Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Practical-1
Study of X-Ray Imaging Technique - Fundamentals
Date:
Objective: (a) Fundamentals of X-Ray generation
(b) X-Ray machine

 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING WITH X-RAYS

X-ray imaging is a transmission-based technique in which X-rays from a source pass through
the patient and are detected either by film or an ionization chamber on the opposite side of
the body, as shown in Figure 1.1. Contrast in the image between different tissues arises from
differential attenuation of X-rays in the body. For example, X-ray attenuation is particularly
efficient in bone, but less so in soft tissues. In planar X-ray radiography, the image produced
is a simple two-dimensional projection of the tissues lying between the X-ray source and the
film. Planar X-ray radiography is used for a number of different purposes: intravenous
pyelography (IVP) to detect diseases of the genitourinary tract including kidney stones;
abdominal radiography to study the liver, bladder, abdomen, and pelvis; chest radiography
for diseases of the lung and broken ribs

White Radiation:
When an electron that is negatively charged passes near the positive charged nucleus, the
electron is attracted toward the nucleus and then deflected from its original path. The electron
may lose some energy or may not. If it does not lose the energy the process is called elastic
scattering. If it does lose the energy then it is called inelastic scattering. The radiation
produced in this way is called White radiation.

Figure 1 : Draw the diagram of white radiation.

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Characteristic Radiation:
When the electrons striking the target of the inner orbital electrons in the inner shells,
thus result in to the characteristic radiation. It is produced by the transition of orbital
electrons, as electron binding energy is different for every element so the x-ray
characteristic produced by various elements is also different.

Task-1: Explain interaction of X-ray with matter with relevant diagrams

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References:
1) Principle of Medical imaging, K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin M. W.
Tsui, Pub: Academic Press
2) Fundamentals of medical imaging: Paul Suetens. Pub: Cambridge university press
3) Online Resources

References used by Student:

Conclusion:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Faculty Sign
Date
Rubrics Task (4) Viva (3) Deadline (3) Total (10)
Marks

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Practical-2
Study of X-Ray Imaging Technique - Equipment
Date:
Objective: (a) Fundamentals of X-Ray generation
(b) X-Ray machine

 X-Ray Generator:

The basic components of the X-ray source, also referred to as the X-ray tube, used for
clinical diagnoses are shown in Figure The production of X-rays involves accelerating a
beam of electrons to strike the surface of a metal target. The X-ray tube has two electrodes, a
negatively charged cathode, which acts as the electron source, and a positively charged
anode, which contains the metal target. A potential difference of between 15 and 150 kV is
applied between the cathode and the anode; the exact value depends upon the particular
application. This potential difference is in the form of a rectified alternating voltage, which is
characterized by its maximum value, the kilovolts peak (kVp). The maximum value of the
voltage is also referred to as the accelerating voltage. The cathode consists of a filament of
tungsten wire coiled to form a spiral "'2 mm in diameter and less than 1 cm in height.

An electric current from a power source passes through the cathode, causing it to heat up.
When the cathode temperature reaches "'22OO°C the thermal energy absorbed by the
tungsten atoms allows a small number of electrons to move away from the metallic surface, a
process termed thermionic emission. A dynamic equilibrium is set up, with electrons having
sufficient energy to escape from the surface of the cathode, but also being attracted back to
the metal surface. The large positive voltage applied to the anode causes these free electrons
created at the cathode surface to accelerate toward the anode. The spatial distribution of these
electrons striking the anode correlates directly with the geometry of the X-ray beam that
enters the patient.

Figure 2: Draw the diagram of X-Ray Generator

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Line Focus Principle:

A small focal spot is needed to generate better images using the line focus
principle as illustrated in the figure. The anode angle which Is the angle between the
slanted target surface and the plane perpendicular to the electron beam. It typically
varies from 5° to 15°. The effective focal size fi is given by

fi = f sinθ ; where θ is anode angle

It is evident that a larger anode angle provides a larger area for bombardment but it
also produces a larger apparent focal spot. In practice the angle is limited by Heel
effect.

