CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
DARWIN M. GALORIO, PhD
TOPIC OUTLINE
A. Concepts of ICT
B. Basic Computer Concepts
C. Characteristics of Computer
D. Capabilities of Computer
E. Limitations of Computers
F. Computer System Components
G. Data Processing Concept
H. Data Processing Methods
I. Major Phases of Data Processing
J. Common types of networks
K. Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
L. ICT for Development and Public Administration
Concepts of Information Communication Technology
ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device
or application, encompassing radio, television, cellular phones,
computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems
and so on, as well as the various services and applications
associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance
learning.

ICT encompasses all technical equipment and facilities that

convert, process, save and transfer var- ious types of
information in digital form.
Concepts of Information Communication Technology
IT is all the technology that we use to collect, process, protect
and store in- formation. It refers to hardware, software
(computer programs), and computer networks.

ICT involves transfer and use of all kinds of information. ICT is

the foundation of economy and a driving force of social changes
in the 21st century. Distance is no longer an issue when it comes
to accessing information; for example, working-from-home,
distance learning, e-banking, and e-government are now possible
from any place with an Internet connection and a computing
device.
Basic Computer Concepts
Computer is a digital electronic device that processes data
through a series of commands into information for reproduction
and storage.

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out

sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via
computer programming. Modern computers have the ability to
follow generalized sets of operations, called programs.

A "complete" computer including the hardware, the operating

system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and
used for "full" operation can be referred to as a computer system.
Characteristics of Computer
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versatility
4. Power of Remembering
5. No IQ
6. No Feeling
7. Storage
Capabilities of Computer
1. Computers have the ability to perform arithmetic and logical
operations.
2. Computers have the ability to store or remember a great
amount and variety of information and retrieve or recall the
information needed almost instantly.
3. Computers have the ability to handle large volumes of
repetitive tasks accurately over long periods of time.
4. Computers can communicate with its operators and other
machines.
5. Computers are capable of remote processing where
communication is established between the terminal, which is
composed.
Limitations of Computers
1. Computers are still subject to human direction and control.
They function only when input data and the necessary
instructions to process the information have been provided.

2. Computers can detect but generally cannot correct an

inaccurate entry on their own.

3. Computers are subject to occasional breakdown or computer

malfunctions because of power failure, computer failure,
humidity, temperature, maintenance, time, etc.
Computer System Components
The computer system is composed of several major components,
namely:

1. DATA WARE. The systematic and organized collection of data

and procedures relevant to the organization. Data is
processed following a procedure to generate information for
the use of its management and environment.

2. HARDWARE. Physical components of a computer.

Computer System Components
Input-Output Devices. A computer is only useful when it is able
to communicate with the external environment.

Input devices – are necessary to convert our information or data

into a form which can be understood by the computer.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
• Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Computer System Components

Output Devices – allow the computer to communicate with the user

by transforming the results of the computer processing (electrical
impulses) into human-readable form.

• Visual Display Unit

• Terminals
• Printer
Computer System Components
3. SOFTWARE. Serving as the intermediary between computer
users and the computer hardware. Software refers to the
intangible part of the computer system that consists of routines
and programs, procedures and specialized aids
Software Categories
1. Application Software
2. Word Processors
3. Electronic Spreadsheet
4. Database Management System
5. Multimedia, Desktop, and Image Editing Software
6. Entertainment Software
7. Anti-Virus Utilities
8. Engineering/Architectural Tools
9. Network and Communications Software
Computer System Components
4. PEOPLEWARE. Refers to personnel who manage and use the
computer system, who design the applications and systems
software, who write and encode the programs, who run the
hardware
Proper Workstation Design
1. Position in a well-ventilated room.
2. Use an adjustable workstation: ergonomic computer chairs.
3. Place the monitor 16 to 24 inches away, at eye level or slightly at a
lower angle. Tilt the monitor or ad- just the light source.
4. Adjust the brightness and contrast settings.
5. Use extendable/retractable legs of the keyboard.
6. Mouse must be easily accessible by your dominant hand.
7. Use a document holder to minimize vertical head movements.
Data Processing Concept

Data is defined as a collection of independent raw facts, collection

of numbers, letters, symbols and any combination of these that
provide the necessary requirements of a system to achieve a
result. Data also refers to facts and figures, relating to events that
take place.

Information is data that is made meaningful based on the needs

of the user through manipulation. It refers to facts or knowledge
acquired in any manner (in computer lingo, information means
processed data). A computer can only process data and create new
data.
Types of Information

1. Operational — information pertaining to the daily details that go

into running an organization (e.g. re- ceipts, invoices, service
records, payroll, etc.)
2. Management — information needed to perform the functions of
planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling. Such information includes those coming from external
sources
3. Strategic — information that is mission critical and relates
directly to the thrust of the organization that is required to act
in accordance with the environment or market or competition
Data Processing Concepts
The Input – Process – Output model refers to a conceptual
framework wherein input in the form of data is processed
resulting in the generation of an output basically in the form of
information.

