➢ NAME OF LEARNER: MADHURA UTTARESHWAR TARALKAR

➢ ROLL NO: 2314512678

➢ PROGRAM NAME: MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
➢ SEMESTER: SECOND SEM
➢ COURSE NAME: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
➢ CODE: DMBA206

SET A

1) Explain the most common types of organisation structures.

Organisational structures are frameworks that specify how tasks, supervision, and
coordination are to be carried out in order to achieve organisational objectives.

These are the most typical kinds:

1. Organisational Structure Divisions: Divisional structures organise operations
according to markets, goods, services, or regions. With its own resources and
goals, every division functions as a somewhat independent entity.
Advantages:
Focus: Every division has the option to concentrate on its own product line or
market.
Flexibility: The ability to adjust more easily to modifications in a division's
unique environment.
Disadvantages:
Duplication: It's possible for efforts and resources to be repeated between
divisions.
Cost: Since each division has redundant functions, there are higher operating
costs.
2. Level Structure: Little to no middle management exists between employees
and executives in flat organisational structures. Startups and smaller
organisations frequently employ this kind of structure.
Advantages:
Speed: Because there are fewer levels of hierarchy, decisions can be made
swiftly.
Employee Engagement: Increasing staff engagement and empowerment in the
decision-making process.
Disadvantages:
Scalability: More challenging to maintain as the company expands.
Overload: Having too many direct reports can cause managers to feel
overburdened.
3. Organizing Structure in Hierarchies: A conventional organisational structure
that is most prevalent and divides the company into several tiers of
management, each with its own distinct chain of command.
Advantages:
Clarity: Clearly defined roles and responsibilities.
 Control: With clearly defined roles, control is easier to maintain.
Disadvantages:
Bureaucracy: May cause decision-making to move slowly.
Rigidity: Because of established protocols, less flexible to innovations and
changes.
4. Organisational Function: An organisation with a functional structure is
separated into departments that are in charge of particular tasks, like
operations, marketing, finance, and human resources. A department specialist
oversees each department.
Advantages:
Specialisation: Workers gain proficiency in their specialised domains.
Efficiency: Within departments, resources and activities are coordinated.
Disadvantages:
Silos: Departments may separate from one another and have poor
communication.
Inflexibility: Rigid departmental boundaries can make it difficult to adapt to
changes in the external environment.
5. Structure of Matrix: A matrix structure blends elements of divisional and
functional organisation. Workers are accountable to a project or product
manager in addition to a functional manager.
Advantages:
Dynamic: Facilitates better communication and cooperation across the
organisation.
Resource Utilisation: Efficient use of resources as teams can be reconfigured
as needed.
Disadvantages:
Complexity: Because of the two reporting lines, it can lead to confusion and
power struggles.
Accountability: It is more difficult to define precise accountability and
management.

Every organisational structure has benefits and drawbacks of its own. The size
of the organisation, its strategic goals, the industry it works in, and its external
environment are some of the variables that influence the structure choice.
Through an understanding of these structures, organisations can create a
framework that maximises performance while aligning with their objectives.
2) Elaborate on the Development of Project Network.

An essential step in project management is the creation of a project network, which is a visual
depiction of the tasks and dependencies within a project. Project managers can more
efficiently plan, coordinate, and oversee project activities with the aid of this process.

An explanation of the essential procedures for creating a project network is provided below:
1. Calculate the Duration of Activities: Estimate the amount of time needed to finish
each task. This estimate may be supported by past performance, professional opinion,
or the application of particular estimation methods like PERT (Program Evaluation
and Review Technique).
2. Determine the Critical Path: The longest path in the network diagram, known as the
critical path, establishes the quickest time frame for finishing the project. Finding the
earliest and latest start and finish times for each task is necessary to determine the
critical path. This aids in identifying the tasks that must be finished on time in order to
prevent the project from being delayed.
3. Revise and Uphold the Network: As the project develops, the project network must be
updated on a regular basis because it is not static. Changes in the network's scope, the
availability of resources, or unanticipated problems might call for modifications. To
guarantee that the network continues to accurately reflect the state of the project,
regular monitoring and updating are conducted.
4. Describe the Project's Activities: Making a list of every task or activity needed to
finish the project is the first step. In order to do this, the project must be divided into
manageable chunks, frequently using a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Every
task needs to be precisely specified, with deadlines and deliverables in mind.
5. Construct the Network Diagram: The project network diagram is created using the
data on tasks, orders, and durations.
Network diagrams come in two primary varieties:
a. Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) or Activity on Node (AON) is a
diagramming technique in which dependencies are represented by arrows and
activities are represented by nodes.
b. The Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM), also referred to as Activity on
Arrow (AOA), uses arrows to symbolize activities and nodes to symbolize
milestones.
6. Allocation of Resources: Resources (people, tools, and materials) are assigned to each
task after the critical path and network diagram have been determined. This step helps to
identify any potential resource constraints and guarantees that the required resources are
available when needed.
7. Revise and Uphold the Network: As the project develops, the project network must be
updated on a regular basis because it is not static. Changes in the network's scope, the
availability of resources, or unanticipated problems might call for modifications. To
guarantee that the network continues to accurately reflect the state of the project, regular
monitoring and updating are conducted.
A key component of project management that improves scheduling, planning, and control of
project activities is creating a project network. Managers are able to guarantee timely delivery
of project objectives and successful project execution by methodically defining, ordering, and
visualising project tasks.
3) What is scheduling and its benefits?

