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4. Utilities: A system software that provides the

necessary facilities (Antivirus, Scan Disk, Disk
1. Types and Components of Defragmentation, etc.)
5. Operating systems: To enable computer
Computer Systems systems to function and allow users to
communicate with computer systems, special
1.1. Hardware & Software software, known as operating systems (OS),
have been developed.
Hardware
Analogue and Digital Data
the electronic, physical components that make up a
Computers can only understand data in the form of binary
typical computer system. These may include input and
digits (0,1); this is commonly known as digital data. However,
output devices as well.
data in the real world is analogue, not limited to two speci c
Internal Hardware Devices:
values.
Central processing unit
Processor
Motherboard
Internal memory consisting of RAM & ROM
Graphics & Sound Cards
Internal Storage devices like Hard disk drives (HDD)
and solid-state drives (SSD)
Network interface card (NIC)
External Hardware Devices:
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
External Storage Devices

Software

The techniques, methods, commands, and instructions tell

the device what to do and how to do it.
They are the programs which control the computer
system and process data.
Relates to ideas & instructions for using physical objects. The gures show how data changes in analogue and
digital forms; analogue data forms smooth curves,
Two types of software: whereas digital data changes in discrete steps.
So, for a computer to process real-world data, it rst
Application software:
needs to convert the received data into digital form. This
Provides services that allow the user to do speci c
is done by hardware known as ADC (analogue to digital
tasks.
converter), and its output is given back in analogue form
It can be general-purpose software or custom-made
using DAC (digital to analogue converter).
software. (Specialist software)
E.g., Spreadsheets, databases, and word processors.
System Software: 1.2. The Main Components of Computer
The software is designed to provide a platform all Systems
other software can run. For example:
1. Compilers: The software translates the High-
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
level language into Machine code (Language
Processor). The component of the computer that understands and
2. Linkers: A Software that creates the links executes hardware and software operations. Nowadays,
between Language processors into workable it’s also known as a microprocessor. It is a single
solutions (Data de nition language). integrated circuit at the core of most PCs and is also
3. Device drivers: A software that enables the present in many household gadgets and equipment
device to work with another, externally where some control or monitoring is required.
connected device.

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It consists of a control unit (CU) that manages the input Backing and Secondary Storage
and output devices, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) that
performs computations and makes logical judgments, and Required to store signi cant amounts of data
tiny memory regions known as registers. permanently.
It processes the input and produces the outcome of the Most commonly in the form of Hard disk drives and Solid-
processing in the form of output. state drives.

Internal Memory Di erentiating between internal memory and backing

storage:
1. Random access memory (RAM): temporary memory
1. RAM contents are lost when power is lost, ROM is
storage, lost after power is shut down, performs read
read-only, and backing storage is permanent even
and write functions, is used to store data that are
without power.
currently in use, and can be increased in size to
2. RAM and ROM are much smaller than backing
improve operational speed.
2. Read-only memory (ROM): permanent memory storage.
3. RAM and ROM are signi cantly faster in accessing
storage, non-volatile, can only be read from, used to
data than backing storage.
store computer’s con guration data, such as BIOS.
4. Backing storage is much cheaper than internal
N.B: The BIOS (basic input/output memory.
system) stores the date, time and 5. Internal memories are xed, and backing storage can
system con guration on a non-volatile be xed or portable.
chip called a CMOS (complementary 6. Internal memories can be directly read by the CPU,
metal oxide semiconductor) – this is while backing storage needs to be moved into the
usually battery powered. RAM before being read by the CPU.

Di erentiating between Internal memories:

1.3. Operating Systems
1. RAM is a temporary memory device, whereas ROM is
a permanent one. Controls operation of input, output & backing storage
2. RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile. Supervises loading, running & storage of application
3. RAM can be written to and from, but ROM can only be programs.
read from. Deals with errors in application programs.
4. RAM is used to store data, les, programs, and parts Maintains security of the whole computer system
of OS that are currently in use. However, ROM is used Maintains a computer log.
in storing start-up data,
Operating systems o er various types of user interfaces, for
example:
Input & Output Devices
1. Command line interface: user needs to type in
Input devices are pieces of hardware that allow users to commands to communicate with the computer. The
enter data into computers.
user is in direct communication with the computer.
An output device displays the computer's output in a Not restricted to pre-de ned options. Possible to alter
human-readable format. For example, words on a printer computer con guration settings. Needs to learn many
or moving graphics on a monitor. commands for basic operations. All commands need
to be typed in, which is time-consuming. Very error
Input devices Output devices
prone, as commands must have correct format,
An input device is any An output shows the result or spelling etc.
hardware that enables data solution of the input after it N.B: Mainly used by programmers who need to have
entry. has been processed. direct communication with the computer.
An input device can only send An output device can only 2. Graphical user interface: Uses WIMP (windows icons
data. receive data. menu and pointing device). The user does not need to
Input devices are necessary Output devices are needed in learn any commands. It is more user-friendly; icons
for a computer to receive order to display the outcome are used to represent applications. A pointing device
commands from the user for of the processing that took is used to click on an icon to launch the application,
processing to be permitted. place to the user. this is simpler than typing in commands. This type of
interface uses up considerably more computer
Input devices are complex as
Output devices are simpler as memory than a CLI interface. The user is limited to the
they must ensure proper
they only need to display the icons provided on the screen. Needs a more complex
communication between the
nale. operating system.
computer and the user.

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N.B: Mainly used by end-users who don’t have great up the desk space.
knowledge of how the computer works. 3. Because they aren’t portable, les must be copied
3. Dialogue-based user interface: use the human voice to another portable storage device to take work
to give commands to a computer system. no need for elsewhere.
a driver to take their hands o the steering wheel. In a
home, it is especially useful for people with disabilities Mobile Computers
because many tasks can be carried out by the spoken
word only. Possible to use it as a security feature 1. Laptop computer:
because voice recognition could be used to identify a
person. Still unreliable, with many commands not (Or notebook) refers to a type of computer where the
being recognized or needing to be repeated several monitor, keyboard, pointing device and processor are all
times (especially if there is background noise). Can be together in one unit. This makes them extremely portable.
quite complex to setup. User needs to know which lightweight (to aid portability). Low power consumption
commands can be used. (and also long battery life). Low heat output (cooling is
4. Gesture-based user interface: relies on human very important).
interaction by the moving of hands, head or even feet. Uses:
Replaces mechanical input devices. No physical 1. o ce and business work
contact is required. Very natural interface for a human 2. educational use
operator. No training is needed to interface with the 3. used as a gaming device.
computer. It is possible for unintentional movement to 4. general entertainment
be picked up. Only works near the camera or sensor Advantages:
(maximum of 1.5 meters). May only accept a limited 1. Portability: all components are in a single unit, so
number of movements (for example, it may take they can be taken anywhere.
several attempts to determine exactly what nger 2. Because of one single unit, there are no trailing
movements are recognized). wires and desk clutter.
3. take up much less room on a desk, so they can be
easily used in public spaces.
1.4. Types of Computers 4. portability allows them to take full advantage of
Wi-Fi features.
Desktop Computers
Disadvantages:
1. portability makes it easier for them to be stolen.
Desktop usually refers to a general-purpose computer
2. limited battery life means the user needs to carry
that is made up of a separate monitor, keyboard, mouse,
a charger at all times.
and processor unit. It is distinguished from, for example, a
3. keyboards and pointing devices may be awkward
laptop computer by the fact that it is made up of several
to use.
separate components, which makes it not very portable.
4. not easy to upgrade, like adding more RAM.
Uses:
1. o ce and business work
2. Smartphones:
2. educational use
3. general entertainment
Allow normal phone calls to be made, but also have an
4. gaming device
operating system (such as iOS, Android, or Windows),
Advantages:
allowing them to run a number of computer applications
1. They are easier and less costly to upgrade and
(known as apps or applets). Smartphones communicate
expand.
with the internet either by using Wi-Fi hot spots or by
2. Spare parts are standardized, which makes them
using 3G/4G/5G mobile phone networks.
cheaper.
Uses:
3. They tend to have better speci cations for a given
1. They allow users to send/receive emails.
price.
2. They allow users to use a number of apps.
4. No critical power consumption because they plug
3. They allow users to use a camera feature (to take
into a wall socket.
photos or videos).
5. Due to xed positions, they are less likely to be
4. They allow users to use an MP3/4 player (for music
damaged or stolen.
and videos).
6. As they usually have wired connections, they have
Advantages:
more stable internet access.
1. very small in size and lightweight, makes them
Disadvantages:
portable.
1. They are not particularly portable because they
2. connecting to the internet while on the move.
are made up of separate components.
3. because they use Wi-Fi and mobile phone
2. More complicated because all the components
networks, they can be used almost anywhere.
need to be hooked up by wiring, which also clutters

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4. they have apps which can tell instant location, Some of the latest smartphones have been designed as a
which is a feature that isn’t available in either hybrid between a tablet and a smartphone, referred to as
desktops or laptops. a phablet. They have much larger screens than a
5. they have reasonable battery life. smartphone but are smaller than a tablet.
Disadvantages:
1. small screens and keyboards make pages di cult
to read.
2. more di cult and slower when typing things in.
3. Web browsing and photography can quickly drain
the battery.
4. Memory size in most phones is not very large
when compared to laptops and desktops.
5. Not all website features are compatible with
smartphone operating systems.
6. Because of their small size, it is much easier to
lose a smartphone or for it to be stolen compared
to laptops or desktops.
7. The data transfer rate using mobile phone Uses:
networks can be slower than with Wi-Fi. Entertainment (streaming of music, videos, and
television programs).
3. Tablets: Gaming (including group games).
As a camera or video camera.
They work similarly to a smartphone. The only main Internet use (online sales, social networks, using QR
di erence is that they are somewhat bigger in size as codes, and so on).
compared to a smartphone. Sending/receiving emails.
Uses: Global positioning system (use of maps to navigate to
1. They allow users to send/receive emails. a location).
2. They allow users to use a number of apps. Calendar functions.
3. They allow users to use a camera feature (to take Telephone banking (sending and receiving money
photos or videos). using banking apps).
4. They allow users to use an MP3/4 player (for music Voice over Internet Protocol: telephone network using
and videos). the internet, which also allows video calling.
Advantages of tablets compared to laptops: Instant access to social networks (social contact with
1. very fast to switch on (no time delay waiting for the friends no matter where you are in the world).
operating system to load up). Instant messaging.
2. fully portable – they are so lightweight that they O ce and business management (allows rapid voice
can be carried anywhere. and video communication).
3. touch screen technology means they are simple to Education use (using interactive software to teach or
use and don’t need any other input devices. learn from).
4. not much heat, they use solid-state technology. Remotely control devices.
5. The battery life of a tablet is a lot longer.
6. when the power button is pressed, it goes into Laptops are the most expandable of these devices, while
standby but remains connected to the internet so smartphones are the most portable. Tablets and phablets fall
the user still hears alerts when emails or other somewhere in between, o ering a balance of portability and
‘events’ are received. expandability. The choice of device will depend on your
Disadvantages of tablets compared to laptops: speci c needs and use case.
1. tend to be rather expensive when compared to
laptops. 1.5. Impact of Emerging Technologies
2. they often have limited memory/storage when
compared to a laptop. Arti cial Intelligence (AI): There are many de nitions of
3. typing on a touch screen can be slow and error- arti cial intelligence (AI). Essentially, AI is a machine or
prone compared to a standard keyboard. application which carries out a task that requires some
4. laptops tend to support more le formats than degree of intelligence.
tablets. The use of language
recognizing a person’s face, the ability to operate
4. Phablets: machinery, such as a car, aeroplane, train, and so on,
and analyzing data to predict the outcome of a future
event, such as weather forecasting. Impact:

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Whenever AI is mentioned, people usually think of Input devices can be complicated because they must ensure
science ction fantasies and think of robots. The the user can interact with the computer correctly.
science ction writer Isaac Asimov even went as far as
producing his three laws of robotics: » Robots may not 1. Keyboards:
injure a human through action or inaction. » Robots
must obey orders given by humans without question. » Uses:
A robot must protect itself unless it con icts with the
Input of data into applications software
two laws above. Everyday uses:
Typing in commands to the computer
An autonomous (driverless) vehicle – we already have
driverless trains and autopilots on aeroplanes, but Advantages:
future developments include driverless cars.
Robotic research is leading to improvements in Fast entry of new text into a document.
technology to help amputees and people with Well-known method.
disabilities. Easy to use for most people.
Robots are used to help people carry out dangerous or Easier to do veri cation checks as data is entered (can
unpleasant tasks – for example, bomb disposal. immediately compare the source document with typed
data on the screen).
Negative impacts of AI
Disadvantages:
Unemployment, robots are capable of doing tedious
human tasks with much more e ciency and excellence It can be di cult to use if the user has limited arm/wrist
than humans. use.
Dependency on technology could lead to problems in the Slow method when compared to direct data entry.
future. It is a fairly large device that uses up valuable desk space.
De-skilling: Tasks that used to be considered a talent are
now part of general, tedious processes that are done on a
regular basis by machines.
Extended Reality refers to combined real and virtual
environments. The two most common examples at the
moment are:
Augmented reality (AR) is a merger between the
virtual and physical (real) world; it lays objects onto
pre-existing objects. e.g., Pokémon GO! Impact: safety
and rescue operations’ training, shopping and retail 2. Numeric keypads:
(getting a better look at a car before the purchase),
healthcare (better understanding of a patient’s body) Uses:
Virtual reality (VR) enables an entirely new world to be
created, unlike AR, which has no link to the actual Automatic teller machines (ATMs), where the customer
surroundings of the user. It requires the user to be can key in their PIN, amount of money, etc.
specially equipped with a VR headset, joystick, and Mobile phones allow phone numbers, etc., to be keyed in.
headphones. Point of sale terminals (POS) in case the barcode reader
Impact: Military applications, educational purposes fails to read the barcode – the number has to be keyed in
(looking at ancient buildings), healthcare, media manually by the operator.
(interactive special e ects in a movie), scienti c Chip and PIN devices when paying by credit/debit cards.
visualization (part of molecular structures/cells). Fast entry of numeric data into a spreadsheet.

