ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME 2002-2003 DESIGN REPORT

THE COMPONENT BUILDING

WONG Sze Wai, Ada May 2003

 Department of Architecture
The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The Component Building

Design Report

Foreground 1
Project Objectives 3
Research Study
Different Types of Prefab Systems 4
Different Types of Structural Systems 14
Comparison of Traditional and Prefab Modular Systems 17
Different Types of Spatial Modules 18
Decomposition of a Building 19
Module Combinatory Possibilities 20
Design
Program 21
Site Selection 22
Site Plan 23
Form Formation 24
Plans 25
Development of Basic Module 30
Prefab Components 31
Integration of Components 32
Spatial Varieties 33
Varieties of Units 36
Functions丨 Adaptabilities 37
Sectional Details 38
Modules Gonnection Details 39
Erection Sequence 41
Sketches 42
Images of Study Models 45
Annex
Hotel Design 48

Ada Wong Sze Wai

Master of Architecture
2002-2003
Graduation - May 2003
Foreground

Inspired by the r e c e n t p r e f a b projects a n d with t h e

e x p e r i e n c e during my year-out of c o n d u c t i n g a
research of「elatea issues, I was interested in the
p r e f a b techniques a n d m o d u l a r design.

A l t h o u g h n o r m a l l y r e g a r d e d as a p r o d u c t of t h e
industrial a g e , the prefabrication of elements of
domestic a r c h i t e c t u r e is a n extremely a n c i e n t
activity. The world oldest-known printed
architectural treatise, the Ying tsao fa shih from the
Chinese Song Dynasty, systematically sets out the
r a n g e of building elements necessary to build
virtually all types of building.

Throughout the 195〇s a n d 60s systems of

prefabricating large-scale building elements for
mass housing w e r e d e v e l o p e d a n d utilized in a n
a t t e m p t to increase productivity a n d d e c r e a s e
construction time.

Despite the claims m a d e for the a d v a n t a g e s of

system building, h u m a n beings a n d their
physiological a n d psychological conditions
r e m a i n e d all ill-defined construct. The lack of
design variability was always seen as a big
d i s a d v a n t a g e of system construction, but its
e c o n o m i c viability has also b e e n questioned.
Buildings that are a b l e to g r o w a n d a d a p t t〇
c h a n g i n g require a far greater t e c h n i c a l 〇nd
financial investment in the first p l a c e . In 1967, the
proportion of prefabrication construction was less
than 10 p e r c e n t of the overall v o l u m e of building.
Because of the relatively small p r o d u c t i o n runs,
therefore, it was never possible to a c h i e v e the
desired cost savings.

The a d v e n t of CAD has brought d r a m a t i c c h a n g e s

to p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , making e v e n small
p r o d u c t i o n series with individual forms a n d c o m p l e x
geometries viable t o d a y , a n d since the beginning
of the 1990s, architects a n d engineers h a v e shown
a r e n e w e d interest in the c o n c e p t of system
building. The n e e d of forms of construction thot
conserve natural resources a n d a r e n e w e d interest
in fiexioility of use should lend fresh impetus to
builaing sys‘ems.

C a n v/e learn fnom the 60s in the questions of

system o u i l a i n g ? With t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g
t e c h n o l o g y cjvailable t o d a y a n d in viev/ of the
a e ^ a n d s r^iCde in the reaims of environmentally
frienaiy cons卜uction a n a building ohysics, w e c a n
certainly ouilding tq a d v a n t a g e on the e x p e r i e n c e
g a i n e d in t h e s e yea^s.
1940 1950 1970 2010

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Project Objectives

01 Constructional efficiency
-To p r o m o t e wider use of precast construction
-To e n h a n c e cost efficiency
-To minimize site work a n d a c c e l e r a t e on-site c〇n-
struction
-To a c h i e v e better quality product to the end-user
-To provide safer constructional environment

02 Architectural Flexibility
Diversity rather than repetition:
-To c r e a t e wide range of units by various c o m b i n a -
tions of c o m p o n e n t s
-To c r e a t e varieties of spatial experiences: projec-
tion, recession, suspension, cantilever, o p e n e d ,
closed areas

Adaptability rather than specialization:

