U] identity matrix.
or [S ]=[S]t -----(3)

21
 A matrix
three [S] isfor
equations a lossless
called a unitaryn/w which satisfies the above
matrix.
iv) Phase Shift Property:
Complex
positions
with S-parameters
of the
reference of
port 1or
planes &2 a ,n/w
the are
reference defined with
planes.For
S-parameters respect
isagiven
two by to n/w
port the
[S] = S11 S12
S21 S22

22
 If the reference planes 1 & 2 are shifted outward to 1’& 2’
by electrical phase shift Φ1= β1l1 & ΦjΦ1= β l respectively,
then the new wave variables are a1e 2 , a22e2jΦ2, b1e-jΦ1, b2e-jΦ2.
The new S -matrix S’ is given by
[S’ ] = e-jΦ1 0-jΦ2 [S] e-jΦ1 -jΦ2
0
0 e 0 e
This
phase property
shift is valid
property for any
applicable to anumber
shift ofof ports &plane.
reference is called the

23
 S- parameters to a two port n/w with mismatched load

When a two port n/w or junction is formed there exist a

discontinuity b/w the i/p & o/p ports of a transmission line.

24
Consider a two port n/w terminated by the following impedances,
Normalised generator impedances = Zg/Z0
Normalised load impedances = Zl/Z0
Then the load reflection coefficient is given by,
Γ2 = a2/b2 = (Zl – Z0) / (Zl + Z0) ---(1)
Now consider
b1 = S11a1 + S12a2 = S11a1 + S12b2Γ2 ---(2)
b2 = S21a1 + S22a2 = S21a1 + S22b2Γ2 ---(3)

Equ (3) can be solved for b2 as follows

b2 - S22b2 Γ2 = S21a1

25
 b2 = S21a1 / (1 - S22 Γ2 ) ---(4)
Put (4) in (2)
b1 = S11a1 + (S12S21a1 Γ2 ) / (1- S22 Γ2 )

b1 = a1 S11+ S12S21 Γ2 / (1- S22 Γ2 )

Γ1 = b1 /a1 = S11+ ( S12S21 Γ2 / ( 1- S22 Γ2 )

Therefore for a mismatched load , i/p reflection coefficient Γ1 ≠

S11
For a reciprocal n/w, S12= S21,

26
Further if the junction is lossless,
S11S11*+ S12S12* = 1 --- (5)
S22S22*+ S12S12* = 1 --- (6)
S11S12*+ S12S22* = 0 --- (7)
Therefore for a lossless, reciprocal two port n/w terminated by a
mismatched load
|S11|= |S22| by subtracting (6) from (5)
|S12| = √(1 - |S11|2 ) from (5)
& the input reflection coefficient is

27
Express S parameters in terms of impedance when two transmission
lines are joined with characteristic impedances Z1 & Z2.

Solution : If we assume that line two is matched terminated then a2=

0, the reflection coefficient on i/p side is

Γ1 = S11= (Z2 - Z1) / (Z2 + Z1)

IIIly line one is matched terminated then a1= 0, the reflection

coefficient on o/p side is
Γ = S = (Z1 - Z2) / (Z1 + Z2) = - S11
W.k.t b1 = S211a122 + S12a2
b2 = S21a1 + S22a2

28
For a lossless N/W we have , a1+ b1 = a2+ b2 ---(3)

If o/p line is matched then a2= 0, (3) becomes

b2 = a1+ b1 = a1+ S11a1 = a1 (1+ S11 )

b2 / a1 = S21 = 1+ S11 = 1+ (Z2 - Z1) / (Z2 + Z1)

b2 / a1 = 2Z2 / (Z2 + Z1)

If i/p line is matched then a1= 0, (3) becomes

b1 = a2+ b2 = a2+ S22a2 = a2 (1+ S22 )

b1 / a2 = 1+ S22 = 1+ (Z1 - Z2) / (Z1 + Z2)

29
 b1 / a2 = 2Z1 / (Z1 + Z2)

Hence

30
 Microwave Passive Devices:
Microwave passive devices and components are designed using
sections of coaxial cables, waveguides, strip lines for use in both
laboratory & microwave systems , radar systems.

