SAMPLING FRAMES

What is Sampling?

Refers to the process of selecting

a representative by giving each
member of the population equal
chances of being selected.
Sample

 Identifiedas part of the population

which is selected to provide data for
the population.
Advantages of Sampling

It entails lesser cost, lesser effort and it is less time

consuming.

It is more practical to administer

Some experiments are destructive so it is not possible to

involve the whole population.
Advantages of Sampling
It entails lesser cost, lesser effort and it is less time consuming.

a. Since the size of the sample is small compared to the population, the time,
cost and effort involved on a sample study are much less than the study done
on population. For population, huge fund is required because of the
resources to be used which may include more manpower and materials.

b. It will also take a much shorter period of time to gather data from a sample
than from a population. Thus, sampling can lead to more well-timed results
as well.
Disadvantages of Sampling

The biggest of which is that the sample may not

truly reflect the characteristic of the
population and this would lead to wrong
conclusions.

Hence, care must be taken in choosing a sample. Also, a

sample must be large enough to give a good
representation of the population, but small enough to
be manageable.
Types of Sampling
Procedures
Probability
Sampling Non-probability
Sampling
Probability Sampling

 One can specify for each element in the

population the probability that will be included in
the sample.
 We are giving equal chances for all members of
the population to become chosen as part of the
research.
Probability sampling includes …

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

Systematic Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Multi-Stage Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random • Chooses random number from a table, or randomly
selects individuals from the whole population.
Sampling • Lottery or raffle type.

❑This the simplest form of random sampling where subset of size

n of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

❑A simple random sample can be done using “fishbowl method” ,

“draw lots method” or using random numbers. In drawing a
simple random sample, the researcher is in effect mixing up
the units in the population before a sample of n units is
selected.
Steps in Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
❑Assign a number to each element of the
population using the numbers from 1 to N.

❑Select n numbers from 1 to N using random

process like fishbowl method or draw lots, or
you can use random numbers which can be
generated by a scientific calculator, or you can
use table of random numbers.
Systematic Random Sampling

Systematic • Systematically chosen sample population.

This is done by determining first sample
Random needed in a given universe.
• Once the sample is set, the individuals who
Sampling will represent the sample are determined.
Systematic Random Sampling

Systematic • This is also called interval

sampling. It means that there
Random is a gap or interval between
Sampling each selection.

Researchers obtain systematic samples by numbering each

subject of the population and then selecting every kth element
in the population where the first unit is chosen at random.
Steps in taking a Systematic Random Sample
1. Assign a number to each element of the
population using the numbers from 1 to N.

2. Determine the sampling interval k:

k = N/n, where N = population size and n= sample size

NOTE: If k is not a whole number, then it is rounded to the nearest

whole number. For example, suppose N= 400 and n= 15 then k=
400/15 is equal to 26.67. That is, 26.67 is rounded-off to nearest
whole number 27.
Steps in taking a Systematic Random Sample
3. Select a random start r where 1 <r <k. The
sample will include the rth element, (r+k)th ,
r+2k)th, (r+3k)th and so on until you reach the
desired sample size.
Example
In a population of 1200 individuals, choose a systematic
random sample of size 9.

Solution:
K= N/n = 1200/9 = 133.33 and since it is not a whole
number, we need to round it off to the nearest whole
number, that is 133.Since k= 133, we have r= 1, 2, 3, …,
or 133. If we choose r= 3, the sample points will be the
3rd person, the 136th person, the 269th person, 402nd
person, the 535th person, the 668th person, the 801st
person, the 934th person, 1067th person.
Stratified Random Sampling

Stratified • In this sampling procedure, the population

of N units is first divided into homogenous
Random subpopulations called strata (homogenous
with respect to the characteristics of
interest) and then a sample is drawn from
Sampling each stratum.