Constructional adoptability
-To a d a p t t〇 varieties of architecture: cantilever,
suspension, low rise, high rise
Functional adaptability
-To a d a p t t〇 varieties of programs: residential, hotel,
bridge etc.
-To transform the units a c c o r d i n g to market de-
mand

03 Environmental Sustalnablllty
-To minimize construction waste g e n e r a t e d
-To recycle c o m p o n e n t s

3
Different Types of Prefab Systems

panel systems cellular systems

• • •
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01 panel systems 02 frame + p a n e l 03 frame + cellular 04 s t a c k e d c e l l u l a r 05 suspended

systems systems systems cellular systems

4
01 Panel systems

Flat panels having the size of a wall section 〇「of

entire walls serve as spatial partitioning a n d
simultaneously as supporting structure.
- D e p e n d e n t structure.
Advantages
-Maximize material efficiency-
Disadvantages
-To maintain the integrity of the skin, it should h a v e
a minimum of perforations which decrease
planning flexibility.
02 Skeletal frame + panel systems

Spatial partitioning a n d supporting functions are

assigned to t w o different groups of elements. The
supporting functions are allotted to a skeletal frame,
whose interstices are closed up with non-supporting
panels.
- I n d e p e n d e n t structure
Advantages
-Since only the frame itself is load-bearing, any of the
sides, top, or b o t t o m c a n be o m i t t e d without
affecting the structure.
- M o d u l e s c a n be c o m b i n e d vertically 〇「horizontally
which increase planning flexibility.
Disadvantages
-Frame is heavy, expensive.

Housing and Office Block, Germany

L o c a t i o n : Kassel, G e r m a n y
Building Type: Office a n d residential
A r c h i t e c t : A l e x a n d e r Reichel

To allow for maximum flexibility, the idea was to

d e v e l o p a 3D load-bearing structure that could be
e x t e n d e d in all directions a n d would provide func-
tionally neutral spaces. The openings b e t w e e n the
structural elements could be filled with various wall
panels, d e p e n d i n g on the usage required. The
building was divided into 3 different systems:

01 The l〇ad-bea「ing structure: reinforced c o n c r e t e

skeleton frame, filigree floors, filigree walls.
02 Timber framed elements: closed elements, ele-
ments with large window strips, elements with small
window strips, room-height glazing.
03 Cladding elements: cladding to columns, beams
a n d wall panels.

A
Swiss Re Tower, London, UK
Location: 30 St Mary Axe, the City, London, UK
Building Type: Office building g r a d e A
Contract Period: 2001-2004
Contract Sum: i 130 million GBP, US$190 million
Gross Floor Area: 46,000 m2, 500,000 sqft.
Developer: Swiss Reinsurance C o m p a n y
Client's Representative: RWG Associates
Architect: Foster a n d Partners
Structural Engineer:〇ve Arup & Partners

The structure comprises approximately 10,000te of

structural steelwork that forms the c o r e a n d outer
d i a g o n a l gild (diaghd). The w h o l e e n v e l o p e is glass
c l a d a n d the diagrid is internally enclosed in pressed
aluminum panels.

7
03 Skeletal frame + cellular systems

Spatial partitioning a n d supporting functions are assigned

to t w o different groups of elements. The supporting
functions are allotted t 〇 • skeletal frame, whose
interstices are closed up with non-supporting cells.
- I n d e p e n d e n t structure.
Advantages
-Since only the frame itself is load-bearing, any of the
sides, top, or b o t t o m c a n b e o m i t t e d without a f f e c t i n g
the structure.
- M o d u l e s c a n be c o m b i n e d vertically or horizontally
which increase planning flexibility.
Disadvantages
- F r a m e is heavy, expensive.

Office Block, Germany

Location: Fellbach, Germany
Building Type: Office
Architect: Dollmann a n d Partners (Stuttgart

The modules were fabricated in the factory a n d

were transported to the site a n d positioned.
This office building provided a variety of spaces from
group working areas to unit offices a n d c o n f e r e n c e
rooms, using standard elements in readily available
materials a n d prefabricated modules f〇「confer-
e n c e rooms a n d sanitary areas. The e n v e l o p e of the
building consisted of 2 closed a n d 2 glazed fa-
cades.
Housing and commercial block, Germany
_
i n
Location: Rathenow, G e r m a n y 一 ••脚
T ‘
Building Type: C o m m e r c i a l a n d residential
-

Architect: Klaus Sill a n d Jochen Keim 翔 殖

The l o a d bearing structure consists of a precast

c o n c r e t e skeleton frame designed t〇 support 12
p r e f a b r i c a t e d housing containers. These w e r e
assembled c o m p l e t e with sanitary a n d other. The
cells were transported by road on • normal lorry
a n d w e r e hoisted into position by c r a n e a n d
p l u g g e d into the service systems.