X-ray tube ratings:

A number of factors can affect the intensity of x-ray beam produced by the generator
namely filament temperature controlled by the filament current (If) the potential difference
between the anode and cathode i.e. tube voltage, the number of electrons bombarding the anode
target- tube current.
Target material:
The higher the atomic number greater the efficiency of x-ray production.
Tube Volume:
The tube volume Vt can be either DC or AC following full wave or half wave
rectification. Typically, the tube volume ranges from a few kilovolts peak (kVp) up to 150 kVp.
Tube Current:
Typically, the current ranges from a few milliamperes to a few hundred milliamperes.
Filament Current:
Typical values of filament current are a few amperes which can be AC or DC.
Filters:
Filtration in x-ray is process of removing signals of undesired frequency from the input
signal. As mentioned earlier, x-ray is generated by x-ray tubes are polychromatic. Depending on
the nature of a certain application only a portion of energy spectrum is desirable. Therefore, the
radiation dose to the patient can be substantially reduced by filtering out the undesired portion of
the x-ray spectrum.
Beam restrictors and grids:
There are three types of X-ray beam restrictors:
(1) Aperture diaphragm
(2) Cones and cylinder
(3) Collimators

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Figure 3 : Draw the diagram of Effect of beam restrictor on X-Ray.

The basic function of a beam restrictor is to regulate the size and shape of the beam. A
closely collimated beam can reduce patient exposure and generate less scatter radiation. The
aperture diaphragm is illustrated in figure. It is basically a sheet of lead with a hole in the centre
whose size and shape determines those of x-ray beam.

Figure 4 : Draw the diagram of physical construction of collimator

Cones and cylinder are sometimes also used as beam restrictor but they along with the
diaphragm suffer from a major drawback, only a limited number of beam sizes can be obtained.
The collimator is the most popular beam restrictor for two reasons: The X-ray field size is
adjustable and a light beam can be used to indicate the exact size of the filed as shown in figure.

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The grid is composed of a series of lead foil strips separated by x-ray transparent spacers
which are either aluminum or organic material. The grid blocks the scattered radiation while
leaving the primary radiation to pass. The grid ratio is given by “h/g”, the ratio of height of lead
strips to width of the gap. The ratio usually ranges between 4 and 16. The higher the grid ratio
the better is the grid function.

Figure 5 : Draw the diagram of scattered X-ray photon removal using grid

Intensifying Screen, Fluorescent Screen and Image intensifier:

Image Intensifier:
X-ray can be seen by exposing a photographic film to the x-ray or by converting the x-ray
photons to visible photons. Because the sensitivity of the film to the x-ray is very low, it is
desirable to first convert the x-ray to visible photon by an intensifying screen which can
significantly reduce the patient dose while achieving a properly exposed film.
The process of converting X-ray photons into visible photons is called fluorescence. The
intensifying screen is one form of fluorescent screen. In fluoroscopy, the fluorescent screens are
usually optimized for human visualization.
(1) Intensifying Screens:
An intensifying screen is basically a layer of phosphor with thickness range of 0.05mm to
0.3mm that emits light photons when stuck by x-ray photons with some supporting
material. The substrate material is approx. few tenths of millimeters should be relatively
transparent to the x-ray and the protective layer is light transparent. Since x-ray photons
are high energy photons and light energy are low energy photons, a small number of x-
ray photons can generate a large number of light photons. The most popular phosphor for

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intensifying screens has been calcium tungstate and terbium activated rare earth
oxysulphide.
(2) Image Intensifier:
The image produced on the image intensifying screen is typically very weak and can be
visualized only when the room is darkened. To brighten the image, a device called the
image intensifier can be used. A typical image intensifier tube is shown in figure. It is a
vacuum tube consisting following components:
(1) Input phosphor and photocathode
(2) Focusing plate
(3) An anode
(4) Output phosphor

The light photons strike the photocathode kept at ground potential, causing it to emit electrons in
a number proportional to the brightness of the screen. The photocathode is usually made of a
photo emissive metal such as antimony and cesium compounds. The anode has a negative
potential about 25kV.
 X-ray detectors:
Both films and radiation detectors have been used as X-ray receptors.
(1) X-ray Film:
The X-ray film is a photographic film consisting of a transparent plastic substrate
made of acetate or polyester emulsion. The most important components of the emulsion
are silver halide crystal with grain sizes from 0.1 to 1µm. The silver bromide crystal upon
receiving a light photon yields a free electron that can combine with a silver ion to form a
silver atom.