Advantages:
2. Input & Output Devices Faster than standard keyboards when entering numeric
data.
2.1. Input Devices and Their Uses Because many are small devices, they are very easy to
carry around.
An input device is any hardware device that allows a user
to enter data or instructions into a computer directly. Disadvantages:
An input device can send data to another device, but it
Sometimes, they have small keys, which can make input
cannot receive data from another device. more di cult.
Input devices are necessary for a computer to receive
commands from its users and data to process; they are
under the user's control or can be direct data entry.

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Sometimes, the order of the numbers on the keypad is not Because the touchpad is integrated into the laptop
computer, there is no need for a separate mouse; this
aids the portability and is a big advantage if no at
surfaces are available.

Disadvantages:
intuitive.
People with limited hand/wrist movement nd the device
di cult to use.
3. Mouse: It can be more di cult to control the pointer when
compared to a normal mouse.
Uses:
Drag and drop operations are more complicated using a
Opening, closing and minimizing software
grouping, moving and deleting les.
Image editing, for example, controls the size and position
of a drawing pasted into a document.
Controlling the position of a pointer on the screen to allow
selection.

Advantages:

It is a faster method for choosing an option than a

keyboard. touchpad.
It's a very quick way of navigating through applications
and the internet. 5. Tracker ball:
Does not need a large desk area when compared to a
keyboard. Uses:

Disadvantages: A good alternative to a mouse for people with conditions

such as RSI.
It can be more di cult for people with restricted Used in an industrial control room environment.
hand/wrist movement than using a keyboard for data Used in some luxury cars to select functions such as
entry. radio.
Easy to damage, the older type of mouse quickly becomes
clogged up with dirt. Advantages:
Di cult to use if no at surface is readily available.
Does not need the same ne control as a mouse.
It is easier to use than a mouse if the operator has
problems with their wrist.
More accurately position the pointer on the screen.
They are more robust than a mouse.
Needs less desk space than a mouse or keyboard.

Disadvantages:

It is not supplied with the computer as a standard;

4. Touchpad:
therefore, it is more costly.
Uses: Users may need training because it is not standard
equipment.
Opening, closing and minimizing software
grouping, moving and deleting les.
Image editing, for example, controls the size and position
of a drawing pasted into a document.
Controlling the position of a pointer on the screen to allow
selection.

Advantages:

Faster than a keyboard for choosing options.

Used to navigate applications and the internet.

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Uses:

Used in video games.

Used in simulators to mimic the actual controls.

Advantages:

It is easier than keyboards for screen navigation.

In some applications, the control is more realistic than
using a mouse.

Disadvantages:

The on-screen pointer is more di cult to use.

6. Remote Control:

Uses:

Televisions, satellite systems, DVD/Blu-ray players and Hi-

Fi systems, to alter controls such as volume, on/o , etc.
Used to control multimedia systems.
Used in industrial applications to remotely control
processes.

Advantages:

It can be operated from any reasonable distance.

In some conditions, e.g., in chemically hazardous
environments, we can control and measure from safe
distances.
8. Driving wheel:
Disadvantages:
Uses:
Di cult to use for people with limited hand/wrist
movements. Used in video games, especially car racing games.
Used in simulators to mimic actual vehicle controls.
Physical obstacles can easily block the signal.
Advantages:

It's a more realistic experience than both mouse and

joystick.
Easier than a keyboard or joystick to control steering
movements.

Disadvantages:

It is a rather expensive input device as compared to a

mouse or joystick.
Steering movements tend to be over-sensitive, which
gives an unrealistic feel.
Unless it is an expensive simulator, feedback to the
steering wheel is non-existent.

7. Joysticks:

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9. Touch screen (as an input device): Limited quality, depending on how good the scanner’s
resolution is.
Uses: Fairly slow input method, especially if color mode is

Automatic teller machines (ATMs) to choose from on-

screen options.
Point of sale terminals such as in restaurants.
Interactive whiteboards in education.
Computer-based training (CBT) where answers are
selected during on-screen testing.

Advantages:
selected.
Faster entry of options than using a keyboard or mouse.
Very easy method for choosing options.
11. Digital Cameras:
User-friendly method – no training necessary in its use.
Uses:
Option to expand the size of the display if necessary.
Taking photographs is still better than using smartphones
Disadvantages:
and tablets.
A limited number of input options are available. Data-capture device, e.g., as a reversing aid in cars.
This can lead to problems if an operator uses the system Dentistry, to help capture pictures for better diagnosis.
frequently (straining of arm muscles, RSI, etc., are all The creation of virtual reality tours around houses,
possible). buildings, etc.
The screen can get very dirty with constant touching.
Advantages:

Easier to produce better-quality photographs than with a

traditional camera.
Uploading photographs to a computer is faster than
scanning hard copies.
Memory cards can store many thousands of photographs.
There is no need to develop lm and printouts; it saves
money and is more environmentally friendly.
Unwanted images can quickly be deleted from a memory
card.

Disadvantages:

Need to be computer literate to know proper use.

10. Scanners: Loss of artistry due to clever software doing all the work.
Images need to be compressed to reduce the amount of
Uses: memory used.

Scanning documents and converting them into di erent

formats
Scanning in old documents to protect them in case the
original is lost/damaged.
Scanning in photographs for storage
Scanning in barcodes at POS terminals.

Advantages:

Images can be stored for editing at a later date.

When used with OCR, they are much faster and more
12. Microphones:
accurate than typing the documents in.
It is possible to recover damaged documents by scanning Uses:
and producing an acceptable copy.
To input speech to be used in various applications.
Disadvantages:
Input in voice recognition software for authentication.
As a sensor to pick up sound in an intruder alarm system.

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Used in audio conferencing or VoIP applications. Selecting objects on CRT screens

Drawing on screens
Advantages:
Advantages:
It is faster to read text than it is to type it in.
It is possible to manipulate sound in real time rather than Greater accuracy than touch screens
working on a completed recording. Small makes them portable and capable of being used in
It improves security if used as an authentication system. small spaces.
Easy-to-use technology.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
Sound les use up a lot of computer memory.
Reading data is more error-prone than typing in. Lagging problems while drawing on the screen.
It only works with CRT monitors.
Rather dated technology.

13. Sensors:

Uses: 2.2. Direct Data Entry & Associated

Temperature sensors are used in automatic washing Devices
machines, central heating systems, ovens, and
glasshouses. 1. Magnetic Stripe Readers:
Pressure sensors are used in intruder alarm systems and
Uses:
washing machines.
Light sensors are used in automatic glasshouses, doors, On credit/debit card for use at ATMs
and street lighting control. Security device to allow entry to buildings, hotels, etc.
Sound/acoustic sensors are used in intruder alarm
systems, monitoring liquid and powder ow in pipes. Advantages:
Humidity/moisture sensors are used in automatic
glasshouses, environmental monitoring, and in factories Faster than keying in data manually.
where moisture levels are crucial. Error-free, no human intervention needed.
pH sensors are used in automatic glasshouses, chemical Secure information isn’t in human-readable form.
processes and environmental monitoring. Robust, there are no moving parts.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

Readings are more accurate as compared to human If the card is damaged, the data is lost.
operators. Doesn’t work at a distance.
Readers are continuous, with no breaks in the monitoring. As the information isn’t human-readable, this can be a
Because it is a continuous process, any action or warnings disadvantage in some cases.
needed will be initiated immediately.
Automatic systems don’t need human intervention.

Disadvantages:

Faulty sensors can give spurious results.

Most sensors are analogue; therefore, they require
conversion using Analogue to Digital Convertors.

14. Light pens:

2. Chip and PIN reader:
Uses:

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Uses: Advantages:

Where payments are made using cards Very fast way of inputting survey results.
It is more accurate because there is no human
Advantages: intervention.
More accurate than OCR methods.
It is more secure than contactless cards as the PIN acts as
a second security layer. Disadvantages:
More robust system than Magnetic Stripe Cards
Designing the forms can be complicated to ensure the
Disadvantages: marks are correctly positioned.
If there are problems, they need to be manually checked,
Be very careful so the PIN isn’t seen by anyone while
which can be time-consuming.
being typed in.

5. Optical Character Recognition/Reader:

Uses:

Processing passports and identity cards.

3. Radio Frequency Identi cation (RFID) reader: Converting hard copy documents into electronic form.
Used in automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
Uses:
systems.
Digitizing historic hard copies for archiving.
Livestock tracking
Retail, instead of barcodes, as they don’t need to be
Advantages:
scanned in.
Admission passes. It is a much faster data entry system than manual typing.
Library books, to acknowledge the books which have been No human intervention, its error free.
borrowed.
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
System has di culty in reading di erent handwritings.
No line-of-sight contact is needed. Still not a very accurate technique.
Very robust and reliable technology.
Very fast read rate.
Bidirectional data transfer.
Bulk detection is possible.

Disadvantages:

Tag collision
As they use radio waves, they are easy to jam/interrupt.
Easy to hack into the signal.
RFID is more expensive than a comparable barcode 6. Barcode readers:
system.
Uses:
4. Optical Mark Reader/Recognition (OMR):
Used in supermarkets for stock control.
Uses: In libraries, to keep track of books.
As a safety function to ensure checking of electrical
Used in MCQs checking. equipment on a daily basis.
Used in reading voting papers.
Advantages:

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Much faster than manually keying in data. QR codes can be used to transmit malicious data.
Allow automatic stock control.
They are a tried and trusted technology.

Disadvantages:

Relatively expensive system to administer.

Not fool-proof, barcodes can be swapped between items.
Can be more easily damaged than RFID tags or magnetic

stripes.

7. Quick response (QR) code scanner:

Uses:

used in advertising to contain information about the

advertising company.
Wi-Fi authentication 2.3. Output Devices and Their Uses
Used in restaurants, you can see the menu by scanning.
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors:
Advantages:
Uses:
hold much more information than normal barcode.
fewer errors than with barcodes. Their large screens allow complex diagrams to be created
QR codes are easier to read because the cameras can in Computer-aided design.
even read them on a smartphone. Used with light pens to allow designs to be created.
It is possible to encrypt QR codes.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Can be seen at a wider range of angles, unlike LCDs.
More than one QR format is available. Allow the use of light pens.

Disadvantages:

They are very heavy and bulky.

They run very hot and can cause res if left unattended.
They use a lot more power than LCDs.
Their ickering can lead to headaches.
Image burn-in is a common issue.

2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens:

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Uses:

Main output device for modern computers.

Mobile phones, laptops, video games use LCD screens.

Advantages:

Very e cient, low power consumption.

Lightweight devices.
Screens can made in various sizes.
No ickering images.
Very sharp image resolution.

Disadvantages:

Colour and contrast from di erent angles are

4. Multimedia projectors:
inconsistent.
Motion blur is a common issue. Uses:
Lower contrast than CRT monitors.
Training presentations to allow the whole audience to see
images.
Advertising presentations.
Home cinema systems.

Advantages:

More people can watch as they don’t have to crowd

around a laptop.
Avoids the need for several networked computers.

Disadvantages:

Images can be fuzzy.

Expensive to buy.
Set-up can be complicated.

3. Touch screen (as an output devices):

Uses:

ATMs
POS terminals
Information kiosks.

Advantages:

Don’t need additional input devices. 5. Laser printers:

They are very interactive, and many functions, such as
swiping, can be done. Uses:
They add a high-tech feel to devices and interfaces. In uses where low noise is required.
If fast, high quality, high-volume printing is required.
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
They tend to get dirty with frequent use.
Frequent use results in straining of arm muscles, RSI, etc. Printing is fast.
If large amounts of data are input/output, they aren’t very
They can handle very large print jobs.
accurate, and the interface isn’t very fast. Quality is consistently high.
Toner cartridges last for a long time.

Disadvantages:

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They are only considerably fast if several copies are being Advantages:
made.
Color laser printers are expensive to run. Can be used in varying environments unlike laser/inkjet
They produce ozone and volatile organic compounds printers.
because of their printing method and toner. Carbon copies or multi-part outputs can be produced.
Very cheap to run and maintain.
Good for continuous printing.

Disadvantages:

Very noisy
Initial cost is more than an inkjet printer.
Very slow, poor-quality printing.

6. Inkjet printers:

Uses:

Where low-output volumes are required.

Where high-quality printing is required for single pages.

Advantages:
8. (Graph) Plotters:

High-quality output Uses:

Cheaper than laser printers.
Producing architectural drawings
Very lightweight
Producing engineering drawings
Don’t produce ozone and volatile organic compounds.
Drawing animation characters.
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Slow output if many copies are needed.
Very high-quality output.
Can’t do large print jobs.
can produce large, monochrome and color drawings very
Printing can smudge if user isn’t careful.
accurately.
Can be expensive if used a lot.
Can print on a variety on materials.

Disadvantages:

Very slow printing.

Expensive equipment to purchase initially.
Have a very large physical footprint compared to a

7. Dot matrix printers:

Uses:

Used in environments where noise isn’t a major issue. printer.

Carbon copies or multi-part outputs can be produced.
Widely used in till receipts. 9. 3D printers:

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Uses: They take up a lot of desk space.

Custom-made prosthetic limbs.

In aerospace, if parts of the aircraft are made using 3d
printers they can be very lightweight.
Making spare parts for items that aren’t now
manufactured, e.g., parts of a vintage car.

Advantages:

Manufacturing objects has become much easier.

Even though the initial cost is high, it is still cheaper than
the more conventional way.
Parts for machinery that aren’t available can be made.

Disadvantages:

Potential to make counterfeit items.

Could lead to manufacture of dangerous items by almost
11. Actuators:
anyone.
Uses:

Used to turn on motors, buzzers, and switches.

Allow a computer to control physical devices,

Advantages:

Allow remote operation of many devices.

Relatively inexpensive devices.