9
03 Stacked Cellular systems
The c o m p o n e n t s of these systems consist of room
sized cells, which serve b o t h to enclose volumes
a n d to carry loads.

• ••
- D e p e n d e n t structure
Disadvantages
- M i n i m u m openings should be introduced into the
walls since it is the continuity of surface that gives
the modules their extreme strength.

Habitat 67, Canada

Location: Cite du Havre, Montreal, C a n a d a
Building Type: Residential
Contract Period: 1964-1967
Contract Sum: $21 million
Public Circulation Space: 165,000 sq.ft.
Including circulation space 110,000 sq. ft., a n d
parking space 55,000 sq. ft.
Livable Space: 250,000 sq. ft., including 354 units,
e a c h unit being 19 ft x 38 ft externally.
Architect: Moshe Safdie

Habitat 67 consisted of ] 58 houses m a d e from 354

modular construction units. Recent fusions have
r e d u c e d the number of houses to 150. The apart-
ment sizes varied from a o n e - b e d r o o m (600sqft) to a
four-bedroom (ISOOsqft).

The units measured 1 1.7 m x 5.3 m x 3 m, a n d

w e i g h e d 70 tons. They were assembled in a clus-
tered geometry, with eight boxes piled on top of
another. Vertical circulation was c o n d u c t e d
through 3 elevator cores leading to horizontal
pedestrian streets l o c a t e d on 4 floors of the c o m -
plex. All parts of the building participated as 丨oad-
carrying members. The units were c o n n e c t e d to
e a c h other by post-tensioning, using high tension
rods, cables, a n d welding, resulting in a continuous
s 汁 ucture.

10
Murray Grove, London, UK
L o c a t i o n : L o n d o n , UK
Building Type: Residential
Contract Period: Contract duration 27 weeks (02/
1999 to 08/1999) excluding m a n u f a c t u r e period for
m o d u l e s . Total c o m p l e t i o n t i m e 44 w e e k s
Contract Sum: Construction cost {J 2,335,000 a n d
the a v e r a g e cost per unit i 77,800
Gross External Floor Area: 21 50 nn2
Architect: Cartwright-Pickard
Main Contractor: Kajima

The 5-storey high residential building comprises 16

o n e - b e d r o o m apartments assembled from t w o
m o d u l e s , a n d 1 4 t w o - b e d r o o m a p a r t m e n t s assem-
b l e d f r o m t h r e e m o d u l e s . No a d d i t i o n a l structural
frame was provided.Each unit measured 8x3.2x3
metres.
04 Suspended cellular systems

The cells are suspended from a central core.

- I n d e p e n d e n t structure.

NaKagin Capsule Tower, Japan

Location: Ginza, Tokyo, J a p a n
Building Type: Residential
Contract Period: Design/Construction 1970-1972
Building Area: 429.51 m2
Total Floor Area: 3,091.23 m2
Architect: Kisho Kurokawa

This building was the world' s first capsule architec-

ture built for a c t u a l use. The p r e f a b r i c a t e d units
w e r e a t t a c h e d t 〇 • c o n c r e t e core with 4 high-
tension bolts w h i c h m a d e the units d e t a c h a b l e a n d
r e p l a c e a b l e . The building' s 1 1 a n d 13-storey
provides single b e d r o o m dwellings which some of
t h e m are used as studio.
The capsule dimensions w e r e 2.5 nn x 4 m x 2.5 m.
The capsules w e r e f a b r i c a t e d •丨 the factory a n d
fitted out including utilities, interior fittings etc., a n d
w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e c o n c r e t e towers. E a c h c a p -
sule w a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e shaft by 4 h i g h - t e n s i o n
bolts a n d w e r e i n d e p e n d e n t l y cantilevered from
the shaft so that any capsule may b e easily re-
m o v e d without affecting the others. The form of the
capsule was simple a n d the major structure was an
all-welded lightweight steel-truss box.
iE
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12
Sony Tower, Japan
Location: Minami-ku, Osaka-City, Osaka, J a p a n
Building Type: C o m m e r c i a l
Contract Period: Design/Construction 1972-1976
Building Area: 466.75 m2
Total Floor Area: 3,940.62 m2
Architect: Kisho Kurokawa