Double Emulsion film:

The film used in the daily radiological practice is coated on both sides of the film
substrate. The reason is twofold: (1) It prevents bending of the film, because the film will
bend if coated only on one side when the emulsion becomes dry and shrinks. (2) It
doubles film contrast, the thickness for the emulsion and base are approximately 0.01mm
and 0.15mm.

Radiation Detectors:
Two types of radiation detectors are currently used for x-ray detector:
Scintillation detectors and ionization chamber detector. The figure shows scintillation
detectors which consist of a scintillation crystal coupled to a photomultiplier tube.
Scintillation crystals like sodium iodide emit light photons in proportion to the absorbed
x-ray photon energy. The scintillation crystal surface is coated with a reflective material
collect the light photons.

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Figure 6 : Draw the diagram of Photomultiplier tube

The construction of a photomultiplier tube can be seen in figure. It consists of a photocathode,

an anode the several intermediate electrodes called dynodes. The second types of detectors are
the ionization chamber shown in figure. It consists of a chamber filled with a gas, usually
xenon gas molecule in the chamber are ionized x-ray photons. The ions are then attracted the
electrodes, because of the low density of the gases some of the x-rays may travel through the
chamber undetected. This is why xenon, which is the heaviest of the inert gas is preferred.

Figure 7 : Draw the diagram of ionization chamber

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Task-1: Explain the generation of X-Rays in detail.

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Task-2: Prepare the database of X-Ray machines available in the market as discussed in the lab
X-Ray
Make Model Specification Features

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

References:
1. Principle of Medical imaging, K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin M. W. Tsui,
Pub: Academic Press
2. Fundamentals of medical imaging: Paul Suetens. Pub: Cambridge university press
3. Online Resources

References used by Student:

Conclusion:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Faculty Sign
Date
Rubrics Task (4) Viva (3) Deadline (3) Total (10)
Marks

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Practical-3
Study of X-Ray Imaging Technique - Application
Date:
Objective: (a) Application of X-Ray Imaging principles

Medical diagnostic radiography is a subspecialty of radiology that uses imaging technologies and
nuclear medicine to diagnose and evaluate illnesses and injuries inside the body1,2. Radiology is
the field of medicine that uses imaging techniques (such as X-rays) to diagnose and treat
disease3.
Medical diagnostic radiography involves the use of X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing
radiation and non-ionizing radiation to create images of the internal parts of the body. Ionizing
radiation is radiation that has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, creating ions. Non-
ionizing radiation is radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, but can still
affect them in other ways4.
Medical diagnostic radiography can be performed in different ways depending on the purpose
and the body part being examined. Some examples include:
Projection radiography: The most common type of radiography, where a single X-ray beam
passes through the body and creates a two-dimensional image on a detector. It is used to examine
bones, chest, abdomen, etc.
Fluoroscopy: A type of radiography where a continuous X-ray beam passes through the body
and creates a live image on a monitor. It is used to observe dynamic processes such as
swallowing, blood flow, or organ function.
Computed tomography (CT): A type of radiography where multiple X-ray beams rotate around
the body and create cross-sectional images of the body. It is used to examine soft tissues, organs,
blood vessels, etc.
Mammography: A type of radiography where low-dose X-rays are used to create images of the
breast tissue. It is used to screen for breast cancer or other abnormalities.
Angiography: A type of radiography where a contrast agent (a substance that enhances the
visibility of blood vessels) is injected into the bloodstream and X-rays are used to create images
of the blood vessels. It is used to diagnose or treat vascular diseases such as aneurysms or
blockages.
Nuclear medicine: A type of radiography where a radioactive substance (a tracer) is
administered into the body and gamma rays are used to create images of the tracer distribution. It
is used to assess organ function, metabolism, infection, inflammation, etc.
Medical diagnostic radiography is a useful and powerful technique that can provide detailed
information about the internal structure and function of the body. However, it also involves some
risks and limitations. Radiation exposure can cause harm to living tissues and organs, increasing