Coaxial cables:
● A length of coaxial cable is used for interconnecting several
microwave components
● The outer conductor of coaxial line is used to guide the signal
through TEM mode & shield the external or internal leakage
● TEM mode, Characteristic impedance of either 50 and 75 ohms

Based on the structure of shielding, coaxial cables are classified into

three basic types
● Flexible coaxial cable
● Semi-rigid coaxial cable
● Rigid coaxial cable

31
Flexible coaxial cable: Use low loss solid or foam polyethylene
dielectric.

32
Semi rigid coaxial cable: Solid dielectric

Rigid coaxial cable: Air as dielectric

33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNkCMEEG5qk

Coaxial Connectors & adapters:

Interconnection between co-axial cables and microwave

components is achieved with the help of shielded standard
connectors.Several types of coaxial connectors have been
developed depending on the frequency range & cable diameter.

Adapters having different connectors at the two ends.

34
Some examples of coaxial connectors are given below:

35
Coaxial Connectors:

Type Impedance Dielectric Coaxial cable Frequency

range Gender

Type Navy 50/75 ohm Air Flexible/Rigid 1 to 18 GHz M/F

Bayonet Navy 50/75 ohm Solid Flexible Up to 1 GHz M/F

Threaded Navy 50/75 ohm Sloid Flexible Up to 12GHz M/F

Subminiature A 50 ohm Sloid Flexible/Semi

Rigid 24GHz M/F

Amphenol
Precision
Connector 3.5 50 ohm Air 34 GHz

Amphenol
Precision
Connector 7 50 ohm Air 18 GHz

36
Attenuators:

In order to control power levels in a microwave system by partially

absorbing the transmitted microwave signal, attenuators are
employed. Resistive films (dielectric glass slab coated with
aquadag) are used in the design of both fixed and variable
attenuators.

Fixed attenuator:
A coaxial fixed attenuator uses the dielectric loss material inside
the center conductor of the coaxial line to absorb some of the
microwave power propagating through it. Dielectric rod decides the
amount of attenuation introduced. The microwave power absorbed
by the lossy material is dissipated as heat.

37
Variable attenuator:

Movable vane attenuator

38
Flap attenuator:

39
Precision type variable attenuator:
● RCT, a CW & a CRT
● Resistive cards are placed in all sections
0
●
● R
R
TE is
& Rplaced
in are in
fixed centre
RCT---->TE&11are CW can
placed
in CW be precisely
perpendicular rotated
todo over
E fields 360
●
●
● R
energy &
E baacos
Any R
θ are
component perpendicular
absorbed,parallel
E sin θ to to
it E
will
transmittedfields
be
sin θ comes out of CRT finally as E sin θ
10 c c
2theyabsorbed
readily
without not absorb any
attenuation

40
Fig : Precision type variable attenuator

41
Resistive cards

42
 Therefore attenuation
2 2of the incident wave is
= E/E sin θ = 1/ sin θ = 1/|S21|
Therefore
whichincident
w.r.t depends Precision rotary attenuator
onlypolarisation.
wave on the angle produces
of rotation attenuation
‘θ’ of the resistive card
Attenuators are normally matched reciprocal devices ,so that
|S21| = |S12|
Since reflection are negligible, S11= S22= 0
S matrix:
[S ]= 0 2 sin2θ
sin θ 0

43
Phase Shifters:

A microwave phase shifter is a two port device which produces a

variable shift in phase of the incoming microwave signal. A lossless
dielectric slab when placed inside the rectangular waveguide
produces a phase shift.