The 72 meters building was designed as a showroom 〇 f 「

Sony Electronics. It comprises 2 basement floors a n d 10
floors over ground. The vertical circulations w e r e exposed
to the streets providing large flexible s p a c e for the show-
room.
Along the outside of the central display space, the stairs,
elevator, escalator, a n d toilet w e r e capsulized. The c a p -
sules w e r e the same size as those of the Nakagin Capsule
Tower, but the exterior w e r e m a d e of stainless steel.

13
Different Types of Structural Systems

0] D e p e n d e n t structure

02 I n d e p e n d e n t structure

4
01 Dependent structure
- T h e b o t t o m units support the units a b o v e .
- F a v o r a b l e for low-rise building.

Disadvantages
- N o n - e c o n o m i c a l - to a c h i e v e a n efficient material e c o n o m y , additional fl〇〇「modules should b e
designed to carry less weight modules of different structural design minimizes the potential
e c o n o m y of mass production.
-Non-flexible for long r a n g e planning - non r e p l a c e a b l e modules as the lower modules c a n n o t
be r e m o v e d without first removing those on top.

5
02 Independent structure

Modules are not i n t e r d e p e n d e n t f〇「structural support, but are instead stojcturally a n d physically
i n d e p e n d e n t . They therefore only n e e d e n o u g h structural integrity to support themselves. Both
skeletal frames a n d suspension systems have b e e n proposed f〇「such structures.

Advantages
-Flexible - modules c a n be p r e f a b r i c a t e d using a variety of methods a n d materials (i.e. w o o d ,
steel, c o n c r e t e , plastic, a n d so forth} as d i c t a t e d by the e c o n o m i c s of a particular project.
-Flexible for long range planning - the removal of o n e or a number of modules without disturbing
the basic structure of the building. The module, therefore, b e c o m e s an i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e part.
- E c o n o m i c a l - every m o d u l e c a n be structurally identical, a favorable condition f〇「mass
production.

Disadvantages
- U n f a v o r a b l e for low-rise as the cost of a structural frame might e x c e e d costs w h e n c o m p a r e d
with low rise application of the d e p e n d e n t structure.

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Comparison of Traditional and Prefab Modular Systems

Design Knginccring Site P r e p a r a t i o n Construction

Traditional 15% 15% 30% 40%
C onstruction T I 1
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Construction
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Different Types of Spatial Modules

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separate item.

18
Decomposition of a Building

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Module Combinatory Possibilities

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20
Program
Service a p a r t m e n t was b e i n g s e l e c t e d as the testing p r o g r a m d u e to its m o d u l a r a n d
standardized characteristics. At t h e same time, varieties should b e i n t r o d u c e d into the p r o g r a m in
order t o m e e t individual interest. C o m p a r e d to the traditional a p a r t m e n t p r o g r a m , service
a p a r t m e n t o f f e r e d a m u c h higher d e g r e e of flexibility b o t h in terms of design a n d p r o g r a m . F〇「
the tradition•丨 a p a r t m e n t , usually the end-users h a v e their o w n right to a r r a n g e the internal
layout. Whereas for t h e service a p a r t m e n t , the m a n a g e m e n t has its right to transformed the units
a c c o r d i n g to market d e m a n d , thus the designer retains a higher d e g r e e of control t〇vv〇「ds t h e
internal details say furniture design a n d a r r a n g e m e n t .