Disadvantages:

They are an additional device in the system that could go

wrong.
Job loss potential. As analogue devices, signals need to be converted using a
DAC.
10. Speaker:

Uses: 3. Storage Devices and Media

Used in all phones and most computers.
Helps visually impaired people. 3.1. Backing-Up Data
Plays downloaded sound les.
Backing up refers to copying les or data into a di erent
Advantages: medium in case of damage or loss of original copy.
Ampli ed sounds can be much louder than the original
sound.
Why do we back up data?
Ampli ed sounds can be enough to be heard by a huge
To safeguard against loss of data.
crowd.
To safeguard against damages caused by hackers.
Very simple technology.
In case les need to be sent elsewhere, to protect the
They are especially useful for blind people, for instance,
original format of les.
reading e-books.

Disadvantages: 3.2. Magnetic Backing Storage Media

Speaker output can disturb irrelevant people in the same Holds data magnetically.
area, e.g., an o ce. The surface area of the media is magnetised so that it can
Sound quality is high only expensive speakers. hold bits of data.
The device that reads media can also read the bits held
on the surface area

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Magnetic tape drives Disadvantages:

Uses: They can be easily damaged if user accidentally drops it

or doesn’t correctly shut down the drive after use.
used in applications where batch processing is used. The data transfer rate is not as fast as for xed hard disk
used as a backup media where vast amounts of data need drives.
to be stored.
used in long-term archiving of data, they have huge data 3.3. Optical Media and Optical Storage
storage capacities and are known to be very stable.
Devices
Advantages:
Holds data by burning ‘dots’ onto the surface with a high-
They are generally less expensive than hard disk drives. powered laser.
It is a very robust technology. The data that reads the media can read the data by
They have a huge data storage capacity. shining a lower-powered laser over the dots.
The data transfer rate is fast.

Disadvantages:
CD-R/DVD-R

Prolonged data access times (uses serial access). Uses:

When updating, another tape is needed to store the nal
Home recordings of music and (CD-R) and lms (CD-R).
updated version.
Used to store data to be kept for later use to be
They are a ected by magnetic elds, a strong eld can
transferred to another computer.
corrupt data stored on the tape.
Advantages:
Fixed Hard Disks/Drives
Cheaper medium than RW disks.
Uses: Once burned (and nalised), they behave like a ROM.

To store the OS, systems software and working data/ les. Disadvantages:
Storing applications les.
Used in real-time systems and in online systems. It can only be recorded once; if an error occurs, then the
Used in le servers for computer networks. disk has to be thrown away.
Not all CD/DVD players can read CD-R/DVD-R.
Advantages:
CD-RW/DVD-RW
They have a very fast data transfer rate and fast access
times to data. Uses:
They have a very large memory capacity.
Used to record television programs which can be
Disadvantages: recorded over, time and time again.
Used in CCTV systems.
It can be fairly easily damaged.
It can be used as a backup device for les and data.
They have many moving parts which a ect overall
reliability. Advantages:
Their read/write operation can be quite noisy when
compared to solid-state drives. It can be written over many times.
You can use di erent le formats each time it is used.
Portable Hard Disk Drives It is not as wasteful as the R format because the les/data
can be added later.
Uses:
Disadvantages:
Can be used as a backup system to prevent data loss.
It can be used to transfer data/ les/software between It can be relatively expensive media.
computers. Possible to accidentally overwrite data.

Advantages: CD-ROM/DVD-ROM

Data access time and data transfer rate are very fast. Uses:
It has a very large memory capacity.
It can be used as a method of transferring information These are read-only memory (ROM), which means they
between computers. can’t be written over and can only be read. Permanent

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storage method.
3.4. Solid State Backing Storage
CD-ROM is used to store music les and to store software,
computer games and reference software. Holds data on devices that don’t have any moving parts.
DVD-ROM has much larger storage and is used to store
lms. Solid-state drives (SSD)
Used in applications where there is a real need to prevent
deletion or overwriting of important data. Uses:

Advantages: Storage device to store les, applications, OSs, and so on.

They are less expensive than hard disk drive systems. Advantages:
They are very portable as they are small and light.
Data stored on them is read-only, so it cannot be They are more reliable as they have no moving parts.
accidentally overwritten. They are considerably lighter and suitable for laptops.
They do not have to ‘get up to speed’ before they work
Disadvantages: correctly.
They have lower power consumption.
Hold far less data than hard disk drives or memory sticks.
They run much cooler than HDDs.
Very slow data transfer rate and data access times, as
Because they have no moving parts, they are very thin.
compared to hard disk drives.
SSD data access time is only 0.1 milliseconds compared
You cannot add your own les to the disks because they
to 10 milliseconds for HDD.
are both read-only.
Data transfer speed for SSDs is also much faster than for
HDDs.
Blu-Ray Discs
Disadvantages:
The main di erences between DVD and Blu-ray are:
SSD endurance - SSDs are conservatively rated at only
1. Blu-ray uses a blue laser rather than a red laser. (The 20GB write operations per day over three years.
wavelength of blue light is 405nm, much smaller than More expensive than magnetic hard disks.
the 650nm red laser) This makes pits and lands much
Smaller storage capacity than magnetic hard disks.
smaller, so they store ve times more data than DVDs.
2. Blu-ray disks automatically come with a secure Pen drives (Memory sticks)
encryption system, which helps to prevent piracy and
copyright infringement. Uses:
3. The data transfer rate for a DVD is 10 Mbps, and for a
Blu-ray disc, it is 36 Mbps. Transporting les between computers or using them as a
backing store.
Uses: Used as a security device to prevent software piracy
(known as a dongle).
Home video consoles.
Storing and playing back movies. Advantages:
Computers can use this technology for data storage or
backing hard drives. Very compact and portable media.
Camcorders can use this media to store movies. Very robust.
Does not need additional software to work on most
Advantages: computers.
They are not a ected by magnetic elds.
Very large storage capacity.
Very fast data transfer rate. Disadvantages:
The data access speed is also greater than with other
optical media. Cannot protect the data/ les by making it ‘read-only’.
Blu-ray discs automatically come with a secure encryption Easy to lose (due to the small physical size).
system. The user needs to be very careful when removing a
memory stick from a computer - incorrect removal will
Disadvantages: corrupt the data on the memory stick and make it useless.

Relatively expensive discs.

Flash Memory cards
Encryption problems when used to store videos.
The introduction of HD (high de nition) DVD players has
Di erent types of memory cards:
reduced the advantages of using Blu-ray technology. » SD cards (secure digital card)
» XD cards (extreme digital card)

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» CFast card (compact, fast card). 1. Network Interface Cards (NIC): These are needed to
Uses: allow a device to connect to a network. Turns binary
data into an electrical signal that allows network
Storing photos on digital cameras. access. Usually integrated into the motherboard.
Used as mobile phone memory cards.
Used in MP3 players to store music les. Each NIC is given a unique hardwired media access
Used as a backing store in hand-held computer devices. control (MAC) address.
Media access control (MAC) address: a number that
Advantages: uniquely identi es a device when connected to a network.
The rst six hex digits identify the manufacturer’s code,
Very compact.
and the next 6 identify the device’s serial number.
Because they have no moving parts, they are very
durable. 2. Hubs: they are hardware devices that can have
They can hold large amounts of data. several other devices connected to them. They are
Compact cameras and smartphones can read and write used to connect devices together to form a local area
memory cards, allowing users to transport extensive network (LAN). It takes a data packet received by one
collections of photographs, songs, etc. of its ports and sends it to all relevant or irrelevant
devices that are connected to it.
Disadvantages:
It is not very secure to broadcast data to all devices.
Expensive per gigabyte of memory when compared to
Unnecessary network tra c.
HDDs.
Have a lower storage capacity than hard disks. 3. Switches: intelligent hubs. Used to connect devices to
Have a nite life regarding the number of times they can form a LAN. Unlike hubs, the switches store the MAC
be read from or written to. addresses of all devices on a lookup table. So, it only
Memory cards, speci cally the micro SD card, are the sends data to the relevant device.
smallest sized devices available, making them more likely In summary:
to be lost, stolen or damaged. The storage should be
sized cause the amount of storage does not prevent the Both are used to connect devices in LAN.
drive from being stolen Both use data packets.
Users must often purchase a card reader or USB Hubs send data to every device on the network.
converter to view the data. Switches send data to a relevant device only.
Switches have better security.
Switches use lookup tables to determine the destination
4. Networks & the E ects of for a data packet.
Switches use MAC addresses for relevant device
Using Them locations.

4. Bridges: Devices that connect one LAN to another LAN

4.1. Networks that use the same protocol. Unlike routers, they can’t
communicate with external networks, such as the
Routers
Internet.
A device that enables data to be sent between di erent types
Comparison:
of networks. It can be connected through cables or wirelessly
to connect a LAN to the internet. Bridges connect LANs together; routers connect various
It can be used for: types of networks together.
Bridges scan MAC addresses while routers scan the IP
connecting networks and devices to the internet,
addresses.
storing computer addresses,
Both send out data in the form of data packets.
routing data packets. Bridges connect networks with the same protocol; routers
When a data packet is received, the router checks if the can connect networks with di erent protocols.
packet is intended for it or another network. The data packet The router uses routing tables to direct data packets, but
is routed to the local switch/hub if it's meant for its network. If bridges don’t.
not, the data packet is sent to the relevant router, which Bridges have only two ports; routers have multiple ports.
sends it to the relevant device.
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth
They consult routing cables to know where to send the
data. Both are used for wireless communication between devices.
They both use electromagnetic radiation as the carrier of
Common Network Devices data transmission.

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Bluetooth uses: A backup of the data from the cloud will allow full data
recovery in case of incidents.
When transferring data between 2 or more devices that Files can be synced across multiple devices.
are very close together. There is no need to carry storage devices around.
When the speed of data transmission isn’t crucial.
For low-bandwidth applications. Disadvantages:

Wi-Fi uses: A stable internet connection is always required.

Data storage in clouds may be vulnerable to security
Full-scale networks. breaches.
When the data transfer rate is crucial. The user depends on the storage provider for reliability
For uses where a higher range and better security are and availability of services.
required. The services may become expensive as the amount of
storage or bandwidth required increases.
Di erences and similarities:

Bluetooth uses a transmission frequency of 2.4 GHz, Common Network Environments

whereas Wi-Fi uses a 2.4 – 5.0 GHz range.
Wi-Fi has a much faster data transfer rate. 1. Internet:
Wi-Fi has a higher geographical range in which it is
e ective. The Internet is a very large global network that consists of
Bluetooth only allows up to 7 devices to be connected many other interconnected networks
simultaneously, whereas the number of devices The World Wide Web is a vast collection of web pages that
connected to a Wi-Fi network depends on the can be accessed using a web browser.
router/routers used. The World Wide Web allows you to access information by
Bluetooth uses key-matching encryption. However, Wi-Fi using the internet
uses WPA (Wi-Fi protected access) and WEP (wireless
Characteristics:
equivalent privacy).
It is an open network, meaning everyone can access the
Cloud Computing same resources and information as everybody else.
People from all over the world can communicate with
This method is where data is stored on remote servers each other in real-time.
accessed online. Available to anyone who has a suitable device and access
The three types of cloud storage are: to any one of the interconnected networks.
1. Public Cloud - The customer and the cloud storage Uses:
provider are di erent companies.
2. Private Cloud - The customer and the cloud storage Education and training
provider are a single organization. Social Networking
3. Hybrid Cloud - Combines public and private cloud Online shopping
options and allows sensitive data to remain private Entertainment
while providing public cloud services for less sensitive
information. 2. Intranet:

Cloud data is duplicated and stored on other servers to Usually private and are used to send information securely
ensure availability during system failures, upgrades, and and safely.
maintenance. Access to an organization’s Intranet is restricted and only
accessible to authorized users such as employees.
Advantages:
Intranets have many advantages over the internet, such
Services can be scaled up or down according to changing as:
requirements. better bandwidth than the internet,
Cloud storage eliminates the need for a business to data is kept within the organization,
purchase expensive equipment for infrastructure and less chance of hacking and attacks,
maintenance. administrators can manage access to external sites
Readily available globally, allowing both remote working and links.
and data sharing.
Characteristics:
Providers o er high levels of ensuring that services are
always available. A private network that is accessible to employees within a
It can o er an almost unlimited amount of storage. company or organization.