A key component of project management is scheduling, which is arranging and planning

work, materials, and deadlines in order to complete projects within the allotted time. It is the
process of determining the start and end dates of project activities as well as their duration
and sequence of completion. Efficient scheduling guarantees timely completion of a project,
optimal resource utilisation, and satisfaction of deadlines.

The Benefits of Scheduling:

1. Improved Resource Utilization: The best possible resource allocation and utilization
are made possible by careful scheduling. It guards against excessive or inefficient use
of resources and guarantees their availability when needed.
2. Improved Communication and Coordination: Scheduling helps stakeholders and team
members coordinate more effectively. It offers a clear course of action, making sure
that everyone is aware of their roles and due dates and is on the same page.
3. Better Tracking and Monitoring: Project progress can be measured against a baseline
that is provided by a well-defined schedule. It enables project managers to monitor
development, spot plan deviations, and take remedial action as needed.
4. Cost management: By avoiding overtime, cutting down on idle time, and guaranteeing
the efficient use of resources, effective scheduling can assist in controlling project
costs. Additionally, it aids in the early detection of cost overruns, enabling prompt
remedial action.
5. Accountability and Documentation: Scheduling gives you a written plan that you can
consult at any time during the project. It acts as a log of what was scheduled and
when, which facilitates post-project evaluation and accountability.
6. Better Time Management: Teams and project managers can better manage their time
when they use scheduling. The project is ensured to be finished within the allotted
time by dividing it into manageable tasks and establishing deadlines.
7. Enhanced Productivity: When team members have a clear schedule, they are aware of
what needs to be done when, which cuts down on idle time and increases productivity.
It helps to keep things moving smoothly and avoids bottlenecks.
8. Risk management: Early in the project, scheduling aids in the identification of
possible risks and bottlenecks. Project managers can reduce risks by creating backup
plans in case of delays or resource shortages.
9. Meeting Deadlines: Project deadlines are more likely to be met when scheduling is
done. It reduces the possibility of delays and guarantees that the project is finished on
schedule by clearly defining all tasks and establishing reasonable timeframes.
10. Stakeholder Satisfaction: Stakeholder confidence and satisfaction are increased by a
well-planned schedule. It shows that the project is in control and moving forward
according to schedule, which may encourage more support and collaboration.
Project management requires scheduling because it provides order and clarity to the project
execution process. Ensuring the timely and efficient completion of tasks contributes to the
achievement of project objectives, timely delivery of deadlines, and stakeholder satisfaction.
Efficient scheduling enhances the project's overall performance and, by offering insightful
information and lessons learned, helps ensure that future projects are completed successfully.
 SET B

1) Explain Project Management Information System (PMIS) in detail.

An efficient and successful way to plan, carry out, and close down a project is with the aid of
a Project Management Information System (PMIS) or set of procedures. PMIS includes
software tools and techniques that make it easier to manage project information, improving
stakeholder coordination, communication, and decision-making.

Key Elements of PMIS:

1. Resource management: This part keeps tabs on the distribution and availability of
resources, such as labor, tools, and supplies. It facilitates the efficient use of resources
and the timely identification and resolution of any resource constraints.
2. Collaboration and Communication: The success of a project depends on effective
communication. PMIS facilitates smooth team and stakeholder collaboration by
providing communication tools like email, messaging, and document sharing
platforms.
3. Reporting and Documentation: PMIS produces a range of reports and documents,
including performance metrics, progress reports, and status updates. By offering
information on project performance, these reports assist stakeholders in making
defensible choices.
4. Integration Management: To make sure that every part of the project is coordinated
and in line with the others, PMIS integrates different tools and processes used in
project management. It aids in preserving coherence and consistency amongst various
project activities.
5. Project Planning: PMIS helps define the purpose, parameters, and goals of a project. It
comes with tools for making project schedules, Gantt charts, and Work Breakdown
Structures (WBS). Planning modules support resource allocation, task sequencing,
and duration estimation.
6. Cost management: PMIS offers resources for tracking, estimating, and planning
budgets. In order to keep the project within its financial constraints, it aids in budget
management, future cost forecasting, and expense monitoring.

Benefits of PMIS:
1. Improved Decision-Making: PMIS facilitates well-informed decision-making by
providing real-time access to project data and performance metrics. Project managers
have the ability to recognize problems, weigh options, and put solutions into action
fast.
2. Effective Communication: PMIS encourages improved stakeholder and team member
communication and collaboration. It offers a centralised forum for discussing
problems, monitoring advancement, and exchanging information.
3. Better Reporting and Documentation: PMIS produces thorough reports and
documentation that give a clear picture of the performance and status of the project.
 By improving accountability and transparency, this keeps stakeholders informed and
involved.
4. Enhanced Productivity: PMIS reduces manual labor and boosts productivity by
automating a number of project management tasks. Project managers are able to
concentrate on more strategic tasks as a result.
5. Improved Resource Management: By monitoring availability, allocation, and usage,
PMIS guarantees the best possible use of resources. It guarantees that resources are
used efficiently by assisting in the prevention of resource conflicts and bottlenecks.