No. of storeys: 4 (ground floor f〇「commercial, u p p e r floors f〇「residential)

No. of units: 26 to 38
Total no. of modules: 254
Dimensions of M o d u l e : 6.3 m x 2.1 m x 3.425 m = 13.23 sq meter

Public facilities:
Administrative office 10 Modules 132.3 sq m e t e r
Shops 12 Modules 158.76 sq meter
Gymnasium 8 Modules 105.84 sq meter
G a m e r〇〇m 6 Modules 79.38 sq meter
Children play a r e a 3 Modules 39.69 sq meter
Internet r〇〇m 3 Modules 39.69 sq meter
Magazine r o o m 3 Modules 39.69 sq meter
G〇门f6「6nc6「〇〇m 6 Modules 79.38 sq meter
Self-served laundry 3 Modules 39.69 sq meter
Cafe 10 Modules 132.3 sq meter

Unit type:
Studio
2 Modules -26.46 sq meter
3 Modules -39.69 sq meter
One-bedroom
4 Modules -52.92 sq meter
5 Modules -66.15 sq meter
4 Modules Duplex -52.92 sq meter
6 Modules Duplex -79.38 sq meter
Two-bedroom
4 Modules -52.92 sq meter
5 Modules -66.1 5 sq meter
6 Modules -79.38 sq meter
6 Modules Duplex -79.38 sq meter
8 Modules Duplex -105.84 sq meter
Three-bedroom
6 Modules -79.38 sq meter

21
Site Selection

site selection criteria

01 丨 门 order to focus on the tectonics issues of the project, sites with simple sitecontexts w e r e to be
considered.
02 Apartment of luxury type was being planned, r e m o t e a n d quiet sites w e r e preferable.
Site location
Hong Kong Gold Coast
No.l Castle Peak Road, Castle Peak Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Site characteristics
Break water, linear shape a n d surrounded by water.

22
Site Plan

CASTLE PEAK ROAD

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CAFETERIA NEW BEACH

50 200 500M

23
Form Formation

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29
Development of Basic Module
The dimension of the units is 6.3 m x 2.1 m x 3.425 m

Scheme 01 - End wall structure

The disadvantages of this configuration
•「e that the w h o l e m o d u l e is too heavy.
Also, the e n d wall hinders flexibilities in
creating continuous a n d large spaces.

Scheme 02 - Column structure

Column structure enhances flexibilities in
creating continuous a n d large spaces It
also helps「educing weight.

Scheme 03 - Column structure

Turning the columns 90 degrees creates
some potential usage of the spaces in-
b e t w e e n the columns.

Final scheme - Post tensioning column

structure
The configuration a n d the dimension 〇f
the basic m o d u l e are based on:
01 Transportation limitation - The m o d u l e
c a n be transDorted by a normal lorry.
02 Erection limitation
03 Production efficiency - the m o d u l e
should be as large as possible t〇 be
practical.
〇4 Flexibilities - column structure enhances
flexibilities in creating continuous a n d
large spaces. Also, the width: length = 1:3,
which fosters fiexiDilities in combination.
05 Construction ease - standardizing
construction procedures.
06 Additional site work - minimizing
addition elements a n d site works.
30
Prefab Components
The design d e v e l o p m e n t of the c o m p o n e n t s kit
starts with the basic living module.

The dimensions of other c o m p o n e n t s are based on

the basic living module: The height, d e p t h a n d
width of the furniture are a c c o r d i n g to the m o d u l e
height, c o l u m n d e p t h a n d s p a c e b e t v / e e n columns
respectively.

All c o m p o n e n t s are prefabricated, mass-produced

a n d standardized. This not only a c c e l e r a t e s the
manufacturing process but also e n h a n c e s the
s p e e d of e r e c t i o n . All c o m p o n e n t s a r e d i m e n s i o n a l
c o o r d i n a t e d , thus the i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e ability allows
a variety of forms to b e c r e a t e d thus belying the
limits of the manufacturing process.

FURNITURE COMPONENTS STAJRCASE COMPONENTS

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31
Integration of Components

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6 MODULES DUPLEX UNIT + 2 MODULES UNIT

32
Spatial Varieties

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PROJECTION . RECESSION . CANTILEVER . SUSPENSION . OPENED . COVERED . DUPLEX

33
Spatial Varieties

34
 Till

35
Varieties of Units
Totally, there are 15 different types of units. The i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e ability of the furniture allows e a c h
unit to b e transformed into a variety of a p a r t m e n t .