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Usually behind a rewall to ensure security. Disadvantages:

Allows for document sharing and the use of collaboration
tools between users. The network may not function correctly in case of
It can be customized to meet the speci c requirements of hardware failure.
the business. They are more prone to attacks than standalone
Users will require a username and password to access computers.
the Intranet. Data and peripheral accessing can be slow, based on
network tra c.
3. Extranet: LAN networks require maintenance to ensure the
software is up-to-date.
Private Intranet that also allows access by selected
2. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): Local Area
parties that reside outside of the organization. These
Networks allow devices to connect wirelessly rather
parties, for example, maybe customers, key stakeholders
than using physical cables. Wireless Access Points
or clients.
Users will have an authorization level once they have (WAPs) are connected to an existing wired network,
which provides wireless connectivity. Support a vast
successfully logged in, which will determine which
range of devices, such as smartphones and laptops,
resources they may access.
are very popular in public areas such as shopping
Similarities between the Internet, Intranet and extranet
malls.
are as follows:
They are all web-based technologies Advantages:
They allow users to access information remotely
They all use client-server architecture Allows users to connect anywhere in the range of a
They all use security measures such as Wireless Access Point (WAP).
authentication and encryption They can be used in various indoor and outdoor
They all promote and facilitate information and environments, making them highly exible.
resource sharing As the requirements change, additional WAPs can be
Di erences between the internet, intranet and extranet added relatively easily.
are as follows: Printer access can be given to wireless devices.
The internet is a global network, whereas an
intranet/extranet is a private network contained within Disadvantages:
an organization
The strength of their signals can be a ected by obstacles
The use of the internet covers a wide range of
such as walls.
purposes, whereas an intranet/extranet is designed
Speeds can be a ected by high-tra c areas.
for speci c users and purposes.
It can sustain interference from other devices which can
Much information is publicly available, whereas an
a ect performance and connectivity.
intranet/extranet is not.
Can be vulnerable to security threats due to signal
The Internet is not owned solely by one person or
interception.
organization, whereas the organization usually owns
intranets/extranets. 3. Wide Area Networks (WAN): is formed by several
LANs connected through a router. It is expensive.
Network Types However, it comes with a more enhanced security.
Additional hardware is needed for a WAN: Routers,
1. Local Area Network (LAN): networks usually contained modems, and proxy servers.
within a single building or small geographical location.
It is made up of hubs and/or switches, which will Advantages:
connect several devices together. One hub or switch
commonly connects to a router, allowing LAN Provide the ability to connect geographically dispersed
connectivity to other outside networks such as the locations, such as o ces in di erent cities or countries.
Internet. O er the exibility to scale up or down based on the
organisation's needs.
Advantages: Administrators can monitor and manage the network
infrastructure from a single location.
Allows centralized management of updates, backups and
software installations. Disadvantages:
Can secure its devices with the use of rewalls, antivirus
software and other security features to prevent Setting up and maintaining a WAN can be expensive,
unauthorized access. especially compared to LANs.
A LAN allows users on the network to share resources Cover larger distances and rely on public networks or
such as printers and other peripherals. leased lines, which can introduce latency and a ect

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performance. 4. Smart Cards: Smart cards are portable devices with

WANs are subject to the reliability and availability of integrated circuits to store and process data. They are
external service providers. used for authentication, identi cation, and secure
transactions in various applications such as banking,
4.2. Network Issues and telecommunications, and access control.
5. Physical Tokens: It is a type of authentication that
Communication takes the shape of a solid object. The user
demonstrates ownership of the token through
Connection to a network exposes a user to: interaction with a login system. Physical tokens have
Hacking: Unauthorized access given to the computer. embedded clocks that create one-time passwords
This can lead to identity theft or the misuse of (OTPs) when a PIN and other authentication
personal information. information are entered.
Phishing: Phishing involves getting sensitive 6. Electronic Tokens are applications that users install on
information, such as usernames, passwords, and their hardware, such as smartphones. Say a person
credit card details, for malicious reasons by mimicking wants to access a website on a tablet computer. To
a reliable webpage on the network access this website, users must rst authenticate
Pharming: This is malicious code installed on a user’s themselves using electronic tokens. The user has
computer or a web server; the code will redirect the already set up the electronic token app with their
user to a fake website without their knowledge (the smartphone. The user launches the app on their
user doesn’t have to take any action, unlike phishing). smartphone when the website asks them to verify
Viruses: Program code that replicates (copies itself) to their identity. The program creates an OTP that is only
delete or corrupt les and cause the computer to good for a short period of time.
malfunction
Anti-malware Software
Passwords
Anti-malware software is designed to protect devices
It is a common form of security often accompanied by a against viruses and malicious software. It has 3 primary
username or email address. purposes: detect, prevent and remove malicious software.
It is installed onto a computer system and will operate in
There are many ways to enhance the security of your
the background.
password, such as the following:
Ensure that the password is changed regularly in case Standard features of Anti-Malware software include the
it has been obtained illegally or accidentally following:
Ensure that the password uses a combination of
uppercase, lowercase, numbers and special Comparing the scanned les against an extensive
characters to make the password more di cult to database of known threats
guess. Real-time scanning
iloveict is a weak password Regular updates to gather an up-to-date list of known
1lov3ICT# is a strong password threats
Anti-spyware software can be run regularly to ensure that Quarantine of infected les
your information, including your password, is not passed Quarantining les allows threats to be automatically
to an unauthorized third-party user. deleted.
Allows the user to determine if the le is a legitimate
Other Authentication Methods threat and not a false positive.

1. Zero login: A security concept that eliminates Heuristic Checking: Instead of relying solely on a database of
traditional login methods, such as usernames and known viruses, this method looks for behavioural patterns
passwords, using biometrics or other authentication and other features in a le to identify possible risks.
factors for seamless and password-less access.
2. Biometric Recognition: These authentication methods Electronic Conferencing
use unique physical or behavioural characteristics,
such as ngerprints, iris scans, or voice recognition, to 1. Video Conferencing: It is a form of audio and video
verify a person's identity. communication. It serves as a stand-in for face-to-face
3. Magnetic Stripes: These are authentication features meetings between several persons who may reside
on cards storing data magnetically. They enable abroad or in another region of the country. It utilizes a
secure identi cation and authorization by containing network in some way and is done in real-time.
encoded information that magnetic stripe readers can The basic hardware includes:
read.
webcams,

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large monitors/television screens, Heavily relies on technology, and technical issues such as
microphones, poor audio quality, background noise, or connectivity
speakers. problems are common.

The software used are: 3. Web Conferencing:

Web conferencing, often known as webinars or
Webcam and microphone software drivers webcasts, makes use of the Internet to enable
CODEC (coder and de-coder) conference calls. This system makes use of numerous
Echo cancellation software computers that are interconnected over the internet. It
operates in real-time, just like video conferencing, and
Advantages:
enables the following meeting types:
It is much easier to access important documents or bring » business meetings to discuss new ideas
in ‘experts’ at key parts of the conference. » presentations
It is possible to hold conferences at short notice. » online education or training.
Reduced travelling costs.
Advantages:
There is no need to pay for hotel accommodation or
venue hire. Allows participants to see each other through video,
Reduces the cost of taking people away from work for two providing a more immersive and engaging experience
or three days to travel. than audio conferencing.
Using video conferencing is better than having delegates Often o er screen sharing capabilities, enabling
travel to potentially unsafe places worldwide. participants to share presentations, documents, or other
visual content in real-time.
Disadvantages:
Often provide features like chat, polling, hand raising, and
Potential time lag in responses/delays when talking. Q&A sessions, fostering interactivity and engagement
Images can jerk. among participants.
It is very expensive to set up in the rst place.
Disadvantages:
Problems if the delegates live in di erent countries with
large time zone di erences. Heavily relies on internet connectivity and technical
Requires IT knowledge to some extent. infrastructure.
It's not the best for people who consider travelling a job They can be susceptible to distractions and multitasking.
perk. It often has various features and settings that participants
Completely reliant on stable internet connections. need to familiarize themselves with, especially if they are
new to the platform.
2. Audio Conferencing: Meetings held using audio
(sound) technology are called audio conferencing. The
normal telephone network can be used for audio
conferencing, frequently called a phone conference.
5. The E ects of Using IT
The hardware required is: 5.1. Microprocessor-Controlled Devices
a computer (with built-in microphones and speakers)
A microprocessor-driven labour-saving machine enables
external microphone and/or speakers
users to focus on other activities while the machine
an internet phone
completes its work. The second generation of devices
a standard phone.
containing microprocessors is more user-friendly and has
Advantages: more functionality, such as "intelligent tuning" in
television sets.
Allows participants to join meetings from any location.
Eliminates the need for travel expenses, such as Advantages of microprocessor-controlled labor-saving
transportation, accommodation, and meals. devices:
Saves time by eliminating travel time and allowing
no need to do manual tasks at home
meetings to be scheduled and conducted quickly.
more time for leisure activities
Disadvantages: no need to stay home while chores are being done
web-enabled devices allow devices to be switched on or
Lacks the visual aspect of face-to-face meetings, which o while the owner is out
can hinder communication. automated burglar alarms give a higher sense of security
It can limit interaction and engagement compared to in- and well-being
person or video conferencing.

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smart fridges and freezers prevent food waste by keeping Uses:

track of products’ expiry, availability, etc.
monitoring tra c on motorways
Disadvantages of microprocessor-controlled labor-saving congestion zone monitoring
devices: automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
automatic tra c light control
unhealthy lifestyle due to inactivity caused by devices air tra c control systems
doing all tasks railway signalling systems
tend to make people lazy
potential deskilling Advantages of transport monitoring and control systems:
any device containing a microprocessor and can
communicate using the internet displays a threat of smart motorways keep updating according to changing
cybersecurity breaches tra c conditions
more e cient
General advantages of using a microprocessor-controlled tra c o ences can be remotely penalized using ANPR
device: car thefts can be spotted using ANPR
minimizes human errors, reducing the rate of accidents
save energy due to being e cient, as well as turning o
after inactivity Disadvantages:
can be easier 'programming' these devices to perform
tasks rather than turning knobs and pressing buttons If a hacker breaches security, the vehicle could be
manually controlled by them.
The system might come to a halt if it malfunctions.
General disadvantages of microprocessor-controlled devices: Systems with a poor design could compromise safety.
The easy tracking of harmless people's movements is
lead to more wasteful devices made possible by ANPR equipment. Who can access such
can be more complex to operate for technophobes data?
leaving devices on standby is wasteful
Autonomous vehicles in transport
Data Security Issues To properly execute their activities, autonomous cars require
sensors, cameras, actuators, microprocessors (along with
Any home appliance managed remotely could provide very complex algorithms). Automobile control systems can
hackers access to your personal information. These devices accomplish essential tasks by sensing information from
frequently have default (or no) password settings, which cameras and ultrasonics.
makes it simple for attackers to get sensitive information. For Consider an autonomous vehicle approaching a set of red-
instance, it is easy to discover holiday dates by hacking into a lighting tra c signals.
central heating controller (or the software used to interface
with it), making a home an obvious target for break-ins. It is The vehicle's control system must rst recognize the road
likely for a hacker to obtain important information, such as sign before consulting the database to determine the
credit card numbers, if the refrigerator or freezer appropriate action.
automatically orders goods from a retailer. The CPU must instruct the actuators to apply the brakes
and put the gear in "park" since the tra c light is red.
Social Interactions The light must be continuously watched until it turns
green.
The positive aspects include: After that, the CPU will again tell the actuators to engage
rst gear, let go of the brakes, and open the throttle
easier to make new friends using chat rooms (accelerator).
easier to nd people who share similar interests/hobbies
less expensive to keep in touch using VoIP technology. Advantages of an autonomous car, bus, or van:

The negative aspects include: safer due to the removal of human error
due to the more e cient operation of vehicles, it is better
people do not meet face-to-face as much (social isolation) for the environment
a lack of social interaction may make people more reduced tra c congestion
anxious about meeting people in real life increased lane capacity
When communicating online, people can act less politely reduced travel times
or more harshly, and cybercrime is a serious issue, stress-free parking for motorists
especially for teenagers.
Disadvantages:
Monitoring and Controlling Transport
very high installation prices

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driver and passenger reluctance of the new technology Cause: due to prolonged use of monitors
reduction in taxi requirements could lead to Minimizing health risks: use adjustable chairs, footrests, and
unemployment tiltable screens.
maintenance of the sensors and cameras is crucial 3. Eyestrain: strain and fatigue, unwanted harm to vision.
the ever-present fear of hacking into the vehicle’s control Cause: due to bad lighting and prolonged screen usage.
system Minimizing health risks: use LCDs instead of CRTs, take
regular breaks, use anti-glare screens, and do regular eye
Advantages of an autonomous train: testing.
4. Headaches: pain or discomfort in the head or face area.
improved punctuality
Cause: incorrect lighting, screen re ections, ickering
reduced running costs due to fewer sta
screens, etc.
no human error
Minimizing health risks: use anti-glare screens, take regular
minimized energy consumption
breaks, regular eye-testing.
possible to increase the frequency of trains as the
5. Ozone irritation: in ammation and irritation of the tissues
possibility of delays is removed
lining human airways
more straightforward to update changes in train
Cause: inhalation of ozone released by laser printers in an
schedules
o ce.
Disadvantages: Minimizing health risks: proper ventilation, laser printers
should be housed in a separate room, replace laser printers
fear of the system being hacked into with inkjet printers, if possible.
initial instalment costs are very high
ensuring passenger behaviour is vital, especially during
rush hours. 6. ICT Applications
human reluctance to new technology
without drivers, CCTV monitoring will be continuously
required
6.1. Communication

Advantages of autonomous aeroplanes: Newsletters and posters

improvement in passenger comfort Paper-based communication is used to inform people

reduced running costs, fewer sta about their interests
as most accidents are due to pilot-induced errors, safety Schools use these to inform parents about events/dates
is improved Advantages
improved aerodynamics as an outcome of the removal of Released regularly
the cockpit The recipients have a permanent copy
Disadvantages
Disadvantages: Requires distribution
There are no special e ects, sound/video/animation
security aspects due to the absence of pilots
There are printing costs, paper/ink
emergencies may be challenging to deal with
The targeted audience may or may not receive the
hacking into the system
information
passenger reluctance
software glitches can be catastrophic
Websites

5.2. Potential Health Problems related Collection of webpages, text, graphics, video, and sound
Hosted on a web server on the internet
to the Prolonged use of IT Equipment
Need to write code or use a web authoring application
Long-term exposure to computing devices may a ect user Hyperlinks to other pages can be added
Interactive websites require programming knowledge
well-being.
Can use a camera, scanner, and microphone to input data
Mentioned below are some of the health issues,
accompanied by their causes and prevention tactics: Usually, hire space from the web hosting company
1. Repetitive strain injury (RSI): A condition a ecting the Advantages
Ability to add sound/video/animation
muscles and nerves
Links to other websites/hyperlinks
Cause: repetitive movements and overuse of muscles, such
The use of hot spots
as wrists
Minimizing health risks: regular breaks, ergonomic Buttons to navigate/move around the website
Hit counters to see who has visited the websites
equipment, correct typing techniques.
2. Back and neck strain: Back pain and other related issues. worldwide advertising capability
Disadvantages

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Can be hacked and modi ed, or viruses introduced Advantages