This type of sampling assures that all groups or strata are

represented in the sample.
Steps in taking a Stratified Random Sample
1. Classify the population into at least two homogenous
strata. The basis for classification must be closely
related to the variable of interest. Suppose we are
interested to determine the students’ opinion on the
tuition fee increase, it may be logical to subdivide the
population of students by income of parents, college,
or by year level, or by tribe or a combination of
these.
2. Draw a sample from each stratum by simple or
systematic random sampling.
How many shall we take from each stratum?
Proportional Allocation. If the size N of the
population is divided into k homogenous
subpopulations or strata of sizes N1, N2, N3, …, Nk,
then the sample size to be taken from each stratum i
is obtained using the formula:
𝑁𝑖
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑘
𝑁

Note: If 𝑛𝑖 is not a whole number, then it is rounded-off

to the nearest whole number.
Example
The manager of a girls’ dormitory wants to learn how the
students feel about the dorm’s services. The students
were classified according to the following scheme:
Classification Number of Students
Freshmen 220
Sophomore 195
Junior 163
Senior 150
Total N= 728

If we use proportional allocation to select stratified random sample of size n= 40,

how large a sample must be taken from each stratum?
Cluster Random Sampling
Cluster • Useful in selecting sample
when blocks in a community or
Random city are occupied by
Sampling heterogeneous groups.

❑Assumes that the population is naturally separated

by groups or clusters. A number of clusters are
selected randomly and then all or parts of the units
within the selected clusters are included in the
sample.
Steps in taking Cluster Sampling

1. Divide the population area into clusters.

2. Select randomly a few of these clusters.
3. Choose all the elements from the clusters
selected or select only a portion of it.
 Multi- • Useful in nationwide surveys or any
large-scale surveys involving a big
stage universe.
Random • This involves several stages, sometimes
using the different sampling
Sampling procedures.
Elements of Probability Sampling

Margin of Confidence
error Level

Population Response
Size Distribution
 • The amount of error that
Margin of your research could
tolerate based on the
error population and sample
size.

• Amount of uncertainty
Confidence the research could
tolerate.
Level
 •Number of all
Population potential
size respondents in a
given universe.

•Distribution of the
Response respondents based
distribution on their
characteristics.
Non-probability Sampling
 Designs are most often used for qualitative
researches, since you cannot generalize if such
designs are used for your research.
 Convenience Quota
Sampling Sampling

Purposive Snowball
Sampling Sampling
Non-
probability
Sampling
Convenience • Respondents are chosen based on
what is easily accessible or suitable
Sampling for the researchers.

Usually the researcher chooses those that are

readily available, nearby, or willing to
participate.
 Example:

A convenience sample of homes for door-to-

door interviews might include houses where
people are at home, houses with no dogs, houses
near the street, first-floor apartments, and
houses with friendly people.
 Quota • Respondents are chosen based on
quota, whether or not you conduct a
Sampling probability or non-probability sampling.

This appears to be similar to a stratified random

sampling in which certain population subclasses, such
as age, group, gender, or geographic region, are used
as strata. However, instead of using random sampling
from each stratum, the researcher uses a nonrandom
sampling method to gather data from one stratum until
the desired quota od samples is filled.
Purposive • Respondents are chosen based on the purpose or objective of
your research. You do not need to have a strict protocol in
identifying samples since randomly chosen respondents might

Sampling not have experienced the phenomenon that you want to

observe.

This is also called judgment sampling.

The elements selected for the sample are chosen by the

judgment of the researcher.
 Researchers often believe they can obtain a
representative sample by using sound judgment or
purposely choose as to who can provided the best
information to achieve the objectives of the study
which will result in saving time and money.
 Snowball • The survey of subjects of snowball sampling are selected based
on referral from other survey respondents or selecting a sample

Sampling using networks.

The researcher identifies a person who fits the profile of

subjects for the study and that person who is being selected by
researcher become a part of the sample.

The researcher then asks this person for the names and locations
of others who would also fit the profile of subjects for the study.
This process is continued until the required number in terms of the
information being sought, has been reached.