Typ«i

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36
Functional Adaptabilities

TYPE OPTION OPTION OPTION

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TYPE OPTION OPTION OPTION

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37
Sectional Details

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38
Modules Connection Details
All parts of the building participated as load-carrying
members. The units w e r e c o n n e c t e d to e a c h other by
post-tensioning, using high tension rods, cables, a n d

ii
welding, resulting in a continuous structure.
The benefits of the post-tensioning dry assembiy system
include:
01 No in-situ concreting is involved, therefore, erection
is fast, simple a n d w e a t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t .
02 Environmental sustainable as:
a. Less wet-trade is involved
b. Recycle of modules is possible
03 A d a p t a b l e to varieties of architecture:
low-rise high-rise suspension can-

B B
•

sectional details of modules connection

39
 t*ntioair>g caWM pasting t^rough
I)書 cokvnni of mcduhrt
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL CONNECTION OF MODULES

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CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF HORIZONTAL CONNECTION OF MODULES

40
Erection Sequence

01 1F modules 05 vertical joints

02 horizontal joints 06 modules completed

03 2F modules 07 panels, furniture, staircase

04 horizontal j o i n t s 08 roof, bridge'

41
Some Sketches

42
Some Sketches

43
Some Sketches

44
Images of Study Models

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45
Images of Study Models

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46
Images of Study Models

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BE

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47
Annex • Hotel Design
A hotel design was first proposed as the testing p r o g r a m a n d the site of the existing G o l d Coast
Hotel was being selected. The complexity a n d the large scale of the hotel p r o g r a m would,
nevertheless, hinder the study of the tectonics of spatial modules. Finally, the hotel program was
simplified to the a p a r t m e n t program.

Program
Guestroom
Suites
Mini-suite 50 sq meter
C o n f e r e n c e suite 65 sq meter
Junior suite 65 sq meter
Executive suite 90 sq meter
Deluxe suite 90 sq meter
Double-double
Mid-price 44 sq meter
First class 46 sq meter
Luxury 48 sq meter
King
Mid-price 30 sq meter
First class 33 sq meter
Luxury 48 sq meter
Twin
Mid-price 30 sq meter
First class 33 sq meter
Luxury 35 sq meter
Public Arec1
Lobby 320 sq meter
Food a n d b e v e r a g e 900 sq meter
Function areas 800 sq meter
Administration
Front office 130 sq meter
Executive offices 100 sq meter
Sales a n d catering 100 sq meter
Accounting 100 sq meter
Service Are，a
Food preparation 480 sq meter
Receiving / storage 260 sq meter
Employee areas 390 sq meter
Laundry / housekeeping 450 sq meter
Engineering / m e c h a n i c a l 820 sq meter
Recreation
Outdoor
Swimming pool a n d deck 225 sq meter
Basketball
Indoor
G a m e room 300 sq meter
Gymnasium 300 sa meter
Hotel Design - Site Plan

CASTLE PEAK ROAD

CAFETERIA NEW BEACH

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——••••. ^R
N

SO BOOM

49
Hotel Design - Plans

8F 9F

3F

6F 7F

2F

5F /X

1F

、、
4F

GF

50
Hotel Design - Building Configuration

ofTset stacking provides private balconies

for the low block and enctoses a central
skylighted atrium.

openings
provide
views along
the veranda
hi(jh blocks with <ujspended frames and
plug-in modules provide the potential for
future growth

•-秀

51
Hotel Design • Interior Spaces

lobby foyer

core of the high bbck

facing towards the beach

core of the high block

atrium lobby bar facing towards the marina
—今

52
Hotel Design - Modules Study

01 basic modules 02 environment 03 bathroom

adaptab^o to var et/ of guestroom corf^gufa-
K
\ >n% (he»gh(. ii/a. layout) control modules
adap(abJe to vanety of SJte cxxvjilons (cJimalc.
view, pfrvacy). thus tfxfoaso l^efloxib*lftyIn
the rxjikliagH

con^vnc鑽 at^

MB
> •torvy
、
sen control

rrxxjLio 2 balcony
VItm orw门：
privacy
weat^ef
May utilrty wall runs lon-
across the module gitudmalty aitow
> shofi horizontal offset slack(ng. thus
runs inc/oasc pianning
flexibility
\

bakx>ny
rorther

53
Hotel Design - Images of Study Model

54
 A R C l i n i X n Rl： LIBRARY

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