Need for a computer and internet connection aid portability
Lack of portability compared with the paper-based they are often more a ordable than paperback books.
system O er interactive elements that enhance the reading
Need to maintain the website once it is set up experience.
Disadvantages
Multimedia Presentations reading from an electronic device for a prolonged
time can cause eyestrain
Uses a mixture of media to present information: ePublications lack the tactile experience and physical
animations, video, sound, transitions, hyperlinks presence that some readers enjoy
Produced using software packages compatibility issues can arise if the ePublications is in
Used with a projector so a large audience can view a format that is not supported by the reader's device
Advantages or software
Use of sound and animation/video e ects
Interactive/hyperlinks built into presentations Mobile Communication
More likely to hold the audience’s attention
Disadvantages Mobile devices support many forms of communication, such
Need for special equipment – expensive as:
It may require internet access 1. Short message service (SMS) messaging: permits
Distracts the audience from the sole content of the extremely quick communication with another person via
presentation typing on a keyboard (a mobile phone or tablet's keyboard is
It is very easy to make a presentation with too many frequently virtual). Its bene t is that the recipient can get the
features text whenever they choose without being available.
2. Phone calls: Making calls while on the go is among the
Media streaming most fundamental applications of a mobile phone. Mobile
phones are the perfect method to stay in correspondence
Real-time transition of audio and video les over the anywhere there is a network signal because they are
internet compact and have an independent battery.
allows users to access content without downloading it to 3. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): a communication
their devices technique for Internet users. VoIP transforms sound captured
popular services include Spotify, YouTube, and social by the built-in mic of the cell phone into individual data
media websites packets that may be transmitted via the internet to their
uses bu ering, which makes sure the video plays back intended recipient.
smoothly without freezing. While the bu er receives data 4. Video calls: enables real-time video conversing between
packets, it sends previously received ones to the playback multiple participants with a camera-enabled device. Uses an
device so that there are no gaps in the played data internet connection or cellular data. Software that may be
Advantages used for video calling includes FaceTime, Skype, and Zoom.
Users can access any information at any time and 5. Accessing the Internet: Another helpful feature is accessing
from any location the net from a mobile device. Any mobile device with a
O ers an extensive library of content wireless broadband connection or a mobile phone network
Compared to traditional cable or satellite TV can link to the internet.
subscriptions, media streaming can be more cost-
e ective
6.2. Modelling Applications
Disadvantages
Heavily relies on a stable and high-speed internet
Advantages of using models:
connection.
Not all content is available on every streaming using models is less expensive than having to build the
platform due to licensing agreements and exclusivity real thing
deals. safer to use a computer model
You don’t own the media when streaming media, so if allows you to try out various di erent scenarios in
the streaming service removes a movie or a TV show advance
from its library, it may no longer be accessible to you. nearly impossible to try out some tasks in advance in real
life due to high risk
ePublications faster to use a computer model than to do the real thing

digital versions of printed materials, such as eBooks, Disadvantages of using models:

eMagazines, and eNewspapers.
It can be read on electronic devices. a model can’t be completely reliant as the output is
entirely based on the input

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frequently, computer modelling can be a very costly potential gaps or inaccuracies in the analysis.
option Based on assumptions and simpli cations, introducing
human reluctance is a common problem in this a level of uncertainty.
technology Their programmed algorithms and data inputs bind
models. They may struggle to adapt to unforeseen
Some of the applications of computer modelling include: circumstances or rapidly changing conditions that
1. Personal nance: Computer modelling involves using humans can more readily navigate and respond to.
mathematical algorithms and data analysis to simulate
various nancial scenarios, such as investment strategies,
retirement planning, and risk assessment, aiding individuals
6.3. Computer-controlled Systems
in making informed decisions and optimizing their nancial
Robotics in manufacturing: involves using automated
goals.
machines to perform tasks such as assembly, welding,
2. Bridge and building design: Computer modelling is crucial
and packaging. These robots are designed to mimic
in bridge and building design. It allows engineers to simulate
human actions with precision and speed, increasing
and analyze structural behaviour, assess load capacities, and
productivity and quality control. They o er bene ts like
predict the response to external forces. It aids in optimizing
enhanced worker safety, improved e ciency, and the
designs, ensuring structural integrity, and minimizing
ability to handle repetitive tasks, revolutionizing the
potential risks before construction begins.
manufacturing industry.
3. Flood water management: Computer modelling plays a
Advantages:
vital role in ood water management by simulating water ow
can work in environments that may be harmful to
behaviour, predicting ood extents, and assessing potential
humans
ood risks. It helps design and optimise ood mitigation
can work non-stop
measures, such as levees and oodplain zoning, allowing
low running costs, majorly due to reduced employees;
authorities to make informed decisions, develop e ective
thus less wages need to be given
emergency response plans, and minimize the impact of
have higher productivity
ooding on communities.
provide greater consistency
4. Tra c management: Computer modelling simulates and
can do long, boring, tedious tasks
analyses tra c ow, predicts congestion patterns, and
can carry out di erent tasks by tting them with
optimises tra c control strategies. It aids in designing
di erent-end e ectors
e cient road networks, optimizing signal timings, and
Disadvantages:
evaluating the impact of transportation infrastructure
robots nd it di cult to do unusual tasks
projects. This enables authorities to make informed
can cause higher unemployment
decisions, alleviate congestion, and improve overall tra c
robots do many of the tasks once done by humans,
e ciency for better urban mobility.
leading to deskilling
5. Weather forecasting: Computer modelling plays a pivotal
robots are independent of the skills base; factory
role in weather forecasting by simulating the Earth's
headquarters can be moved internationally
atmosphere, oceanic conditions, and other environmental
initial set-up and maintenance of robots can be
factors. These models use complex algorithms to predict
expensive
weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, wind
Production line control: Computer-controlled systems in
speed, and storm systems. By assimilating real-time data,
production line control involve using computers and
computer models provide forecasts that aid meteorologists in
software to monitor, coordinate, and optimize
predicting weather conditions, issuing warnings, and helping
manufacturing processes. These systems ensure e cient
society prepare for potential hazards.
coordination of machinery, manage inventory, track
Advantages of using computer modelling rather than production metrics, and automate tasks. They enable
humans: real-time data analysis, error detection, and adjustment,
It can provide more precise and accurate results than improving productivity, reducing downtime, and
human-based methods, minimizing errors and enhancing overall operational e ciency in the production
increasing reliability. line.
Can analyze large amounts of data and perform Autonomous vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones guided
complex calculations faster than humans by computer algorithms.
It can be reused and updated easily, reducing the enhance safety
need for repetitive manual analysis and potentially reduce tra c congestion
lowering costs in the long run. increase fuel e ciency
Disadvantages of using computer modelling rather than Advantages of using computer-controlled systems rather
humans: than humans:
It may overlook nuanced factors or intangible increased e ciency and productivity
elements that humans can consider, leading to greater consistency
ability to work in any environment

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reduced human error The use of computer-based technologies to help

can work with large or delicate items students acquire academic material is known as
Disadvantages of using computer-controlled systems computer-aided learning (CAL). They are meant to
rather than humans: supplement classroom instruction, not serve its
very high instalment costs purpose. Students will take online assessments to
very high maintenance costs track their progress while learning on computers.
dependency on reliable Although CAL cannot consistently assist a student with
lack of exibility an issue, in certain circumstances, students would
requires costly backup systems need to get other aid.

6.4. School Management Systems 6.5. Booking Systems

Computer-controlled School Management Systems: These web-based platforms and applications allow users to
Comprehensive software applications that automate reserve and purchase tickets or services for various events
administrative tasks, such as attendance tracking, grading, and industries. Some of the applications for online bookings
scheduling, and student information management, improving include:
educational institutions' e ciency, accuracy, and 1. Travel industry: Booking ights, hotels, and holiday
organization. packages provides a convenient platform for travellers to
plan and book their trips.
Advantages: 2. Concerts: Reserving tickets for live music events allows
Absenteeism can be addressed more quickly. music fans to secure their spot at popular concerts.
Parents are kept updated. 3. Cinemas: Booking movie tickets in advance enables
Reduced workload for teachers. cinema-goers to reserve seats and avoid queues.
Disadvantages: 4. Sporting events: Purchasing tickets for sports matches and
Operating the software will require training. competitions o ers sports enthusiasts an easy way to attend
The initial cost of the software is very high. their favourite events.
Unauthorized access will have to be prevented as
there is lot of personal information Advantages:
Learner registration and attendance convenience and accessibility
ID cards with magnetic tapes: The students will have instant con rmation and ticketing
to swipe their ID cards, which contain the student’s ability to compare prices and options
name, school’s name, date of birth and the promotions and personalized o ers
registration ID when they enter and leave the school; faster to change/update
this way, time is saved, and the attendance is more automated reminders via email/text
accurate. repeated bookings can be easily made
Biometrics: Every student’s ngerprint is stored on a cost-saving as there are fewer wages due to reduced
database along with their personal information, the sta requirements
students must put their nger on a ngerprint scanner Disadvantages:
to enter or leave the school premises. potential for technical issues
Advantages of biometrics over magnetic ID cards possible security and privacy concerns
Unique ngerprints disable attendance forgery transaction and booking fees
Portability makes them easy to lose impersonal customer service
Easy to be stolen due to small size dependent on a stable internet connection
ID cards can be easily cloned can lead to unemployment
Disadvantages of biometrics over magnetic ID cards
It is time-consuming for all ngerprints to be 6.6. Banking Applications
individually collected
Expensive equipment is required to read ngerprints Online banking systems depend on the ability to update
If the nger is cut/damaged, the ngerprint won’t be les instantly to avoid double scheduling, which might
readable, and access will be denied. occur if the system reaction time is slow.
There is an invasion of privacy in storing ngerprints The use of computer technology has revolutionized how
on a school database. we do our banking transactions, for example:
Learner’s performance Internet banking
Spreadsheets can be used to record students’ The use of automated teller machines (ATMs)
performances. It is easier to compare each other’s Chip and PIN technology
performances and an individual student’s
performance over the academic year. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)
Computer-aided learning

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Automated teller machines (ATMs) are places where technology. The system depends on electronic money
customers can get cash (or carry out certain other banking transfers between accounts; no cash is moved. The computer
activities, such as ordering a statement) using their credit or system automatically moves the requested amount from one
debit card. account to another when it receives an EFT command.
What goes on behind the
Sequence at ATM Advantages:
scenes
very secure payment method
Customer puts card into Contact is made with bank’s
very quick payment method
ATM computer
less expensive than cheques
PIN is checked to see if it is the customer has the right to dispute an EFT payment
correct for up to 60 days
Card is checked to see if it is Disadvantages:
PIN is entered using the valid the bank transaction can’t be reversed without full
keypad The transaction is closed if the dispute investigations
card is stolen or the number of customer needs to have funds available immediately
PIN attempts allowed is cannot guarantee the recipient’s identity
exceeded.
Several options are given: Credit/debit card transactions
change PIN, pay in cheques,
pay a bill, see balance, get Several credit/debit cards come with a magnetic stripe and a
money chip; the chip houses essential data like the PIN. This
technique is intended to increase security because it is
The customer selects the
superior to a signature. A chip and PIN card to make
cash option & several cash
purchases is an example of an electronic funds transfer (EFT).
options are shown
The customer’s account is Advantages of credit cards:
accessed to see if they have customer protection if ordered goods don’t arrive
su cient funds, it is checked to internationally accepted payment method
see if they are withdrawing interest-free loan if money is paid back within the
The customer accepts one of
more than their daily limit. agreed time period
the options or types in a
If the limit is not exceeded and can make purchases online
di erent amount
all other checks are OK, then Disadvantages of credit cards:
the transaction is authorized, can be charged high interest rates
and the machine then counts annual fees often apply
out the cash easy to end up with credit damage
The customer is asked if they security risks in online transactions
want a receipt Advantages of debit cards:
The card is returned money comes from the user’s current account, there
is no interest
Money is dispensed Customer’s account is updated
safer than carrying cash
can make online purchases
Advantages:
Disadvantages of debit cards:
possible to withdraw at any time of the day less customer protection if goods don’t arrive
o er many banking services without having to go to
no credit allowed; funds are needed at the time of
the bank
purchase
possible to access an account from anywhere in the
security risks in online transactions
world
usually provides quicker service than waiting in a Cheques
queue at a bank
Disadvantages: Individuals and organizations use cheques as a form of
often in places where theft can take place at night payment. When issuing a cheque, the payer writes the
potential for shoulder sur ng recipient's name, the payment amount, and the date on the
some banks charge customers for using ATMs cheque. The recipient then deposits or presents the cheque
cash withdrawal limits are often imposed on people to their bank for processing. The payer's bank veri es the
fund’s availability, and upon clearance, the speci ed amount
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): is transferred from the payer's account to the recipient's
account, completing the transaction.
It is possible to send money transfer instructions directly to a
bank's computer system via electronic funds transfer (EFT) Advantages:

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more convenient and safer than cash Arti cial blood vessels are synthetic structures
can be post-dated designed to mimic the function of natural blood
can be traced if they are lost vessels, facilitating the ow of blood and nutrients
Disadvantages: throughout the body to support tissue repair and
aren’t legal tender and can be refused regeneration.
slow method of payment Customized medicines are personalized drug
easier for fraudsters than other methods formulations tailored to individual patients' speci c
relatively expensive payment method needs. They utilize advanced technology and precise
measurements to create medications with accurate
Internet Banking dosages and unique compositions, optimizing
treatment outcomes.
Enable online access to banking services via a secure website
or app, allowing for transfers, bill payments, account
6.8. Expert Systems
management, and more.