The phase constant βd through the dielectric slab

βd = 2π/λgd = 2π/(λ0/√εr-(2 λ0/2a)2)

βd = (2π/ λ0 )(√εr-( λ0/2a) )

44
The phase constant β0 through the empty space is
β0 = (2π/ λ0 )(√1-( λ0/2a)2)
Thus
is ΔΦ=(the
βddifferential
- β0)l. phase shift produced by the phase shifter
The S matrix of -jΔΦ
an ideal phase shifter is given by
[S]= 0-jΔΦ e
e 0
Since S11= S22= 0, as ideally there would be no reflections.

45
Precision phase shifter:

The rotary type precision phase shifter is as shown below:

46
47
48
Resistive card Ra

Resistive card Rb

49
Resistive card Rc

50
 The rotary type precision phase shifter consists of :
0 0
● CW
RCT,–CRT
ldp -- ‘2l’ - half wave
’l’- quarter section(180
wave section (45)-(λ/2)
)-(λ/4)
● TE
λ/2
●λ/4 ---> TEplates
section
section
Dielectric
reflections
10 11produces
due to are a phase at
tapered
discontinuityshift equal
both theto twice
ends to that of
reduce
Principle of operation:
E be the maximum
section
components,
plate.
i which iselectric
E parallel to field
decomposed strength
the plate & Einperpendicular
into i/p quarter
two wave
transverse
to
1 2

51
After propagating
components 0are -jβ l
through the
-jβ l
quarter
-jβ l
wave section these
E1 = Ei cos 450 e-jβ 1l = Ei /√2 e-jβ 1l = E0 e-jβ 1l -----(1)
E2 = Ei sin 45 e 2 = Ei /√2 e 2 = E0 e 2 -----(2)
where E0 = Ei/√2 ---(1a)
The length
have ‘l’0 is adjusted
equal magnitude but such that these
a differential twochange
phase components
of will
(β1 – β2)l = 90 = π/2
Equations-jβ l (1) & (2) can be modified as follows:
E1= E0 e -j(β1 l - π/2)
E2 = E0 e 1

52
E2 = E0 e-jβ1l
jπ/2 e
jπ/2
E2 = E1 e -----(3)
After emerging
parallel out of
& perpendicular the
-j2β to
halfwave section the components
l the half wave plates are given by
E3= [E1 cosθ - E2sinθ] jπ/2 e 1e-j2β l
E3= [E1 cosθ - E1e sinθ] -j2β l 1 jπ/2
E3= [E1(-jθ
cosθ -
-j2β l jsinθ) e 1
] (e = j)
E3= E1e -jβel -jθ1 -j2β l
E3= E0 e-jθ1 -j3β
e el 1
E3= E0 e e 1 -----(4)
and

53
 -j2β l
E4= [E1 sinθ+E2cosθ] jπ/2 e 2 e-j2β l
E4= [E1 sinθ+ E1e cosθ] -j2β l 2
E4= [E1( sinθ+ jcosθ) e-j2(β 2 l ]- π/2)
E4= j E1( cosθ-
-jθ -j2βjsinθ)
l jπ e 1
E4= j E1 e
-jθ -j2β l1 e
e jπ/2 jπ
E4= E1 e-jβel -jθ1 e-j2β l e 3jπ/2 (j = e jπ/2)
E4= E0 e-jθ1 -j3β
e e l 3jπ/2
1
e
E4= E0 e e 1 e ------(5)
Components
components,parallel
wave
given plate.
by E5After E & E4 &sinθ]
to
emerging
= [E33 cosθ+E may outebe
perpendicular
-jβ
of again to
lquarter resolved
wave into
output two
theplates,these
quarter
are
4 1

