10. D.C.

MOTOR
Introduction:
According to construction the DC motor is similar to the DC generator. Same DC machine can be run as
a motor as well as generator. When mechanical input is provided to the machine & it gives electrical output then
machine is termed as Generator and if electrical input is provided to the machine & it gives mechanical output
then machine is termed as motor.
Direction for force on the conductor
Motoring action:-.

Conductor kept in the magnetic field

Fig. shows the current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field. On right hand side field flux and
flux due to current carrying conductor both will have same direction therefore the effective flux becomes
stronger similarly on left hand side both the flux becomes in opposite direction so that it will cancel each other
therefore effective flux becomes weaker (It will cancel each other).

Force produced on the conductor

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 Thus when current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field a force is produced on the conductor.
The direction of the force depends on the direction of the magnetic field in which it is kept and direction of the
current in the conductor.

• Fleming’s left hand rule:

According to Fleming's left hand rule, if the thumb, fore-finger and middle finger of the left hand are
stretched and kept mutually perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure below then the fore finger
represents the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger represents the direction of current, then the thumb
represents the direction of force. Fleming's left hand rule is applicable for motors.

Fleming’s left hand rule

Working Principle of DC motor :

Dc motor Working
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 Consider DC motor as shown in the figure. When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external
source of DC supply:
• The field magnets are excited developing alternate North and South poles.
• The armature conductors carry currents.
• All conductors under North-pole carry currents in one direction while all the conductors under South-
pole carry currents in the opposite direction.
• The armature conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper. And the conductors
under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper.
• Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field, a mechanical
force acts on it. On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is
tending to rotate the armature in the anticlockwise direction.
• All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotates.
• When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in that conductor is
reversed. At the same time, it comes under the influence of the next pole which is of opposite polarity.
Consequently, the direction of the force on the conductor remains the same. It should be noted that
the function of a commutator in the motor is the same as in a generator. By reversing current in each
conductor as it passes from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and unidirectional
torque.

The Magnitude of force is given by F = B I L Sin ø

When B = Flux Density of Field
I = Current in the Conductor
L = length of the Conductor
Back E.M.F:

• When a dc voltage V is applied across the motor terminals, the armature starts rotating, as the armature
rotates, armature conductors cut the pole magnetic field, and therefore, according to the law of
electromagnetic induction, e.m.f is induced in them this e.m.f is known as Back e.m.f. Therefore, back
e.m.f is always directed opposite to supply voltage V.

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 Back emf

Supply voltage of DC motor is given by

V = Eb + Ia Ra

Back emf is given by

Ø 𝑃𝑁 𝑍
Eb =
60 𝐴

Where, P=number of poles of dc motor

Φ= flux per pole
Z=total number of armature conductors
N=armature speed
A=number of parallel paths in armature winding
As the back e.m.f opposes supply voltage V, therefore, supply voltage has to force current through the
armature against the back e.m.f, to keep armature rotating. The electric work done in overcoming and causing
the current to flow against the back e.m.f is converted into mechanical energy developed in the armature.

Starting the DC motor:

Consider the DC motor of 200V, 10A, 1000rpm armature resistance Ra = 2Ω.
At the time of starting of motor N = 0, therefore Eb of motor is zero.
V = Eb + Ia Ra

V−Eb
Ia =
Ra

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 200−0
Ia =
2
Ia = 100A
The current rating of the motor is 10A but at the time of staring it takes 100A (10 times greater than rated). If
the winding is allowed to take that much amount of current it will burn out. To protect the motor from burning
the motor is started with the help of starter. The starter is basically variable resistance (Rs) to be connected in
series with armature.
Let the starter resistance Rs = 98Ω then if with resistance the motor is stared then,
V−Eb
Ia =
Ra + Rs

200−0
Ia =
2 + 98

Ia = 2 A
This is the safe value of starting current which we get by using starter. Hence, the motor is started and the
starting current is controlled to the safe value. Now once the motor is started it gains the speed and back e mf is
developed. Let this back e mf is 10V, 20V, 30V………… and say finally 196V then the starter resistance need
not to be kept in armature circuit and gradually it cuts down.
200−196
Ia = = 2A
2+0

Thus current is controlled by Back e mf so the motor needs the starter at the time of starting once the motor is
started it develops back e mf and starter resistance gradually cut down.

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 • Starters of DC Shunt motor

Three point starter

Construction of 3 Point Starter:

• Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into the number of sections as shown in
the figure above.
• The contact points of these sections are called studs and are shown separately as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Other
than that there are three main points, referred to as,
‘L’ Line terminal (Connected to positive of supply)
‘A’ Armature terminal (Connected to the armature winding)
‘F’ Field terminal (Connected to the field winding)
• The point ‘L’ is connected to an electromagnet called overload release (OLR) as shown in the figure.
The other end of OLR is connected to the lower end of conducting lever of starter handle where spring is
also attached with it.