Advantages: It is an AI-based computer program that emulates the

convenience and availability decision-making capabilities of human experts. It uses
easy account management knowledge and rules to provide accurate advice or solutions
branch visiting won’t be a requirement in a speci c domain.
interest rates may be better Examples include:
more accessible to shop around for the best account
Diagnostics
Disadvantages:
Mineral prospecting
security of transactions
Tax and nancial calculations
requires a reliable internet connection
Strategy games
More risk of fraud
Identi cation of plants, animals and chemical compounds
Easier to make errors
Route scheduling for delivery vehicles
Physical cash can't be deposited/withdrawn

6.7. Computers in Medicine

Information Systems in Medicine

Patient records: Healthcare professionals maintain

databases to communicate information between them
and pharmacists (for instance, to guarantee no
medications are administered that interact dangerously
with one another).
Pharmacy records: Pharmacy records maintain a
comprehensive record of patient prescriptions. This
includes details like the prescribed medication, dosage, Components of an Expert System
quantity dispensed, prescribing physician's information, 1. User Interface
and the date of dispensing. These records help track
medication usage and can be used to verify prescription This is the only thing that the end user sees
accuracy and detect potential drug interactions or Allows the user to interact with the system
allergies. Often requires training to operate e ectively

2. Explanation system
3D Printers
Informs the user of the reasoning behind the expert
Using 3D printers in medicine:
system’s conclusions
Prosthetics: 3D printers print out arti cial body parts
It will supply a conclusion and any suggested actions to
such as false teeth, arti cial limbs, hearing aids, etc.
take
This is a less expensive method of replacing body
It will also give the percentage probability of the accuracy
parts.
of its conclusions
Tissue engineering: it is the eld of combining cells,
biomaterials, and engineering principles to create 3. Inference engine
functional tissues or organs, aiming to repair or
replace damaged or diseased tissue in the human The main processing element of the system
body. It acts like a search engine examining the knowledge base

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Responsible for gathering information time, providing convenience and security for customers and
This is the problem-solving part of the system businesses during retail purchases.
Attempts to use information gathered from the user to The process of checking credit and debit cards at a
nd a matching object supermarket EFTPOS is much the same as was described for
paying a restaurant bill in Section 6.6.
4. Knowledge base Some functions of EFTPOS include:
It is a repository of facts Use of chip and PIN cards:
stores all the knowledge about an area of expertise Enhance security with two-factor authentication
a collection of objects and their attributes Require customers to enter a personal identi cation
number (PIN)
5. Rules base
Use of contactless cards:
The rules base is a set of inference rules. Allow for faster transactions
Used by the inference engine to draw conclusions Enable customers to tap their card on the terminal
They follow logical thinking Use of Near Field Communication (NFC):
Facilitate payments through smartphones and other
How an expert system is used to produce possible devices
solutions Increase convenience for customers
Communication between supermarket computers and
Below is an example of how an expert system works to bank computers:
diagnose a medical issue: Share transaction details securely
Enable instant payment processing and veri cation
The interactive screen asks questions for the doctor to
answer using a keyboard or a touch screen. Internet Shopping
The inference engine compares the symptoms with the
knowledge base, using the rule base to nd matches. Characteristics of Internet Shopping:
The system suggests the possible illness with a probability
of each, cures, and recommendations on the next step. Online stores accessible through web browsers
The explanation system will explain how that particular A wide variety of products and services are available
diagnosis was suggested. Convenient and often open 24/7

Advantages (To customer) :

6.9. Computers in the Retail Industry
access to the global market
Point of sale (POS) terminals: Computerized systems used at comparison between di erent products e ortlessly
checkout counters to handle purchases and oversee stock. It can shop from anywhere in the world
is extensively used in retail stores to process sales able to avoid queues and busy stores
transactions. They enable quick and secure payment
Advantages (To business) :
processing through various methods, including cash,
credit/debit cards, mobile payments, and digital wallets. POS can target prices and services based on buying data
terminals calculate totals, generate itemized receipts, update can update stock availability and prices more quickly than
inventory, and provide real-time sales data for e ective a physical store
business management. cheaper to publicize special o ers
international customer base
Some features include:
increased pro ts due to lower sta
update stock les immediately
track inventory levels in real-time Disadvantages ( To customer):
prevent stock discrepancies and ensure accurate
records security concerns
monitor inventory levels and reorder when stock is can’t correctly examine products before purchase
lower than a prede ned value occasionally, products may take weeks before being
streamline supply chain management and minimize delivered
stockouts additional shipping and handling costs
lack of face-to-face interaction with sta
Electronic funds transfer at Point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals:
Devices for processing electronic payments; they allow Disadvantages ( To business):
customers to make payments using debit or credit cards by
securely transferring funds from their bank accounts. EFTPOS increased competition
terminals authenticate and authorize transactions in real- digital fraud and security concerns
technical issues and downtime

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costs of delivery and return It can be used as a security system to prevent illegal
fake negative reviews can lead to a lousy company parking.
reputation It can be used to analyze driver behaviour.
It can be used in inner-city congestion charging
6.10. Recognition Systems systems.
Disadvantages:
1. Optical Mark recognition (OMR) media in schools: A lack of manned security car park surveillance could
lead to vandalism.
School registers: Paper-based registers are fed into OMR There could be an invasion of privacy due to recording
to be scanned and stored in a database. drivers’ number plates.
Multiple-choice examination papers: The position of a Damaged or very dirty number plates will not be
mark is stored in a computer’s memory after being read recognized.
by the OMR, a device using a template that maps out the The ANPR system only recognizes the number plate
X-Y coordinates of each tablet (pen/pencil mark). and not the car so that a car can be tted with a
Used at POS terminals for scanning and reading the cloned number plate, thus bypassing car park security,
information stored in barcodes. for example.
Many digital devices have OMR scanners, which may be
used to scan QR codes. 3. RFID in tracking stock:
Advantages:
Tracking of stock using RFID involves either tracking
very fast way of inputting the results of a survey
livestock (on a farm) or goods in a shop, supermarket, or
more accurate than keying in data
distribution centre.
more accurate than OCR methods
RFID in passports:
Disadvantages:
The data on the RFID chip is read when the passport is
designing the forms is a very complex job
scanned.
there can be problems if they haven’t been lled
Your photo is clicked and compared to the RFID chip
correctly
image.
often only work with black pens or pencils
If face recognition passes, some checks are made to
2. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) ensure you are eligible to enter the country, and if you
are, the gate opens automatically.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems: RFID in automobiles:
The sensor sends a signal to instruct a camera to Tags allow or deny access to parking in a secure,
capture an image of the front of the vehicle private car park.
An algorithm is used to locate and isolate the number RFID tags in lorries and delivery vans can be used at
plate from the image taken by the camera. weigh stations to ensure the vehicle is not carrying too
The brightness and contrast of the number plate are much weight.
rst adjusted. Each character on the number plate is RFID tags can be used on a car production line to track
then segmented. its progress through assembly.
Each character is then recognized using OCR RFID in contactless payments:
software. The characters are converted into a string of The embedded chip on credit/debit cards and the
editable text by the software. antenna enable customers to wave their card over a
This text string is then stored in a database. reader at the point of sale terminals to make
A barrier is raised, and the motorist is issued with a payments
ticket. The ticket shows the date and time of entering Smartphone apps can also be used to make
the car park. contactless payments.
When the car returns to the car park, they insert their Advantages:
ticket into a machine that calculates their charges and No line-of-sight contact is necessary.
registers the payment into the database. It is a very robust and reliable technology.
Advantages: Tags are much more di cult to forge than barcodes.
Used to automatically monitor the average speed of RFID tags can reduce the number of sta needed in,
vehicles over a stretch of road. for example, a warehouse because tracking items is
There is no need to employ a car park or security automatic (thus reducing costs).
guards. It provides a very fast read rate.
It's a much faster system than checking a ticket at the It allows bi-directional data transfer.
exit. Bulk detection is possible.
It can automatically control the entry and exit to a car Disadvantages:
park or private roads. Tag collision is when the signals from two or more
tags overlap, interfering with each other.

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Because RFID uses radio waves, they are relatively Satellite Navigation (satnav):
easy to jam or interrupt.
It is relatively easy to hack into the data/signal Used to determine the exact location of a car.
transmitted by the tag. The computers onboard can be used to show directions to
The initial cost of an RFID system is more expensive a destination.
than a comparable barcode system.
Advantages:
4. Near Field Communication (NFC):
Better focus as there isn’t a need to constantly check
Enables short-range wireless communication between paper maps.
devices. Reduces nes by warning drivers about upcoming speed
Allows payment using a smartphone. changes.
Advantages: The system shows an Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA).
Convenient and secure method of payment It is possible to program in the fastest route to avoid
allows for contactless transactions towns.
Disadvantages: The system can also give helpful information such as the
Limited range location of petrol stations.
compatibility issues with some devices
Disadvantages:
5. Biometric recognition:
If the maps are not updated, they can give incorrect
Usually refers to automated technologies for instructions.
authenticating and verifying human body characteristics Road closures due to accidents or roadworks can cause
such as face, iris, retina, nger, thumb, hand and voice. problems.
Advantages: The loss of satellite signals can cause problems.
very high accuracy The system will give incorrect information if an incorrect
very easy to use start-point or end-point is keyed in.
very fast veri cation time
non-intrusive method Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
relatively inexpensive technology
Used to capture, manage, analyze, and display
Disadvantages:
geographically referenced information.
it can make mistakes if the skin is dirty or damaged
Use to determine the distance between two places.
very expensive to install and set up
Used to nd the nearest petrol station or restaurant, etc.
uses a lot of memory for the data to be stored
To protect animal and plant life in certain vulnerable
a person’s voice can be quickly recorded and used for
places.
unauthorized access
It can be used in geography, science, or engineering
an illness, such as a cold, can change a person’s voice,
lessons.
making absolute identi cation di cult or impossible
Advantages:
6.11. Satellite Systems
Allows geographical and thematic data of any kind to be
combined to show how they are connected to each other.
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
It allows the handling and exploration of vast amounts of
Used to determine the exact location of several modes of data.
transport It allows data to be integrated from a wide range of very
Cars usually refer to GPS as satellite navigation systems di erent sources.
Satellites surrounding the Earth transmit signals to the
Disadvantages:
surface
Computers installed in the mode of transport receive and The learning curve on GIS software can be very long.
interpret these signals GIS software is very expensive.
Knowing their position on the Earth depends on very GIS requires enormous amounts of data to be input.
accurate timing – atomic clocks are used in the satellites, It isn't easy to make GIS programs that are both fast and
which are accurate to within a fraction of a second per user-friendly.
day
Each satellite transmits data indicating its position & time Media Communication Systems
The computer on board the mode of transport calculates
its exact position based on the information from at least Using satellite signals for communication.
three satellites Used by media companies when sending
stories/videos/pictures from remote locations.

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Advantages: set of predetermined questions is given to the users to

complete and give their opinion on the current system
They have good global coverage. it is majorly used in collecting data from a larger
They are cheaper, faster, and safer than laying cables in group of people
di cult or treacherous terrain. Advantages: allows for quantitative analysis, e cient
They have very high bandwidth. data collection, questions can be answered quickly
It is relatively easy to expand the network. Disadvantages: limited by predetermined questions,
Security in satellite transmission is very good because may su er from low response rates, users may
data is coded, and the receiver requires decoding exaggerate answers due to anonymity
equipment. Examination of existing documents:
During emergency situations, it is relatively easy to move reviewing system documentation, user guides, or
stations on the ground from one place to another. reports
They are well-suited for broadcasting. understanding the current system's design and any
Enable mobile communication in very remote locations. known issues
Advantages: provides insights into the system's
Disadvantages:
history, can reveal previously unknown issues
There is a time delay in receipt of the signals. Disadvantages: it may be outdated, incomplete, time-
The signals received can be a ected by bad weather. consuming, and rather expensive.
Sunspot activity can a ect the performance of a satellite.
They must be monitored and controlled regularly to Record and Analyse Information about the Current
remain in the correct orbit. System

Identifying key aspects of the current system

7. System’s Life Cycle
Data inputted, processed, and outputted into the system
are identi ed.
7.1. Analysis Problems with the current system are identi ed. What
could be improved?
Stages of Analysis: The requirements of the user and the potential new
system are identi ed. What is the new system meant to
1. Analysis
do?
2. Design
Problems: issues that users face with the current system
3. Development & Testing
User requirements: what needs to be added to the new
4. Implementation
system
5. Documentation
Information requirements: data or information the new
6. Evaluation
system must process

Analysis of the Current System New System Requirements Speci cation:

• Once the systems analysts have completed the systems life
The current system is studied using four di erent
cycle analysis stage, they should be fully aware of the current
methodologies. These are the four techniques:
system's limitations.
Observation: • The next step will be to design a new system (normally
involves watching users interact with the system to computer-based) to resolve the problems identi ed by the
gure out its workings users and the systems analyst.
it is used for understanding how users interact with • The Requirements Speci cation will be created, outlining the
the current system required improvements and expectations for the new system.
Advantages: provides rst-hand, unbiased information
Disadvantages: can be time-consuming, may not System Speci cation
reveal all issues
Hardware and Software Selection
Interviews:
direct one-to-one conversations with users on their It is vital to identify the suitable hardware needed for the
experience with the current system new system
used to gather comprehensive information about contemplating system requirements, compatibility,
individual users costs
Advantages: allows for in-depth exploration of issues justifying choices based on user needs and system
Disadvantages: relatively expensive, time-consuming, performance
no user-anonymity, which may a ect the response Hardware that needs to be considered:
Questionnaires: barcode readers,

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scanners, It is a method of examining data submitted to a computer to

touch screens, determine if it meets speci c requirements. It is a routine
3D printers, check that the computer does as part of its programming.
monitors, 1. Range check: ensures data is within a speci ed range of
speakers. values
Identifying suitable software needed for the new system 2. Character check: ensures data contains only allowed
considering functionality, compatibility, and ease of characters
use 3. Length check: ensures data is of a speci ed length
justifying choices based on user requirements and 4. Type check: ensures data is of the correct data type
system e ciency 5. Format check: ensures data conforms to a speci c format
Software that needs to be considered: 6. Presence check: ensures data is present and not left blank
operating system, 7. Check digit: a digit added to a number to verify its accuracy
applications software,
size of storage, 7.3. Development and Testing
type of storage.
Guarantees the system's functionality before it is put into
7.2. Design use.
Identi cation and removal of errors, thus improving
Once the analysis has taken place and the systems analyst system reliability and performance.
has some idea of the scale of the problem and what needs to
be done, the next stage is to design the critical parts of the Test Designs
recommended system.
Test data structures, le structures, input formats, output
File/Data Structures formats, and validation routines
Ensure all components function correctly and interact
Field length: number of characters allowed in a eld seamlessly
Field name: an identi er for the eld in the data structure
Data type: speci es the kind of data that can be stored in Test Strategies
a eld, e.g., text, numbers, dates
Coding of data: using codes to represent data, e.g. M for Test each module: verify individual components function
male, F for female as intended
Test each function: ensure all features work correctly
Input Formats Test the whole system: con rm overall system
performance and integration
Data capture forms: These are designed to collect data
from users in a structured format. They come in two Test Plan
types: paper-based and electronic-based. Paper-based
data-capturing forms must be carefully designed with Test data: speci c data used for testing purposes
headings, concise instructions, character and information Expected outcomes: predicted results based on test data
elds, checkboxes, and enough writing space. Text boxes, Actual outcomes: results obtained from testing
on-screen help, drop-down menus, radio buttons, Remedial action: steps taken to x identi ed issues
automatic validation, and control buttons for data entry
are all features of computer-based forms. Test Data Types
Consider a user-friendly layout, clear instructions, and
appropriate data elds. The following data types will be explained using the example
of months in a year.
Output Formats
Normal data: valid and expected data values within the
range of acceptability have an expected outcome. E.g.,
Screen layouts: how information is presented to users on
any whole number between 1 and 12.
a screen
Abnormal data: invalid or unexpected data values. This
Report layouts: how information is organized in a printed
can either be:
or digital report
Data outside the range of acceptability or
Consider readability, visual appeal, and e cient use of
Data that is the wrong data type
space
In this case, examples could be…
any value less than 1 (i.e. 0, -6, etc.)
Validation Routines
any value greater than 12 (i.e. 13, 15, etc.)
letters or nun-numeric data (i.e. July, etc.)