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

the risk of cancer or other diseases. Therefore, medical diagnostic radiography should be
performed with caution and under proper safety measures. Additionally, medical diagnostic
radiography may not be able to detect some types of diseases or conditions that are not visible on
the images. Therefore, medical diagnostic radiography should be complemented with other
methods of diagnosis or evaluation when necessary1,2,4,3.
Task-1: Prepare the database of X-Ray machines and Cathlabs available in the market as
discussed in the lab
Cathlab

Make Model Specification Features

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

References:
1. Principle of Medical imaging, K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin M. W. Tsui,
Pub: Academic Press
2. Fundamentals of medical imaging: Paul Suetens. Pub: Cambridge university press
3. Online Resources (1. castleconnolly.com 2. floridamedicalclinic.com 3.
verywellhealth.com 4. en.wikipedia.org 5. bing.com)

References used by Student:

Conclusion:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Faculty Sign
Date
Rubrics Task (4) Viva (3) Deadline (3) Total (10)
Marks

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Practical-4
Study of Computed Tomography - Fundamentals
Date:
Objective: (a) Fundamentals of Computed Tomography
(b) CT-Scan machine

General Principle of CT:

CT enables the acquisition of two-dimensional X-ray images of thin "slices" through the body.
Multiple images from adjacent slices can be obtained in order to reconstruct a three-dimensional
volume. CT images show reasonable contrast between soft tissues such as kidney, liver, and
muscle because the X-rays transmitted
through each organ are no longer superimposed on one another at the detector, as is the case in
planar X-ray radiography. The basic principle behind CT is that the two-dimensional internal
structure of an object can be reconstructed from a series of one-dimensional "projections" of the
object acquired at different angles. In order to obtain an image from a thin slice of tissue, the X-
ray beam is collimated to give a thin beam. The detectors, which are situated opposite the X-ray
source, record the total number of X-rays that are transmitted through the patient, producing a
one-dimensional projection. The signal intensities in this projection are dictated by the two-
dimensional distribution of tissue attenuation coefficients within the slice. The X-ray source and
the detectors are then rotated by a certain angle and the measurements repeated. This process
continues until sufficient data have been collected to reconstruct an image with high spatial
resolution. Reconstruction of the image involves a process termed back-projection

IMAGE PROCESSING FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Image reconstruction takes place in parallel with data acquisition in order to minimize the delay
between the end of data acquisition and the display of the images on the operator's console. As
the signals corresponding to one projection are being acquired, those from the previous
projection are being amplified and digitized, and those from the projection previous to that are
being filtered and processed.
Image reconstruction is preceded by a series of corrections to the acquired projections. The first
corrections are made for the effects of beam hardening, in which the effective energy of the X-
ray beam increases as it passes through the patient due to greater attenuation of lower X-ray
energies. This means that the effective linear attenuation coefficient of tissue decreases with
distance from the X-ray source. If not corrected, beam hardening results in significant artifacts in
the reconstructed. Correction algorithms typically assume a uniform tissue attenuation
coefficient and estimate the thickness of the tissue through which the X-rays have traveled for
each projection. These algorithms work well for images containing mainly soft tissue, but can
give problems in the presence of bone.

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

The second type of correction is for imbalances in the sensitivities of individual detectors and
detector channels. If these variations are not corrected, then a ring or halo artifact can appear in
the reconstructed images. Imbalances in the detectors are usually measured using an object with
a spatially uniform attenuation coefficent before the actual patient study. The results from this
calibration scan can then be used
to correct the clinical data.