54
E5= [E0 e-jθe-j3β1l j3π/2
cosθ + E0 e-j3β-jθ -j3β l 3jπ/2
e l -jθ e sinθ] e -jβ l
E5= E0( cosθ _+ e sinθ) e l 1 e 1 e-jβ1l
-jθ -j4β
1
j3π/2
E5= E0( cosθ j sinθ)
-jθ -jθ -j4β l e e 1
(e = -j)
E5= E0 e-j2θe -j4β
e
E5= E0 e e 1l 1 -----(6)
and -jβ l
E6= [E4 cosθ - El3sinθ]
-jθ -j3β 3jπ/2 e 2
E6= [E0 e 3jπ/2
e 1 e cosθ -jθ e-jθl e-j3β
- E0-j3β l
sinθ] e-jβ l
E6= E0( e
_ cosθ - sinθ) e el -jβ1 le-j(β
-jθ -j3β
1l - π/2)
jπ/2
2
E6= E0( _jcosθ - sinθ) e e-jθ -j4β 1
e 1
e l 1 jπ/2
E6= E0 ( j) ( cosθ - jsinθ)e e 1 e

55
 E6= E0 e j3π/2 e-jθ e
j2π -j2θ
-jθ -j4β l jπ/2
-j4β el 1
e
E6= E0 e-j2θe -j4βel 1
E6= E0 e e 1 -----(7) (e j2π=1)
Equations
identical in2(6)
field strength both& (7) shows
by that
magnitude
is 2given the components
& phase. E5 &electric
The resultant E6 are
Eout= √((E5) +(E-j2θ 6
) ) -j4β l
Eout= √2 * (E0 e e 1 )
from equation
-j(2θ + 4β (1a),
l) w.k.t Ei = √2 E0
Eout= Ei e 1
-----(8)
Equation(8) suggest
have a phase difference of thatΔΦ=2θ+4β
Eout & Ei are
1
l same except that they

56
 Waveguide Tee Junction:
● A waveguide Tee is formed when three waveguides are
interconnected in the form of English alphabet T and thus
waveguide tee is 3-port junction.
● The waveguide tees are used to connects a branch or section of
waveguide in series or parallel with the main waveguide
transmission line either for splitting or combining power in a
waveguide system.

2 types of tee:
● H- plane Tee junction
● E- plane Tee junction

A combination of these two tee junctions is called a hybrid tee or

“ Magic Tee”.
Because of the junction,waveguide tees are poorly matched
devices.

57
Because of symmetry
junction, the S-matrix is & absence Sof
symmetric, ij
= nonlinear
Sji. elements in the
The general S-matrix for a tee junction is
[S] = S11 S12 S13
S21 S22 S23
S31 S32 S33
H-plane Tee Junction [Shunt Junction] :
A
theH-plane
along Tee junction
the narrow
slot. wall of is formed
the when& aa rectangular
waveguide slot is cut
side arm is attached to
If two
arm,
this
port the
the
3 in-phase
o/p
third
will i/p is
bewaves
port waves
equally portare
atdivided
called fed
3the
will
into be
suminto ports
in-phase 1
&&
arm.Reversely,
ports 1 & 2 in 2 ofanthe
i/p collinear
additive.Because
phase. of
wave at

58
Because
equally
are equal of
b/w plane
port
both &ofport
symmetry,
in 1magnitude power
2.Therefore
& phase. fed
the S in port 3Sdivides
coefficients 13
& S23
S13= S23 -----(1)
If port 3 is matched then
S33= 0 -----(2)

59
From symmetric property of [S] we have
Sij= Sji -----(3)
∴ [S] = S11 S12 S13 S11 S12 S13
S21 S22 S23 = S12 S22 S13
S31 S32 S33 S13 S13 0
From Unitary
* property we have
[S] [S ] = [U], where [U] is unit matrix
S11 S12 S13 S**11 S**12 S**13 1 0 0
S12 S22 S13 S*12 S *22 S 13 = 0 1 0
S13 S13 0 S 13 S 13 0 0 0 1