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non-integral values (i.e. 3.5, 4.2, etc.) Disadvantages

Extreme data: values at the limits of acceptability (E.g. 1 Slower implementation
or 12) potential inconsistencies
confusion as there are two systems in use
What is live data? There is no backup for the department/center/branch
using the new system
Data that has been used with the current system
Hence, the results are already known 4. Phased Implementation

The new system is implemented in stages, with each

7.4. Implementation stage replacing a part of the old system
Used when a gradual transition is preferred to minimize
The system must then be fully implemented after it has been disruption
thoroughly tested. Advantages
We will now think more carefully about switching to the new reduced risk
system. Four popular techniques are utilized to transition easier to manage
from the old system to the new one. Disadvantages
Before selecting the approach best suited for a given Takes longer
application, the pros and cons of each must be carefully potential compatibility issues
considered.

4 Methods of Implementation 7.5. Documentation

1. Direct changeover: In the life cycle of a system, documentation enables the

correct recording of design, implementation, testing, and
The old system is replaced by the new system maintenance data, facilitating e ective communication,
immediately troubleshooting, and potential future improvements.
Used when quick implementation is necessary Technical documentation: detailed information on the
Advantages system's inner workings and programming for developers
fast implementation and IT sta
cost-e ective as only one system is in operation
Disadvantages Used to maintain, repair, and update the system with
High risk of failure improvements
no fallback
Purpose of the system/program: Explanation of the
users can’t be trained on the new system
system's intended function and goals
2. Parallel Running Limitations: Known constraints or issues with the system
Program listing: The code or scripts used in the system
Both current and new systems run simultaneously for a Program language: The programming language used to
period before the old system is phased out develop the system
Used when a smooth transition with minimal risk is Program owcharts/algorithms: Visual representations or
required descriptions of the system's logic and processes
Advantages System owcharts: Visual representations of the
Lower risk interactions between system components
easy system comparison Hardware & software requirements: Necessary
Disadvantages equipment and software to run the system
Time-consuming File structures: Organization and layout of the system's
resource-intensive les and data
List of variables: Collection of variables used within the
3. Pilot Running
system, including their names and purposes
Input format: Structure and format for entering data into
The new system is implemented in a small, controlled
the system
environment before full-scale implementation
Output format: Structure and format for presenting data
Used when testing the new system in a real-world setting
generated by the system
Advantages
Sample runs/test runs: Examples of system operation,
Low risk as only trialled in one
including input and expected output
department/centre/branch
Validation routines: Techniques used to check and con rm
allows for ne-tuning
the accuracy of data entered into the system
sta have time to train with the new system
few errors as it's fully tested
User Documentation

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Instruction and guidance for end-users on how to operate the Evaluate the Ease of Use
system. Used to help users e ectively use the system and
overcome problems Look at the solution's usability and accessibility for the
target market. Check to see if the system is simple to
Purpose of the system: Explanation of the system's understand and use and if users have no trouble
intended function and goals completing their jobs.
Limitations: Known constraints or issues with the system Describe the user interface and how it facilitates
Hardware & software requirements: Necessary interaction with the system
equipment and software to run the system Mention any feedback from users regarding their
Loading/running/installing software: Instructions for experience with the system and address any issues
setting up the system on user devices they encountered
Saving les: Procedures for storing data within the system Questions to ask:
Printing data: Steps to produce hard copies of system Are all the users able to use the system and make
data bookings easily?
Adding records: Instructions for creating new entries in Are all the users able to change and cancel bookings
the system easily?
Deleting/editing records: Guidelines for modifying or Can all sta understand how to use the system with
removing existing entries in the system minimal training?
Input format: Structure and format for entering data into
the system Determine the Suitability of the Solution
Output format: Structure and format for presenting data
generated by the system Examine how well the implemented solution satis es the
Sample runs: Examples of system operation, including desired outcome by contrasting it with the original task
input and expected output criteria.
Error messages: Explanations of system warnings and Outline the initial objectives of the system and discuss
error noti cations how the solution addresses each one
Error handling: Steps to resolve issues and errors within Highlight any requirements that may not have been
the system fully met and discuss possible reasons for this
Troubleshooting guide/helpline: Assistance for diagnosing Questions to ask:
and addressing common problems Is the system suitable for each of the departments?
Frequently Asked Questions: Answers to common user Does it meet the needs of the customers?
inquiries Does it meet the needs of the sta ?
Glossary of Terms: De nitions of key terms and concepts Does the solution match the original requirements?
related to the system
Collect and Examine User’s Feedback
7.6. Evaluation
Collect users' responses to the results of testing the
It measures a system's productivity, e ciency, and system. Their feedback can provide insights into potential
compliance with its goals to identify its strengths, issues and improvements and help determine overall
shortcomings, and potential development areas. This user satisfaction.
assessment informs decision-making and improves overall Summarise the testing process, including test data
expected and actual outcomes.
performance over the course of a system's life cycle.
Discuss users' reactions to the system, addressing
Assess the E ciency of the Solution any concerns or suggestions they may have

Analyse the system's e ciency in time, money, and Identify Limitations and Suggest Necessary
resource use. Examine whether the system is performing Improvements
at its best or if its e ciency could be increased.
Provide examples of speci c aspects that contribute to Based on the analysis of e ciency, ease of use,
the system's e ciency appropriateness, and user feedback, identify any
Identify areas that may be consuming excessive limitations in the system and suggest necessary
resources or time and suggest ways to optimize them improvements
Questions to ask: List the limitations and provide explanations for each
Does it operate quicker than the previous system? one
Does it operate by reducing sta time in making Recommend speci c changes or enhancements for
bookings? these issues
Does it operate by reducing sta costs?

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inspect equipment and locations containing devices for

8. Safety & Security signs of wear or damage.

8.1. Physical Safety 8.2. eSafety

1. Electrocution: ICT devices require electrical power to Data Protection
charge or run; the electrical device can cause electrocution,
caused by the electric current moving through a body, The Data Protection Act (DPA) controls personal data
causing fatal injuries and/or death. collection, storage and processing.
There are multiple causes for electrocution, including:
In the UK, the European Union’s General Data Protection
Contact between liquid substances and electronic devices: Regulation (GDPR)
Keep liquids away from electrical equipment. Protects personal data, whether stored on paper or a
Open cables: Ensure that cables are entirely insulated and computer system
packed, and use circuit breakers or fuses to prevent
electrical overload. Principles of the Data Protection Act

2. Fire: ICT devices require electricity to charge or run; too Data must be processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently,
many devices using a single socket can cause the plug socket with clear consent from the individual.
to overload, and heat is generated by too much electricity, Data should only be collected for speci c, explicit, and
causing the wiring to degrade and ignite a re. legitimate purposes.
The causes and reduction tactics for re include: Organizations should only collect and retain the minimum
personal data necessary for their stated purpose.
Socket overload: Ensure enough plug sockets in the room, Data should be accurate and up-to-date, and reasonable
don’t plug too many devices into the same socket, and steps must be taken to rectify or erase inaccurate
don’t leave devices plugged in and unattended.
information.
Overheated equipment: Ensure that equipment is
Personal data should not be kept longer than necessary
properly ventilated and not obstructed, keep ammable and should be securely deleted when no longer needed.
materials away from heat sources, regularly check
Organizations must protect personal data against
equipment for signs of wear or damage, use re unauthorized or unlawful processing, accidental loss,
extinguishers in case of emergencies, turn o or unplug
destruction, or damage.
devices when away from the location, do not cover any air
vents on devices. Why is data protection legislation required?
3. Trailing cables: Devices can be plugged in using cables.
Protecting Individual Rights: Data protection legislation
Cables that are protruding can cause an accident; you can
safeguards individuals' right to privacy and control over
trip over a cable left out in a location, and body damage can
their personal information.
occur during a fall, for example, breaking bones, ligament
Preventing Misuse of Personal Data: It helps prevent
damage, bruising, sprains, etc. depending on the area fell on
unauthorized access, identity theft, fraud, and other forms
Trailing cables causes and prevention strategies:
of data misuse.
Unorganized/insecure cables: use cable ties to secure Promoting Trust: Data protection laws build trust between
cables, keep cables packed correctly in, let’s say, a table, individuals and organizations by ensuring their personal
therefore not coming in the way of walking paths, use information is handled responsibly.
wireless devices where possible, and regularly inspect Encouraging Responsible Data Handling: Legislation
cables for signs of wear or damage. promotes responsible data collection, storage, and
processing practices among organizations.
4. Heavy falling equipment: Devices have varying levels of Enabling Data Subject Rights: Legislation grants
weight, and if a device falls on you, it could cause injury; any individuals rights such as access to their data, right to
device should be placed in a secure location, like a PC on a recti cation, erasure, and objection to processing.
solid desk and not near the edge.
Causes and reduction tactics for falling equipment: Personal Data
Improperly secured equipment: Ensure that equipment is Refers to information that can be used to identify an
properly secured and stable. Regularly check the stability individual
of locations containing devices. Examples
Equipment on unstable surfaces: Keep equipment away Personal Name
from edges and other potential hazards, and regularly Address
Date of birth

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A photograph in school uniform Develop responsible online behaviours, promoting

Medical history respectful conduct while interacting with others online.
Threats that can be avoided by protecting personal data: Maintain a healthy balance between online and o ine
Identity theft lives, reducing the risk of addiction, mental health issues,
Privacy breaches or negative impacts on relationships and self-esteem.
Misuse of the information
Data be sold to third-party companies Safety Suggestions
Individuals could be held to ransom over personal
data gathered The internet:
could be used to commit a physical crime Use trusted websites recommended by teachers or
How to avoid inappropriate data disclosure: reputable sources
Personal data must be kept con dential and protected Utilize search engines that only allow access to age-
through privacy settings on websites such as social appropriate websites and use lters to ensure
media or strong passwords on websites where inappropriate content is not seen
personal data is held or used Never reveal personal information
Access to personal data should be limited to Email:
authorized individuals Be aware of the potential dangers of opening or
Think before you post - consider what information replying to emails from unknown people, including
could be gathered from your image or content attachments; potential dangers include phishing,
Check website details about the collection, storage, spam
and use of personal data Ensure you know who the email is for when
Only access websites where personal data is used or considering sending personal data or images via
viewed when on a secure, encrypted connection email, only with people you know and not with
identi able content like school photos
eSafety Social media:
Know how to block and report people who send
E-safety is knowing about and using the internet safely content or messages that are unwanted
and responsibly. Know where the privacy settings are to reduce the
It refers to when an individual is using the internet, email, number of people who can see your posts or images
social media, or online gaming. Be aware of the potential dangers of meeting online
E-safety refers to the individual knowing how to protect contacts face to face; do not meet anyone you do not
themselves from potential dangers and threats. know; if you do, take an adult and meet publicly.
Do not distribute inappropriate images and
The Need for eSafety inappropriate language
Respect the con dentiality of personal data belonging
Awareness that personal information should not be to other people
shared freely Only accept friend requests from people you know
Awareness of how to act online and avoid falling victim Parents should be aware of what you are doing online,
creates a safe and respectful environment. discuss what you are doing online
Identify and avoid online scams, phishing attempts, and Do not post images or details that can be used to
fraudulent websites that may try to trick them into sharing locate you
personal or nancial information. Online gaming:
Mindful of online behaviour and interactions, protecting Do not use real names as usernames
your digital reputation, which can have long-term Never share personal or nancial details with other
consequences in your personal and professional life. players
Control privacy settings on social media platforms, Know how to block and report players for
limiting who can access/view personal information and inappropriate messages or comments
posts. Sensitive Data is data that might result in loss of an
Avoid encountering explicit or harmful content online, advantage or level of security if disclosed to others. I.e.,
reducing the risk of exposure to inappropriate material or ethnicity, religion, criminal record, etc. At the same time,
online predators. personal data can be used to identify the user, i.e.,
Engage in online gaming responsibly, avoid sharing passport number, name, age, etc.
personal details, and behave respectfully towards other
players.
Protecting devices from malware, viruses, and other
8.3. Security of Data
online threats, preventing data loss, privacy breaches, or
device damage.
Threats

