Electronic Fuel Injection System

ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

Electronic Fuel Injection system is divided into three basic sub-systems. These are
the fuel delivery system, air induction system, and the electronic control system.
Electrical and electronic devices are used to monitor and control engine operation. This
system uses various engine sensor and control module to regulate the opening and closing
of injector valve. Sensors send the electrical signals to the electronic control unit (ECU) in
the form of voltage or current. The ECU determines precisely how much fuel needs to be
delivered by the injector by monitoring the engine sensor .Engine with electronically
controlled fuel injection system produced less NOx than original engine approximately
50%. However, as the result of higher injection pressure HC and CO were increased due
to fuel impingement on combustion chamber. The optimization of injection timing greatly
reduces the specific fuel consumption and exhaust emission due to better control over the
air fuel ratio.

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 Electronic Fuel Injection System

1. Introduction 2. Major Required Inputs

In olden vehicles carburetors are The air requirements of an engine are

used in a fuel injection system that depends upon the air pressure and
blends air and fuel for an Internal density, throttle valve position & engine
Combustion Engine by using the speed. In order to operate effectively, the
Bernoulli’s Principle. ECU needs following required inputs.
Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
replaced carburetors back as the 2.1 Air Charge Temperature (ACT)
preferred method for supplying air and Sensor
fuel to engines. The basic difference is (To measure the temperature of the
that a carburetor uses intake vacuum and air entering the motor)
a pressure drop in the venturi (the narrow
part of the carburetor throat) to siphon
fuel from the carburetor fuel bowl into
the engine whereas fuel injection uses
pressure to spray fuel directly into the
engine. Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
system uses electrical and electronic
Figure 2.1. ACT
devices to monitor and control engine-
2.2 Manifold Absolute Pressure
operation.
(MAP) sensor. (Monitors vacuum in the
EFI contains engine sensors, a engine intake manifold)
computer, and solenoid operated fuel
injectors to meter and injects the right
amount of fuel into the engine cylinders.
This system can be divided into three
basic sub-system.

• Fuel Delivery system.

• Air induction system.
• Electronic control system.
Figure 2.2. MAP
2.3 Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)
An electronic control unit (ECU) or
(Senses the movement of the throttle
the computer receives electrical signals
plate)
in the form of current or voltage from
various sensors. It then uses the stored
data to determine how much fuel is
needed and commands the injectors to
remain open for the necessary amount of
time to deliver the needed fuel volume.
The design goal for an EFI system is to
deliver the correct air fuel ratio for
varying load, speed and temperature. Figure 2.3. TPS

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2.4 Idle Speed Control Valve (ISCV). Located in or near the fuel tank.
(Measures engine idle speed) Contaminants are filtered out by a high
capacity in line fuel filter. Fuel is
maintained at a constant pressure by
means of a fuel pressure regulator. Any
fuel which is not delivered to the intake
manifold by the injector is returned to
the tank through a fuel return pipe.

Figure 2.4. ISCV

4. Air Induction System
3. Fuel Delivery System

Figure 4.1.AIS

Figure 3.1.FDS The air induction system is

shown in Figure 6. Air is drawn in
The fuel Delivery system consists through the air intake and then through
of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, the air filter before reaching the throttle
fuel delivery pipe (fuel rail), fuel body assembly. A butterfly valve in the
injector, fuel pressure regulator, and fuel throttle body is connected to the
return pipe. accelerator pedal of the vehicle and this
Actually FDS has a charge controls the air that passes through the
forming device which supplies a rich air intake chamber and the intake
fuel to a tuned injector tube. In that manifold. Air intake chamber dampens
Induced air first metered precisely by out the pulsations in the air in the intake
using air flow meter and then fuel is system before it enters the intake
injected in the manifold with respect to manifold. Fuel sprayed from the
the air entered. Where fuel is delivered injectors into the intake valve ports is
from the tank to the injector by using carried into the cylinders with a direct
electric fuel pump. The pump is typically flow of air.

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 Electronic Fuel Injection System

5. Electronic control system Data stored in lookup tables in its

(ECS) memory. Then ECS decides when to
open the fuel injectors and for how long.
The length of pulse opens injection valve
for the proper duration of time. In order
to provide the correct amount of fuel for
every operating condition, the engine
control unit (ECU) has to monitor large
number of input sensors.
The engine control unit uses a
formula and a large number of lookup
tables to determine the pulse width for
given operating conditions. The equation
will be a series of many factors
multiplied by each other. Many of these
factors will come from lookup tables.
E.g. following equation will only have
three factors, whereas a real control
Figure 5.1. ECS system might have a hundred or more.

5.1 Ignition Spark Management (ESA)

Pulse width = (Base pulse width) x
The EFI system regulates spark
(Factor A) x (Factor B)
advance angle by calculating the
optimum spark timing.
In order to calculate the pulse
width, the ECU first looks up the base
5.2 Idle Speed Control (ISC)
The EFI system regulates engine pulse width in a lookup table. Base pulse
idle speed by means of several different width is a function of engine speed
types of ECU controlled devices. (RPM) and load (which can be
calculated from manifold absolute
5.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) pressure). A and B are parameters that
come from sensors.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
E.g. A is coolant temperature and B is
is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions
oxygen level.
reduction technique which works by
recirculating a portion of an engine's
exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. 6. Basic System Operation

1) Air is enters through the air

5.4 Working of ECS induction system via air flow
ECS continuously receives meter is flows into the cylinder.
information about engine speed, throttle 2) Fuel injectors are arranged in the
position, intake air amount, pressure and intake manifold behind each
temperature, amount of oxygen from intake valve. The injectors are
sensors. ECS checks this data with other electrical solenoids which are
operated by the ECU.

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3) The ECU pulses the injector by 7) Reduces HC and CO

switching the injector ground pollutants emission.
circuit on and off.
4) When the injector is turned on, it 8. Basic System Overview
opens, spraying atomized fuel at
the back side of the intake valve.
5) As fuel is sprayed into the intake
air stream, it mixes with the
incoming air and vaporizes due
to the low pressure in the intake
manifold.
6) The ECU signals the injector to
deliver just enough fuel to
achieve an ideal air/fuel ratio of
14:7:1
7) The precise amount of fuel
delivered to the engine is a
function of ECU control.
8) The ECU determines the basic
injection quantity based upon
measured intake air volume Table 8.1
and engine rpm.
9) The ECU monitors variables such 9. Conclusion
as coolant temperature ,engine After this study and research on EFI it is
speed, throttle angle and exhaust concluded that,
oxygen content and makes 1) EFI is feasible and may easily
injection corrections which provide the control flexibility
determine final injection quantity necessary for optimum overall
engine performance.
2) The EFI system determines basic
7. Advantages of EFI injection quantity based upon
electrical signals from the air
1) Accurate Air/Fuel Ratio. flow meter and engine rpm.
Throughout all engine operating 3) The optimization of injection
conditions. timing greatly reduces the
2) Uniform Air/Fuel Mixture specific fuel consumption and
Distribution. exhaust emission due to better
3) Excellent fuel Economy with control over the air fuel ratio.
Improved Emissions Control. 4) EFI gives better pollution
4) Superior throttle response control.
and power.
5) The use of EFI system can
5) Improved cold engine Start
ability and operation. improve atomization which leads
6) Rapid throttle movements. to proper burning of fuel.

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