Data Processing may be described as a series of activities

responsible for transforming data into infor- mation. Data
Processing is not a new concept and it has been performed in
some way since men have been able to communicate with each
other, communication being a form of processing data as data
and information goes one person to the other.
Data Processing Methods
Manual Data Processing - implies the extended use of human
labor in the processing of data.
Mechanical Data Processing involves the use of machines or
devices that alter transmit and direct applied forces. Common
examples are mechanical calculator, manual typewriters and
manual cash registers.
Electromechanical Data Processing - involves the use of
mechanical devices with electric motors allowing them to carry
out any operation, like multiplication and division, at the press
of a button. Example: Printers
Data Processing Methods
Electronic Data Processing has proven to have superior capacity
to perform computations and other functions at incredible
speeds. This is made possible by using the movement of electrical
impulses that passes through electronic devices to process data,
rather than by the movements of mechanical parts.
Major Phases of Data Processing
1. Origination – the original capture, filling in and recording of
raw data on some forms or source documents as transaction
occurs.
2. Input Preparation – source documents are collected and
converted into a form acceptable for digital processing;
concerned with the accuracy and completeness of data to
ensure data integrity.
3. Processing – actual operations performed on the input data
to convert it into information.
Major Phases of Data Processing
1. Origination – the original capture, filling in and recording of
raw data on some forms or source documents
as transaction occurs.
2. Input Preparation – source documents are collected and
converted into a form acceptable for digital processing;
concerned with the accuracy and completeness of data to
ensure data integrity.
3. Processing – actual operations performed on the input data
to convert it into information.
Major Phases of Data Processing
4. Output Preparation – preparation of processed information in
a format acceptable to the user for analysis or as input for a
second cycle.
5. Storage and Feedback – the storage function is the retention
of the results of processed data for future use or retrieval; the
feedback function is the key to control business
Common Types of Network
1. Local Area Network or LAN A local area network (LAN) is a
group of computers and peripheral devices that share a common
communications line or wireless link to a server within a distinct
geographic area

2. Wide Area Network or WAN is a telecommunications

network that extends over a large geographic area for the
primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area networks
are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
ICT application in Governance in the Philippines is now more
visible than ever.
1. eNGAS
2. COMEX
3. NBI Clearance Online Application
4. NSO Certificates
5. National Judicial Information System
6. E-procurement
7. ChED Information System
8. Bureau of Customs Single Window Project
9. iGOV
10. Project NOAH
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines

These are services that are delivered through the use of ICT.
It is more efficient
It Lessen bureaucracy
It Lessens Red Tape and Under the table transactions
It Brings government services to the mass
It enables the citizenry to spend more time on more important
things rather than transacting with government.
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
Long Term Plan

ICT-centric citizens
Citizens that uses ICT in their government transactions.
Citizens that is confident in the security and integrity of their
online personal information

ICT driven online services

Government transactions are available online E-payment and
e-transactions
Freedom of Information
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
Pitfalls of ICT in Governance
Online Security
Cyber Piracy

Phishing
Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as
usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes,
indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in
an electronic communication
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
ICT in Governance – The use of Information and Communication
Technology in the support and delivery of government/public
services. ICT enabled services, e-government, e-governance and
how ICT improves Governance.

Phishing
Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as
usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes,
indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in
an electronic communication
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines
Legal Framework
1. E-COMMERCE ACT (RA 8792) An act providing and use of
electronic commercial and noon-
commercial transactions, penalties for unlawful use thereof and
other purposes
2. E-PROCUREMENT ACT (RA 9184) An act providing for the
modernization, standardization and reg- ulation of the
procurement activities of the government and for other purposes
3. DILG Circulars
4. Local Ordinances
5. ARTA LAW (RA 9485)
Impact of ICT in Governance in the Philippines

Challenges for ICT Implementation

• Funding
• Technological Know How
• Sustainability & Continuity
Change of Management
Fund Sourcing
Revenues generated from ICT enabled services can be used. E-
gov Fund
International Funding agencies can fund projects in line with
MDG. Development of Project Proposal for International Funding
ICT for Development and Public Administration
Some of the initiatives taken by governments in shaping the
conditions for realizing e-government have been as follows.

1. The provision of access to laws and regulations. Databanks

containing legal texts have been made accessible on the Internet
to citizens and companies.

2. The streamlining of basic data. Some governments connect the

personal data of their citizens and use this information for basic
services.
ICT for Development and Public Administration
3. The securing of confidential transactions. In order to increase
the security of ICT usage, governments are launching programs
to develop electronic signatures, electronic identity cards, and a
public key infrastructure (PKI).
4. The creation of ICT awareness and the development of ICT
skills. For citizens to be able to make use of the possibilities
offered by e-government, they have to know what the benefits are
and also, they have to be able to use the necessary technology
5. The establishment of an e-government support organization for
the implementation and coordination of the initiatives.
Basic Aims and Advantages
First, e-government aims to be more customer-oriented.
Governments can get rid of a lot of red tape by using computers.

Second, with e-government, public administration becomes more

efficient. Both people and paper can be saved when public
administration connects to the Internet.

Third, e-government makes public administration more modern.

This is one of the major attractions of e-government.
Definition of Terms
Organizations
an organized body of people with a particular purpose, especially
a business, society, association, etc

Policy
a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a
government, party, business, or individual.

Politics
the activities associated with the governance of a country or other
area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or
parties having or hoping to achieve power.
THANK YOU!
DARWIN M. GALORIO, PhD