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There are multiple methods by which data can be threatened, It is creating data in a format that cannot be read without
including: a decryption key. Data on hard drives, emails, cloud
storage, and secure websites (HTTPS) are all protected by
Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or encryption. Without a decryption key, it assures that even
networks to gain control, steal information, or cause if unauthorized people obtain data, it cannot be decoded.
damage, thus leading to identity theft, privacy breaches,
and misuse of data 5. Firewall:
Phishing: Deceptive emails or messages that are received
from trusted sources to trick individuals into revealing A rewall is a network security device that monitors and
personal data manages incoming and outgoing network tra c. Its goal
Pharming: Manipulation of DNS (Domain Name System) is to separate an internal network from other networks by
to redirect users to fraudulent websites, often to steal ltering data according to established criteria. It assists in
personal data preventing malware, unauthorized access, and other
Smishing: Phishing attacks carried out through SMS or network risks.
text messages
6. Two-factor authentication:
Vishing: (aka voicemail phishing) Phishing attacks carried
out through voice messages to trick users into calling the A security mechanism that requests two di erent kinds of
telephone number contained in the message identi cation from users to con rm their identity. To
Viruses and malware: Viruses are program codes that can provide additional protection outside of just a username
replicate/copy themselves to cause data loss or and password, 2FA was created. Typically, it combines
corruption. Malicious software designed to disrupt, something that uniquely identi es a user, like biometric
damage, or gain unauthorised access to computer data, with something the user has, like a smartphone and
systems or networks a token or something they know, like a password.
Card fraud: Unauthorized use of credit or debit card
information for fraudulent purposes caused by shoulder 7. User ID and password:
sur ng, card cloning, or keylogging.
A typical authentication technique uses a password plus a
secret code (user ID) to identify. To strengthen data
Protection of Data
security, user IDs and passwords restrict access to only
Multiple techniques are implied for the protection of data, authorized users. Using secure passwords and changing
inclusive: them frequently is critical to ensure security. When
1. Biometrics: creating passwords, it is advised to utilize a mix of
uppercase, lowercase, digits, and special characters.
Individuals' distinctive physical or behavioural traits, such
as ngerprints, faces, or irises, can be used for access
control and veri cation. Since biometric data is hard to 9. Audience
fake or duplicate, it o ers a more secure form of
identi cation.
9.1. Audience Appreciation
2. Digital certi cate:
To express gratitude and value for the users by providing
A digital record that attests to a website's reliability and helpful and relevant information, fostering positive
integrity. A digital certi cate is used to provide safe experiences, and contributing to their understanding and
communication and to build con dence between parties. learning.
Identi er data, the entity's public key, and a third party's
digital signature are frequently found in digital Planning ICT Solutions
certi cates.
The rst step to building e ective ICT solutions is
3. Secure Socket Layer (SSL): identifying and understanding the intended audience's
needs. These needs can be functional, like processing
A protocol that creates a secure connection between a information, or aesthetic, like a visually appealing
client computer and a server. SSL ensures that interface.
information communicated between a server and client After identifying the needs, select the appropriate
stays private and cannot be intercepted or changed by technology and tools to create a solution. This choice
unauthorized parties. A website's identi cation for it is the depends on factors like the complexity of the task, the
S at the end of HTTP. budget available, and the technical expertise of the users.
An essential aspect to remember while designing ICT
4. Encryption:
solutions is to ensure they are user-friendly. This means

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they should be intuitive to use, require minimal training, Other techniques include software product activation,
and have easy-to-understand instructions. which needs a unique code to be fully functional.
Additionally, ICT solutions should be accessible to all Given that pirated software frequently cannot receive
users, including those with disabilities. This could involve automatic upgrades, which renders it less e ective and
adding features like voice commands, larger text options, secure over time, automatic updates may also serve as a
or compatibility with assistive devices. kind of copyright protection.
Once the solution is created, it is crucial to test it to
ensure it functions as expected and ful ls the users'
needs e ectively. 10. Communication
Analysing Audience Requirements 10.1. Communication with Other ICT
Designing an ICT solution requires an understanding of users Using E-mail
the target audience. The study should consider elements
a ecting the audience's capacity to use the solution, like E-Mail
age, technical pro ciency, and expertise.
The solution creator should know the audience's Uses:
requirements for information. This could serve as a
Email is a technique of sending and receiving messages
design cue for the data processing elements and the
information architecture. and les via the Internet.
How the audience utilizes and consumes the content also It is employed in personal communication, business
in uences the design. For instance, the answer should be communications, and marketing.
mobile-friendly if the audience accesses it mostly through Acceptable language must be used based on the email's
mobile devices. recipient, for example, professional when composing a
Finally, the designer should consider any unique work-related email.
requirements of the audience, such as visual or auditory Employers frequently establish requirements for
impairments. These requirements should be taken into professional language, substance, and email frequency.
account when designing the solution ensuring inclusivity. Email security is critical to preventing sensitive data from
being accessed or manipulated.
Netiquette is the proper conduct and politeness when
9.2. Copyright using email.
Don’t be abusive
What makes Copyright Necessary? Don’t send spam
Be clear and concise with your message
Copyright regulation is crucial to safeguard the rights of
Remember that posts are usually public and can be
developers and innovators.
read by anyone.
It stops software piracy, which is unauthorised use,
Always check your spelling and grammar.
replication, or distribution.
Respect people's privacy and do not discuss or publish
It guarantees developers receive compensation for their
information that might embarrass somebody.
e orts, fostering additional innovation and development.
Forgive people’s mistakes
Do not use CAPITAL LETTERS to highlight comments
Principles of Copyright in a Computer Software
Do not plagiarize
Do not use too many emoticons, as they might annoy
Copyright law prohibits the unauthorized copying,
your readers.
distribution, or modi cation of software.
Email groups enable mass communication to a speci c
It also includes the End-User License Agreement (EULA),
group of subscribers.
which outlines what the software can and cannot be used
for Guidelines set by employers:
Violations of these principles, such as software piracy, can
lead to legal consequences. It is up to companies to decide if personal emails should
be permitted on their systems
Preventing Software Copyright Violation Companies may specify which company devices are
allowed to be used
Software developers employ various copyright protection There needs to be a company standard style when
strategies, such as Digital Rights Management (DRM). sending emails
Due to DRM methods and systems, copyrighted works are It must be made clear what email content is not permitted
subject to usage, modi cation, and distribution Employees should be told only to use their accounts when
restrictions. sending emails

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There must be clear rules regarding the con dentiality of means.

information It acts as a massive database of information on almost
Sta need to be aware of the method and duration of any subject
storing emails The Internet has transformed business by o ering a
Incoming emails should only be read by the recipient platform for online purchasing, electronic payments, and
Company policy on how to deal with and prevent viruses digital transactions, allowing enterprises to reach global
must be laid out consumers.
Monitoring of emails may be carried out, and sta must
be aware that the company has the right to read all Advantages of the Internet:
emails
users have access to an incredible amount of information,
Suitable ongoing training will take place to ensure sta
empowering them to learn
follow company policy at all times
enables individuals and businesses to connect and
communicate with people from di erent parts of the
Carbon Copies (Cc) and Blind Carbon Copies (Bcc)
world in real-time
the Internet has made many things easier to complete,
Carbon copies are used to send the email to multiple
thus providing simplicity and e ectiveness
recipients.
Blind carbon copies are made to send the email to Disadvantages of the Internet:
multiple recipients without them acknowledging that it has
been sent to other recipients. Raises data security and personal privacy hazards
Forward enables users to send an already existing email through the possibility of identity theft, data breaches, and
to a new recipient. online monitoring.
To attach les to be sent with an email, we make use of The spread of propaganda, fake news, and
Attachments. misinformation due to the simplicity with which content
can be created and distributed online.
Spam The digital divide resulting from unequal Internet access
threatens to widen existing disparities.
It is de ned as any unwanted email delivered via the Internet.
These can range from annoying to genuinely harmful, as they The di erences between the internet, intranet, and extranet:
may contain viruses.
De nition:
The main disadvantages are:
The Internet is a vast network of linked computer
wasting time networks and gadgets that communicate with one
annoying people another using the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
using up valuable bandwidth on the internet, thus slowing The intranet is a secure network that operates within
it down an organization using internet technologies and
may have viruses or be a part of a phishing scam protocols, such as TCP/IP.
can take up signi cant space in user inboxes Extranets are managed private networks that can give
access to third-party users and give users, such
To minimize the spam you receive: as partners, suppliers, or clients, safe access to a
portion of the intranet.
use spam lters
Accessibility:
avoid disclosing your email address publicly
The Internet is open and accessible to the public,
don’t click on links in spam emails or reply to them
allowing users to access a wide range of information,
services, and resources worldwide.
10.2. E ective Use of the Internet Intranets are restricted to internal users and typically
secured by rewalls and other security measures to
Characteristics of the Internet: maintain the security of critical corporate data.
Extranet provides authorized external users only
Allows individuals from all around the world to connect
limited access, in contrast to the internet, which is
and chat with one another instantaneously
public, or the intranet, which is entirely restricted. To
It runs on a distributed network design, which means a
access the extranet, these users need a secure login.
single central authority does not control it.
Purpose:
It is mainly used for transmitting data in a variety of
The Internet acts as a hub for intercultural dialogue,
formats, such as text, photos, audio, and video.
the sharing of knowledge, and access to a range of
Uses of the Internet: Internet resources, including websites, email, social
media, online shopping, and more.
A vital communication tool that allows people to
communicate via emails, instant messaging, and other

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An intranet's main goal is to make it easier for platforms where users can connect with others and
employees to communicate, work together, and share share content
information. include platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Extranets make it easier for external stakeholders to and LinkedIn
collaborate and communicate with a company. It require users to create a pro le and allow them to
enables the organization and its reliable clients or share text, images, videos, and links
partners to share information, documents, and facilitate interaction, collaboration, and information
resources securely. sharing on a large scale
privacy settings allow users to control who can see
Many use the terms “Internet” and “World Wide Web” their content
interchangeably. However, they can’t be used in the same
context: The Functionality of the Internet
- The internet refers to the global network of computers and
other devices connected through routers and servers. Internet service providers (ISP): A company that provides
However, the World Wide Web is a collection of websites and internet access. Typically, a monthly fee is charged for
webpages accessed via the Internet. this service. Users' accounts are created when registering
with an ISP and acquiring login information such as user
Blog:
ID and password.
It is a website or section of a website that continually
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address of a web
shares new information, frequently written informally
page on the WWW. It is a text-based address that uniquely
or conversationally, similar to a journal.
identi es the location of any resource available on the
usually presented in a reverse chronological manner
internet. The three main components are:
usually managed by individuals or small groups
Protocol:
allow for reader comments, facilitating some level of
It is the communication protocol used to transfer data
discussion
between the client and the server
often focus on speci c topics, such as food, travel,
E.g. HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and others
fashion, technology, or personal experiences
Domain:
also serve as a platform for sharing opinions or
it is the name of the server where the resource is
insights
located
Forum:
it can be a name or an IP address
an online discussion site where people can hold
Webpage/ le name:
conversations in the form of posted messages
it is the location of the le or resource on the server
often organized around speci c topics or interests and
it can contain the name of the le or directory where
divided into categories known as threads
the resource is located
primarily focused on peer-to-peer interaction A URL looks like this:
may require users to create an account before posting
protocol://domain/path/ lename
can be moderated or unmoderated
E.g. https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/IGCSE/ICT is a
A moderated forum is an online discussion forum
URL that consists of the HTTPS protocol, the domain
in which an administrator checks posts before they
name "www.hoddereducation.co.uk", the path is
are allowed to be posted.
“IGCSE” and the lename is “ICT”
The internet is essentially a huge unmoderated
A hyperlink is a word/phrase/image which references
forum. No one ‘owns’ the internet, and it is
data that the reader can follow by clicking or tapping,
essentially not policed.
usually taking you to another web page
Wiki:
A web browser is a software application used to locate,
a type of website that allows users to add, remove, or
retrieve, and display content on the WWW, including web
edit content
pages, images, video, and other les
designed to facilitate collaboration and knowledge
sharing from many people
Use of Search Engines
holds information on many topics which can be
searched There are two fundamental methods for obtaining
posts are not in chronological order information via the Internet. The rst method is to enter the
structure is determined by the content or its users URL if you know the website's address. If you don't know
The most famous wiki is Wikipedia, an online where to look, the second option is to employ a search engine
encyclopedia to locate the information you seek.
changes can be tracked and reverted if necessary,
and the content is usually written in a neutral style Advantages of using the Internet to nd information
Social networking: information tends to be up to date because it is
quicker and easier to amend

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The Internet has vast amounts of information Evaluating Information Found on the Internet
searching for information using a search engine is fast
and easy Although the internet provides much information, not all
people can look for information in the comfort of their are genuine or dependable.
own home Consider the source's reputation and trustworthiness
information on the internet is essentially free of when determining the information's dependability.
charge Check the accuracy of information by comparing it to
webpages may have multimedia elements, making other reliable sources.
learning more interesting Assess whether the information is skewed, keeping an
Disadvantages of using the Internet to nd information eye out for views pushing a particular point of view.
it isn’t regulated; anything can be posted Check if the material is current, as obsolete information
always the risk of accessing inappropriate websites might be deceptive.
too easy to be distracted by the many distractions
available on the internet Internet Protocols
Some research skills are lost when using the internet,
as search engines do all the work for you. Protocols are rules on which the sender and recipient agree
when data is exchanged between devices.
Speed of Searching 1. Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP): when a web page is
being accessed, entering http:// at the front of an address
Search engines may scan billions of online pages to locate tells the web browser that ‘HTTP rules’ for communication are
matches to your search query in a fraction of a second. to be obeyed.
Your internet connection and the e ectiveness of the 2. Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS): A secure
search engine's algorithms in uence the speed. version of HTTP that encrypts data for security.
3. File transfer protocol (FTP): network protocol used when
Amount of Information transferring les from one computer to another over the
internet. It is similar to HTTP, but the protocol speci cally
Because search engines can deliver a deluge of transfers les.
information, utilising particular and relevant search 4. Secure sockets layer (SSL): a protocol that allows data to be
phrases is critical. sent and received securely over the internet.
Adding quotation marks for speci c phrases, "+" signs for
required terms, and "-" signs for omitting terms can help Risks of Using the Internet
narrow the search.
Inappropriate and unlawful content: The internet may
Finding Relevant and Reliable Information attract people to potentially dangerous or illegal
materials.
The search engine algorithm determines the relevancy of Data restriction: Parental, educational, and ISP
information by considering parameters such as keyword restrictions can all be used to restrict access to speci c
frequency & page quality. information or websites.
Reliable information is often obtained from recognized
sources such as educational, government, or well-known
industry websites.

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