60
 st st st nd
Now considering
* * I row
* of I matrix & I column of II matrix,
S11S11
2 + S12 2 S12 +S213S13 = 1
|S11| + |S12| +|S nd13| = 1 st -----(5)
nd nd
Considering
* II * row of
* I matrix & II column of II matrix,
S12S12 + S S22 +S213S13 = 1
|S12|2+ |S2222| 2+|S | = 1 st -----(6)rd
Considering
* III* row of I matrix & III column of IInd matrix,
rd13
S13S13
2 + S13 2 S13 +0= 1
|S13| +2|S13| = 1
2 |S13| = 1 -----(7)

61
 rd st st nd
Considering III row of I matrix & I column of II matrix,
S13S11*+ S13 S12 *= 0 -----(8)
From (7), S13= 1/√2 -----(9)
Comparing (5) &* (6), S*11= S22 -----(10)
From (8), S13(S11 +* S12 )* = 0
S13≠
* 0, * S11 + S12 = 0
S11 = - S12 i.e, S11= - S12 -----(11)
Using (9) &(11) in (5), we have
|S11|2+2 |S11| 2+(1/√2)2 = 1
2|S11| =1/2 => S11=1/2 -----(12)

62
S12= -S11= - 1/2 -----(13)
S11 = S22= 1/2 -----(14)
Using all the values in S matrix, we get

w.k.t.[b]=[S][a]

63
 Therefore,b1= 1/2 a1 - 1/2 a2 + 1√2a3
b2= -1/2 a1 + 1/2 a2 + 1√2a3
b3= 1√2a1+ 1√2a2
Since the power is being fed at port3, a1= a2 = 0 & a3 ≠ 0.
Therefore
equally
since b1is
b/w
port 3 =ports
1√2a31,b2&=1√2a
matched. ,b = 0.any
2 without
3 3
i.e an i/p power
phase at port 3 divides
difference.Also b3=0

64
 E-plane Tee Junction:
A E-plane
along
top. Tee junction
the breadth is formed
of a long waveguide when
& aaside
rectangular slot isfrom
arm is inserted cut
If two
arm, in-phase
the i/p at
o/p waves waves
port are fed
3 will beinto portsin1 phase
opposite & 2 of&the collinear
subtractive.
Because of this the third port is called the difference arm.

65
Characteristics:
Because
equally
are equal of
b/w plane
port 1 &ofport
in magnitude symmetry, power
2.Therefore
& opposite fed
the S
in phase. in port 3S13
coefficients divides
& S23
S13= - S23 -----(1)
If port 3 is matched then
S33= 0 -----(2)
From symmetric property of [S] we have Sij=Sji -----(3)
[S] = S11 S12 S13
S12 S22 -S13
S13 -S13 0 [ ∵ S13=- S23, S12=S21, S31=S13]

66
 *
From Unitary property* [S][S
matrix, *
]=[U]
*
, where [U] is unit
S11 S12 S13 * S 11 * S 12* S 13 1 0 0
S12 S22 -S13 S*12 S 22 -S = 0 1 0
S13 -S13 0 Sst 13 -S*13 st013 0 0st 1 nd
Now considering
* * I row * of I matrix & I column of II matrix,
S11S11 + S S +S S = 1
|S11|2+ |S1212| 2+|S
12 213 13
nd13| = 1 -----(4)
st nd nd
Considering
* II * row of* I matrix & II column of II matrix,
S12S12 + S S22 +S213S13 = 1
|S12|2+ |S2222| 2+|S 13
| = 1 -----(5)

67
Considering
* III*rd row of Ist matrix & IIIrd column of IInd matrix,
S13S13
2 + S13 2S13 +0= 1
|S13| +2|S13| = 1
2 |S13| = 1 -----(6) st
Considering
* III* row of I matrix & I column of IInd matrix,
rd st
S13S11 - S13 S12 =0 -----(7)
From (6), S13=1/√2 -----(8)
Comparing (4) &* (5), S =S -----(9)
From (7), *S13(S*11 -S12 *)=0
11 22
S13≠0, S -S12 =0
S11*= S1211* i.e, S11= S12 -----(10)