MULTISLICE SPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Figure 4: MULTI SPIRAL CT

The efficiency of spiral CT can be increased further by incorporating an array of detectors in the
z direction, that is, the direction of table motion. Such an array is shown in Figure The increase
in efficiency arises from the higher values of the table feed per rotation that can be used.
Multislice spiral CT can be used to image larger volumes in a given time, or to image a given
volume in a shorter scan time, compared to single-slice spiral CT. The collimated X-ray beam
can also be made thinner, giving higher quality three-dimensional scans. The spiral pitch Pms for
a multislice CT is defined slightly differently from that for a single-slice CT system:
𝒅
𝒑𝒎𝒔 =
𝑺𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

where Ssingle is the single-slice collimated beam width. For a four-slice spiral CT scanner, the
upper limit of the effective spiral pitch is increased to a value of eight. In multislice spiral CT
scanning the effective slice thickness is dictated by the dimensions of the individual detectors,
rather than the collimated X-ray beam width.
In a multislice system the focal-spot-to-isocenter and the focal-spot-to-detector distances are
shortened compared to those in a single-slice scanner, and the number of detectors in the
longitudinal direction is increased from one long element to a number of shorter elements. There
are two basic types of detector arrangements, called fixed and adaptive. The former consists of
16 elements, each of length 1.25 mm, giving a
total length of 2 em. The signals from sets of four individual elements are typically combined.
With the setup shown in Figure 1.33, four slices can be acquired with thicknesses of 1.25, 2.5,
3.75, or 5 mm. These types of systems are typically run in either high-quality (HQ) mode with a
spiral pitch of 3 or high-speed (HS) mode with
a spiral pitch of 6. The second type of detector system is the adaptive array, which consists of
eight detectors with lengths 5, 2.5, 1.5, 1, 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mm, also giving a total length of 2
em. As for the fixed detector system, four slices are usually acquired with 1-, 2.5-, or 5-mm
thickness. Unlike the fixed detector system, in which only specific pitch values are possible, the
pitch value in an adaptive array can be chosen to have any value between 1 and 8.
Task 1: Give comparison of generations of CT-Scan machine.

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

References:
1) Principle of Medical imaging, K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin M. W.
Tsui, Pub: Academic Press
2) Fundamentals of medical imaging: Paul Suetens. Pub: Cambridge university press
3) Online Resources

References used by Student:

Conclusion:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Faculty Sign
Date
Rubrics Task (4) Viva (3) Deadline (3) Total (10)
Marks

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Practical-5
Study of Computed Tomography - Equipment
Date:
Objective: (a) Fundamentals of Computed Tomography
(b) CT-Scan machine

Scanner Instrumentation
Several components of the CT system such as the X-ray source, collimator, and antiscatter grid
are very similar to the instrumentation described previously for planar X-ray radiography.

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Figure 1: Draw the diagrams of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation CT Scanner
Projection data may be acquired in one of several possible geometries described below, based on
the scanning configuration, scanning motions, and detector arrangement. The evolution of these
geometries is descried in terms of “generations,” as illustrated in FIGURE

First Generation: Parallel-Beam Geometry Parallel-beam geometry is the simplest technically

and the easiest with which to understand the important CT principles. Multiple measurements of
x-ray transmission are obtained using a single highly collimated x-ray pencil beam and detector.

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

The beam is translated in a linear motion across the patient to obtain a projection profile. The
source and detector are then rotated about the patient by approximately 1 degree, and another
projection profile is obtained. This translate-rotate scanning motion is repeated until the source
and detector have been rotated by 180 degrees. The highly collimated beam provides excellent
rejection of radiation scattered in the patient; however, the complex scanning motion results in
long (approximately 5-minute) scan times. This geometry was used by Hounsfield in his original
experiments but is not used in modern scanners.
Second Generation: Fan Beam, Multiple Detectors Scan times were reduced to approximately
30 s with the use of a fan beam of x-rays and a linear detector array. A translate-rotate scanning
motion was still employed; however, a larger rotate increment could be used, which resulted in
shorter scan times. The reconstruction algorithms are slightly more complicated than those for
first-generation algorithms because they must handle fan-beam projection data.
Third Generation: Fan Beam, Rotating Detectors
Third-generation scanners were introduced in 1976. A fan beam of x-rays is rotated 360 degrees
around the isocenter. No translation motion is used; however, the fan beam must be wide enough
to completely contain the patient. A curved detector array consisting of several hundred
independent detectors is mechanically coupled to the x-ray source, and both rotate together. As a
result, these rotate-only motions acquire projection data for a single image in as little as 1 s.
Third-generation designs have the advantage that thin tungsten septa can be placed between each
detector in the array and focused on the x-ray source to reject scattered radiation.
Fourth Generation: Fan Beam, Fixed Detectors
In a fourth-generation scanner, the x-ray source and fan beam rotate about the isocenter, while
the detector array remains stationary. The detector array consists of 600 to 4800 (depending on
the manufacturer) independent detectors in a circle that completely surrounds the patient. Scan
times are similar to those of third-generation scanners. The detectors are no longer coupled to the
x-ray source and hence cannot make use of focused septa to reject scattered radiation. However,
detectors are calibrated twice during each rotation of the x-ray source, providing a self-
calibrating system. Third-generation systems are calibrated only once every few hours.