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• The starter handle also contains a soft iron piece housed on it. This handle is free to move to the other
side RUN against the force of the spring. This spring brings back the handle to its original OFF position
under the influence of its own force. Another parallel path is derived from the stud ‘1’, given to another
electromagnet called No Volt Coil (NVC) which is further connected to terminal ‘F.’ The starting
resistance at starting is entirely in series with the armature. The OLR and NVC act as the two protecting
devices of the starter.

Working of Three Point Starter:

• When the supply to the DC motor is switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the spring force
to make contact with stud No. 1
• At this point, field winding of the shunt or the compound motor gets supply through the parallel path
provided to starting the resistance, through No Voltage Coil. While entire starting resistance comes in
series with the armature. The high starting armature current thus gets limited as the current equation at
this stage becomes
E
Ia =
(Rst + Ra )

• As the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs 2, 3, 4, etc., thus gradually cutting
off the series resistance from the armature circuit as the motor gathers speed. Finally, when the starter
handle is in ‘RUN’ position, the entire starting resistance is eliminated, and the motor runs with normal
speed.

Types of DC Motor:
1. DC shunt Motor:
• A DC shunt motor is a type of self-excited DC motor, and it is also known as a shunt wound DC motor.
The field windings in this motor can be connected in parallel to the armature winding. So both windings
of this motor will expose to the equal voltage power supply, and this motor maintains an invariable
speed with any kind of load. This motor has a low starting torque and also runs at a constant speed.

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 Dc Shunt motor

• The current through the shunt field winding is not the same as the armature current. Shunt field windings
are designed to produce the necessary m.m.f. by means of a relatively large number of turns of wire
having high resistance. Therefore, shunt field current is relatively small compared with the armature
current.
Application
• Lathes
• Drills
• Boring mills
• Spinning and Weaving machines

2. DC series Motor

Dc Series motor

• In series wound motor the field winding is connected in series with the armature. Therefore, series field
winding carries the armature current. Since the current passing through a series field winding is the same

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 as the armature current, series field windings must be designed with much fewer turns than shunt field
windings for the same mmf. Therefore, a series field winding has a relatively small number of turns of
thick wire and, therefore, will possess a low resistance.
Applications
• Electric traction
• Cranes
• Elevators
• Lifts
3. DC compound motor:

Compound wound motor has two field windings; one connected in parallel with the armature and the other
in series with it. There are two types of compound motor connections,
a. Short Shunt Compound motors
b. Long shunt Compound motors.

a) Short shunt compound motors:

When the shunt field winding is directly connected across the armature terminals it is called short-shunt
connection.

Dc Short shunt motor

b) Long shunt compound motors:

When the shunt winding is so connected that it shunts the series combination of armature and series field
it is called long-shunt connection.

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 Dc long shunt motor
Applications:
• Shearing machine
• Punching machine
• Rolling machine
• Shaping machine

Speed control of DC Motor:

• Back emf of a DC motor is nothing but the induced emf in armature conductors due to rotation of the
armature in magnetic field. Thus, the magnitude of Eb can be given by EMF equation of a DC generator.
Ø 𝑃𝑁 𝑍
Eb =
60 𝐴
where, P=number of poles of dc motor
Φ= flux per pole
Z=total number of armature conductors
N=armature speed
A=number of parallel paths in armature winding
thus, from the above equations
E𝑏 ×60 𝐴
N=
ø𝑃𝑍
but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants
𝐸
N ∝ ø𝑏

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 This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely proportional
to the flux per pole.
Speed control methods of DC Motor are as follows:
1 Armature control method
2. Field control method

1. Armature voltage control method:

Armature voltage control method

Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back e.m.f Eb and Eb = V – Ia Ra.

That means, when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is
directly proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if addition of resistance in series with the armature,
Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with the armature,
greater the decrease in speed.
2. Flux control method (Field Control Method) :

Field Control methods

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The speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be
increased and vice versa. To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in
the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it
decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small,Ish2R loss is small. Therefore, this
method is quite efficient.
Characteristics and Applications of DC motors:

Sr.no. Type of motor Characteristic Application

1. DC shunt motor 1.Almost constant speed 1.In w/s driving shaft

2.speed can be increased/decreased 2. lathe machine
3.Medium starting torque 3.Driving pumps
4.Fans/blowers
2. DC series motor 1. Speed not constant. 1.Electric trains
2. High starting torque. 2.Electric cranes
3.Adjustable speed(speed control 3.Electric trolley-car
possible) 4.Conveyer belts.
5.lifts
3. DC compound motor 1.Speed not constant 1.Shearing machine
2.speed can be adjusted 2.Punching machine
3.Starting torque is better 3.Planning machine
4.Shaping machine
5.Rolling machine

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