68
Using2 (8) &(10)
2 in (4),
2 we have
|S11| +2 |S11| +(1/√2) = 1
2|S11| =1/2 => S11=1/2 -----(11)
S11 =S12=S22=1/2 -----(12)
Using all the values in S matrix, we get
[S] =
w.k.t [b]=[S] [a]

69
Therefore, b1=1/2 a1+1/2 a2 + 1√2a3
b2=1/2 a1 +1/2 a2 - 1√2a3
b3= 1√2a1- 1√2a2
Since the power is being fed at port3, a1=a2 =0 & a3 ≠0.
Therefore b1= 1√2a 0 3
,b2=-1√2a3,b3= 0
i.e an i/p
phase power
shift of 180at.Also
port b33=0
divides equally
since port 3 isb/w ports 1 & 2 with
matched.

70
 E-H plane Tee Junction(Hybrid Tee or Magic Tee):

A E-H plane Tee junction or Hybrid Tee junction is formed when E &
H plane Tee junction are combined as shown in figure.Rectangular
slots are cut both along the width & breadth of a long waveguide &
side arms are attached into it.

71
Characteristics:
E-H plane tee
Scattering junction
matrix is order
is of the a four4x4
port junction
given by & therefore the
S11 S12 S13 S14
[S]= S21 S22 S23 S24
S31 S32 S33 S34
S41 S42 S43 S44 -----(1)
Because of H plane tee action,
S13= S23 or S31 = S32 -----(2)
Because of E plane tee action,
S14= - S24 or S41 = - S42 -----(3)

72
Because
into portof geometry
3coefficients
cannot
versa.Therefore
scattering of
S34the
theinduce
ports the
&3 junction,
S& dominant
4 behave
will be theas
microwave
mode
zero. signal
in port
‘Isolated fed
4 & vice
ports’.The
Let us assume 43
junction, S33= 0that E-arm
& S44 = 0 & H-arm are perfectly matched to the
-----(4)
From symmetric property of [S] we have Sij = Sji
With the above characteristics, the scattering matrix becomes
S11 S12 S13 S14
[S] = S12 S22 S13 - S14
S13 S13 0 0
S14 - S14 0 0

73
From Unitary property [S][S*]=[U]
where [U] is unit matrix
=
st st
Now considering
* * I row * of I matrix
* & Ist column of IInd matrix,
S11S11 + S S12 + S213S13 +2 S14 S14 = 1
|S11|2+ |S1212| 2+|S
nd13| +|S14|st= 1 -----(5) nd
Considering
* II * row of* I matrix * & II column of IInd matrix,
S12S12 + S22 S22 +S13S13 +S14 S14 = 1

74
|S12|2+ |S22| 2+|Srd13|2+|S14|2st= 1 -----(6)rd
Considering
* III* row of I matrix & III column of IInd matrix,
S13S13
2 + S13 2 S13 +0+0= 1
|S13| +2|S13| = 1
2 |S13| = 1
S13= 1/√2 th st -----(7) th nd
Considering*) IV row
* of I matrix & IV column of II matrix,
S14(-S + S (-S )+0+0=1
|S14|2+142|S14| 214= 1 14
2 |S14| = 1
S14= 1/√2 -----(8)

75
 Comparing (5) & (6), S11=S22 -----(9)
Substituting (7),(8) in (5)
|S11|2+ |S12| 2= 0 -----(10)
ThisS11
zero, equation
= S = 0 has only one solution that both of them must be
Using (9) 12
in above equation we can write
S11= S12= S22 = 0 -----(11)
Above
the
are equation
junction.
matched
automatically
all the
“MAGIC four
TEE”.portsindicates
Therefore
perfectly
are to
matched that
when
the ports
any two
tojunction,
the
perfectly 1 then
& 2 are
ports
junction.Such
matched of
the
to perfectly
aa four
remaining
the matched
port
junctiontwo to
junction
ports
where
is in
called