Two detector geometries are currently used for fourth-generation systems: (1) a rotating x-ray
source inside a fixed detector array and (2) a rotating x-ray source outside a nutating detector
array. Figure 62.4 shows the major components in the gantry of a typical fourth-generation
system using a fixed-detector array. Both third- and fourth-generation systems are commercially
available, and both have been highly successful clinically. Neither can be considered an overall
superior design.
Fifth Generation: Scanning Electron Beam

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Fifth-generation scanners are unique in that the x-ray source becomes an integral part of the
system design. The detector array remains stationary, while a high-energy electron beam is
electronically swept along a semicircular tungsten strip anode, as illustrated in Fig. 2. X-rays are
produced at the point where the electron beam hits the anode, resulting in a source of x-rays that
rotates about the patient with no moving parts. Projection data can be acquired in approximately
50 ms, which is fast enough to image the beating heart without significant motion artifacts. An
alternative fifth-generation design, called the dynamic spatial reconstructor (DSR) scanner, is in
used at the Mayo Clinic. This machine is a research prototype and is not available commercially.
It consists of 14 x-ray tubes, scintillation screens, and video cameras. Volume CT images can be
produced in as little as 10 ms.

Figure 2 : Schematic illustration of a fifth-generation ultrafast CT system. Image data are

acquired in as little as 50 ms, as an electron beam is swept over the strip anode electronically.

Detectors for Computed Tomography

The most common detectors for CT scanners are xenon filled ionization chambers, shown in
Figure Because xenon has a high atomic number of 66, there is a high probability of
photoelectric interactions between the gas and the incoming X-rays. The xenon is kept under
pressure at "-'20 atm to increase further the number of interactions between the X-rays and the
gas molecules. An array of interlinked ionization chambers, typically 768 in number (although

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

some commercial scanners have up to 10(0), is filled with gas, with metal electrodes separating
the individual chambers. X-rays transmitted through the body ionize the gas in the detector,
producing electron-ion pairs. These are attracted to the electrodes by an applied voltage
difference between the electrodes, and produce a current which is proportional to the number of
incident X-rays. Each detector electrode is connected to a separate amplifier, and the outputs of
the amplifiers are multiplexed through a switch to a single AID converter. The digitized signals
are logarithmically amplified and stored for subsequent image reconstruction. In this design of
the ionization chamber, the metal electrode plates also perform the role of an anti-scatter grid,
with the plates being angled to align with the focal spot of the X-ray tube. The plates are
typically 10 cm in length, with a gap of 1 mm between adjacent plates.

Figure 3: Draw the diagram of CT detectors

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

Task 1: Prepare the database of CT scan machines available in the market as discussed in the lab
Make Model Specification Features

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

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Medical Imaging Techniques (3170303)

References:
1) Principle of Medical imaging, K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin M. W.
Tsui, Pub: Academic Press
2) Fundamentals of medical imaging: Paul Suetens. Pub: Cambridge university press
3) Online Resources

References used by Student:

Conclusion:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Faculty Sign
Date
Rubrics Task (4) Viva (3) Deadline (3) Total (10)
Marks

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