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Russian Revolution Pyq 2

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13 views3 pages

Russian Revolution Pyq 2

Uploaded by

mauryaraj996
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Russian revolution pyq

Q1. What was Lenin’s ’April Theses’?


Answer:
In 1917, Lenin declared that the war be brought to an end, land be transferred to the peasants,
and banks be nationalised. These three demands were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.

Q2. Distinguish between the ideas of liberals and the radicals.


Answer:
Liberals Radicals
(i) They argued for ,i representative, elected They also argued for a representative elected
parliamentary government, but did not believp parliamentary government, but believed in
in universal adult franchise. universal adult franchise.
(ii) They felt men of property should have the They felt all citizens should have the right to
right to vote. vote
(iii) They were in favour of giving privileges to They opposed the privileges of the rich or the
the rich or the men of property. men o

Q3. Explain the views of di erent socialists and philosophers regarding the vision of the future or
to transform the society.
Answer:
• Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer and a socialist sought to build a cooperative
community called the New Harmony, in Indiana (USA).
• Louis Blanc of France wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace the
capitalists.
• Karl Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct
a radically socialist society, where all the properties were socially controlled.
• Friedrich Engels was also against capitalism.

Q4. Explain the economic condition of the workers before the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
• Most of the industries were the private property of the industrialists. Most of the workers were
working for about 10 to 12 hours a day.
• They were paid very low wages.
• The working conditions were also very poor.
• Women workers made up about 31% of the factory labour, but they were paid less than men.

Q5. Mention four features of socialism.


Answer:
• Socialists were against private property.
• Under socialism, the means of production are under the control of the government.
• Socialists regarded the private property as the root cause of all social evils.
• Socialism encourages cooperatives.

Q6. Mention any four features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
Or
Describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905.
Answer:
• The vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian
empire’s population earned their living from agriculture.
• Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside craft
workshops.
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• Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russia’s railway network was extended, and
foreign investment in industry increased. Coal production doubled and iron and steel output
quadrupled.
• In the countiyside, peasants cultivated most of the land. But the nobility, the crown and the
Orthodox Church owned large properties.

Q7. Describe the events that led to 1905 Revolution of Russia.


Or
Write A note on the Bloody Sunday incident.
Or
Which incident came to be known as Bloody Sunday? What were its consequences? V3Q
Answer:
• The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so
quickly that the real wages declined by 20%.
• When four members of the Assembly of Russian workers were dismissed, the workers became
agitated.
• In January 1905, a large number of peaceful workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter
Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar.
• The workers were attacked by the police. Over 100 workers were killed, and about 300
wounded. Since the incident took place on Sunday, it is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday
Consequences: Tsar underpressure from the masses was forced to announce his manifesto
which led to the formation of Duma.

Q8. What is meant by ‘October revolution’?


Answer:
• It was the revolution which occurred in October 1917. It was led by Petrograd Soviet and the
Bolshevik Party under the leadership of Lenin.
• A military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to organise
the seizure.
• The uprising began on 24th October. Though Prime Minister Kerenskii resisted but the seizure
was complete within a day.
• The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
• In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but
they failed to gain majority support. In January 1918, the assembly rejected Bolshevik measures
and Lenin dismissed the assembly.
• In the years that followed, Bolsheviks took full control over the government and Russia became
one party state.

Q9. Explain any three major e ects of the Russian Revolution of October 1917 on Russian
economy.
Answer:
• No Private Property: Private property in the means of production was abolished. Land and other
means of production were declared the property of the entire nation. Labour was made
compulsory for all and economic exploitation by capitalists and landlords came to an end.
• Nationalisation of Industries: The control of industries was given to the workers. All the banks,
insurance companies, large industries, mines, water transports and railways were nationalised.
• Centralised Planning: A process cf centralised planning was introduced. O cials assessed how
the economy could work and set targets for a ve-year period. On this basis they made the Five
Year Plans.

Q10. Explain the collectivisation policy of Stalin.


Or
What were the major changes Introduced in agriculture by Stalin? Explain.
Answer:
• The collectivisation policy was introduced by Stalin who came to power after the death of Lenin.
• The main reason was the shortage of grain supplies.
• It was argued that grain shortage was partly due to the small size of the holding.
• After 1917, the land had been given over to peasants. These small-sized peasant farms could
not be modernised. To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with
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machinery, it was necessary to eliminate ‘kulaks’, take away land from peasants, and establish
state-controlled large farms.
• From 1929, the government forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz). The
bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants
worked on the land, and the kolkhoz pro t was shared.
• Enraged peasants resisted the authorities, and destroyed their livestock. Between 1929 and
1931, the number of cattle fell by one-third. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely
punished. Many were deported and exiled.
• As they resisted collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich, and were not against
socialism. They did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons.
• Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators
unsympathetically.
• In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. In fact, the bad harvest of
1930-1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died.

Q11. Explain the Russian February Revolution 1917.


Or
Petrograd had led the February Revolution that brought down the monarchy in February 1917.
Explain. HOTS
Answer:
(i) Grim Condition in the Petrograd: In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd,
were grim. In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers’ quarters. The winter
was very cold. There had been exceptional frost and heavy snow.

(ii) Women Lead the Strike: On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory. The next day,
workers in fty factories called a strike in sympathy. In many factories, women led the way to
strikes. This came to be called the International Women’s Day.

(iii) Violent Incidents: In the next few days the workers tried to persue the government to ful ll their
demand but government called out the cavalry. The streets thronged with people raising slogans
about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. However, the cavalry refused to re on- the
demonstrators. An o cer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and three other regiments
mutinied, voting to join the striking workers.

(iv) Formation of Soviet: By that evening, soldiers and striking workers had gathered to form a
soviet or council in the same building as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.

(v) Formation of Provisional Government: The very next day, a delegation went to see the Tsar.
Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed their advice and abdicated on 2
March. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country.
Russia’s future would be decided by a constituent assembly, elected on the basis of universal
adult su rage.
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