76
Using
as (7) (8) (11) in the S matrix gives Scattering matrix of magic tee
[S] =
W.k.t [b]=[S][a]

77
 b1 = a3/√2 + a4/√2
b2 = a3/√2 - a4/√2
b3 = a1/√2 + a2/√2
b4 = a1/√2 - a2/√2

Properties of Magic Tee:

1) Let ports 1, 2 & 4 be terminated in matched load &
microwave signal is applied at port 3, i.e, a1= a2 = a4= 0 ,
a3 ≠ 0 then b1 = a3/√2
b2 = a3/√2
b3 = b4 =0
* H plane Tee Junction

78
2) Let ports 1, 2 & 3 be terminated in matched load &
microwave signal is applied at port 4, i.e, a1= a2 = a3= 0 , a4 ≠ 0
then b1 = a4/√2
b2 = - a 4/√2
b3 = b4 =0
* E Plane Tee Junction

3) Let ports 2, 3 & 4 be terminated in matched load &

microwave signal is applied at port 1, i.e, a2= a3 = a4= 0 , a1 ≠ 0
then b1 = b2 = 0
b3 = a1/√2
b4= a1/√2

79
4) Let ports
microwave
then bb == b
a
- 1,
signal
a =
/√2 30 applied
is
/√2 & 4 beatterminated
port 2, i.e, a in
= amatched
= a = 0 , load
a ≠ 0 &
*
aa3From
5)
ports
=Let
a 3
,
= 3&&4then
0, 344
1 we22matched
identical
and can see that
2 signals fromPorts
loads the
be 1same
& 2 act
connected 1 as
source 3
at Isolated
4 Ports
be applied
ports 1 & 2
2, at.
i.e,
1 4
2
b1 = 2a3/√2
b2 = b3 =property
* Additive b4 =0

80
6) If a3 = - a4, in property 5& a1= a2= 0, then
b1 = 0
b2 = 2a3/√2
b3 = b 4 = 0
7) Let
ports
i.e,a
a = a= =1aidentical
& then
0, signals from
2 and matched the
loads besame sourceat
connected beports
applied
3 & at
4,
3 1 4 2
b1 = b2 = b4 =0
b3 = 2a1/√2

8) If a1 = - a2, in property 7 & a3= a4= 0, then

b1 = b2 = b3 =0
b4 = 2a1/√2

81
Applications :
● Power Combiner
● Duplexer in Radar System
● E-H tuner for impedance matching
● Balanced mixer in superheterodyne receiver
● Impedance bridge for measurement of impedance at
microwave frequencies etc

82
Circulator:

A circulator is a multi port junction in which the wave can travel

from one port to the next immediate port in one direction only.
Commonly used are three and four port passive devices.

Four port Circulator: It can be constructed from two magic tees

and a non reciprocal 1800 phase shifter or a combination of two 3
dB side hole directional couplers with two non reciprocal phase
shifter as shown in figure.

83
 a)

Fig: Four port circulator

b)

84
● In fig a) An input signal at port 1 is split into two inphase and
equal amplitude waves in the collinear arms b and d of the magic
tee T1 and added up to emerge from port 2 in the magic tee T2.
● A signal at port 2 will be splitted into two equal amplitude and
equiphase waves in the collinear arms of the magic tee T2 and
appears at point b and d out of phase due to presence of the non
reciprocal 1800 phase shifter. These out of phase waves add up
and appear from port 3 in the magic tee T1.
● In similar manner , an input signal at port 3 will emerge from 4,
an input at port 4 will appear at port 1. Thus the circulator
property is exhibited.

85
● In fig b) each of the two 3dB couplers introduces a 900 phase
shift. An input signal at port 1 is splitted into two components
by the coupler 1 and coupled signals are again splitted into two
components by the coupler 2 with a 900 phase shift in each.
● Each of the two phase shifters produces additional phase shift
so that the signal components at port 2 are in phase, and at port
4 they are out of phase.
● Since port 3 is decoupled port for the directional coupler , the
input signal at port 1 appears in port 2. Similarly, signals from
port 2 to port 3, from port 3 to port 4 and from port 4 to port 1.

A perfectly matched , lossless and non reciprocal four port

circulator has s matrix : 0 0 0 1
[S] = 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1

86
Three port circulator: A three port circulator is formed by a 1200
H plane waveguide or strip line symmetrical Y junction with a
central ferrite post or disc.
A steady magnetic field H0 is applied along the axis of the disc as
shown in figure. Depending on the polarisation of the incident wave
and the direction of H0 , the microwave signal travels from one port
to the immediate next one only.
DC magnetic field

87
For a perfectly matched , lossless and non reciprocal three port
circulator the S matrix :
0 0 S13
[S] = S21 0 0
0 S32 0

If the terminal planes are properly chosen to make the phase angles
of S13 , S21 and S32are zero,
S13 = S21 = S32= 1
So that
[S] = 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0

88
Ex: Prove that it is possible to construct a perfectly matched ,
lossless, reciprocal three port junction.
Solution: 0 S12 S13
[S] = S12 0 S23
S13 S23 0

For a lossless
* junction
* S matrix is unitary
S12S12*+ S13S13* = 1
S12S12*+ S23S23* = 1
S13S13*+ S23S23 *= 1
S13S23 = S12S23 = S12S13*=0
If is not
does
three notequal
port to zero,
satisfy the above
thecannot
junction third equation givesa Sreciprocal
equation.Therefore,
be perfectly matched. 13
= 0 = S23. lossless
But this

89
Ex: A three port circulator has an insertion loss of 1dB, isolation of
30dB and VSWR=1.5.Find the S matrix.
Solution: The S matrix of a three port circulator is
[S] = S11 S12 S13
S21 S22 S23
S31 S32 S33

Insertion loss = 1dB = - 20 log |S21| or |S21| = 10-1/20 = 0.89

For the same insertion loss between ports 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1,
|S21| = |S32| = |S13| = 0.89

The isolation between the ports is 30dB = -20 log |S31| or

|S31| = 10-30/20 = 0.032 = |S23| = |S12|

90
Since VSWR S = 1.5, reflection coefficient

|𝚪| = S - 1 / S + 1 = 1.5 - 1 / 1.5 + 1 = 0.2 = |S11| = |S22| = |S33|

By placing reference planes suitably to make the phase of S

parameters zero,
[S] = 0.200 0.032 0.890
0.890 0.200 0.032
0.032 0.890 0.200

Isolator:

● An Isolator is a two port, non reciprocal device which produces a

minimum attenuation to wave propagation in one direction and
very attenuation in the opposite direction.

91
Isolator:
● Thus when inserted between a signal source and load, almost all
the signal power can be transmitted to the load and any
reflected power from the load is not fed back to the generator
output port.
● An isolator can be constructed in a rectangular waveguide(axb)
operating in dominant mode as shown below.

Waveguide isolator

92
● The non reciprocal characteristics are obtained by establishing a
steady magnetic field H0 in the y direction and placing a ferrite
slab at any of the longitudinal planes x = x1 near and parallel to
the narrow waveguide wall, where the magnetic field exhibits
circular polarisation. This occurs at x1= a/4 or 3a/4.
● For the propagation of waves in z direction, direction of rotation
of H in the planes at x1= a/4 and 3a/4 are opposite to each other.
● The non reciprocal characteristics is achieved by placing a
ferrite slab at any one of these two planes.The required steady
state magnetic field H0in the y direction is established by
placing permanent magnetic poles between the two broad walls.

93