For contemporary project management, a Project Management Information System (PMIS) is

a vital instrument. PMIS improves a project's efficiency, effectiveness, and success by
integrating different project management processes and giving users instant access to vital
data. It gives project managers the ability to more precisely plan, carry out, and close down
projects, guaranteeing that the objectives are met within the allocated spending and time
limits.
2) Elaborate on Project manager’s responsibilities.

When it comes to making sure that projects are finished on schedule, within scope, and
within budget, a project manager (PM) is essential. A project manager is responsible for a
wide range of tasks that call for a combination of leadership, communication, and technical
skills.

The following is a thorough overview of the main duties of a project manager:

1. Management of Resources: For a project to succeed, resource management must be
done well. The PM is responsible for effectively allocating staff, tools, and supplies.
This includes:
a. Finding the kind and amount of resources required is known as "identifying
resource requirements."
b. Putting the right people in the right tasks is important when assigning them.
c. Monitoring resource consumption and resolving conflicts or shortages is the
management of resource availability.
2. Risk Assessment: Identifying, evaluating, and reducing risks is an essential duty.
The PM needs to:
a. Perform risk assessments to determine possible hazards and how they might
affect the project.
b. Construct Risk Mitigation Plans: formulating plans to reduce or eliminate
risks.
c. Risk monitoring entails keeping an ongoing eye on and controlling risks
during the course of a project.
3. Management of Quality: It is essential to make sure the project's deliverables fulfill
the necessary quality standards.
The PM is in charge of:
a. Establishing Quality Standards: Specifying the project's definition of quality.
b. Implementing procedures to guarantee that quality standards are fulfilled is
known as quality assurance.
c. Quality control involves examining deliverables to find and fix flaws.
4. Implementing and Tracking Projects: The project manager supervises and tracks the
implementation of the project plan.
This includes:
a. Putting the Plan into Practice: Making sure the project's activities go according
to schedule.
b. Progress tracking is keeping tabs on how well a project is going in relation to
its scope, budget, and timeline.
c. Problem Solving: Recognizing and fixing any problems that crop up during
implementation.
5. Project Planning: Creating a thorough project plan that specifies the project's goals,
schedule, deliverables, milestones, and scope is the responsibility of the project
manager.
This comprises:
 a. Determining what is and is not part of the project is the first step in defining its
scope.
b. Establishing Goals: Clearly defined, attainable objectives that meet
stakeholder expectations.
c. In order to create a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), the project must be
divided into manageable tasks.
d. Creating Schedules: Project timelines are visualised using tools such as Gantt
charts.
6. Management of Budgets: Creating and overseeing the project budget is the
responsibility of the project manager.
This comprises:
a. Calculating the amount of money needed for project-related expenses is
known as cost estimation.
b. Planning a budget in accordance with the goals and limitations of a project.
c. Tracking actual spending against the budget and making necessary
adjustments to prevent cost overruns is known as "monitoring expenditures."

A project manager must possess a variety of skills, including technical knowledge, strategic
thinking, and interpersonal abilities. PMs are essential to attaining organisational objectives
and promoting project success because they plan, manage, and close projects efficiently.
3) What are the steps for Closing the project?

One of the most important stages of the project management lifecycle is project closure. It
guarantees that all project tasks are finished, deliverables are approved, and all paperwork is
finished.

The steps involved in concluding a project are as follows:

1. Verify Project Deliverable Completion: Verify that every project deliverable has been
finished in accordance with the specifications and project scope.
This comprises:
Verification: Making sure that every assignment and activity has been completed.
Verifying that deliverables satisfy the acceptance standards outlined in the project
plan is known as validation.
2. Acquire Official Approval: To ensure that the project deliverables are approved,
obtain formal approval from the client, stakeholders, or project sponsor.
This includes:
Formal Approval: Getting the final deliverables accepted in writing.
Feedback collection is the process of asking stakeholders for their opinions on the
project's results.
3. Review the completed project: Examine the project in its entirety to determine what
worked well and what needs to be improved.
This comprises:
Evaluating performance means comparing actual results to the scope, budget, time,
and objectives of the project.
Lessons Learned: To make future projects better, document what worked and what
didn't.
4. Complete Project Records: Make sure that all project documentation has been
completed and is properly stored.
This includes:
Maintaining Records: Ensuring that all project documentation is current and
comprehensive.
Archiving is the process of keeping records in a single location for later use.
5. Project Resources Should Be Released: Release all project resources, such as workers,
tools, and supplies.
This includes:
Team Reassignment: The process of moving team members to different tasks or
positions within the company.
Redistributing or returning tangible resources and equipment is known as resource
inventory.
6. Close Deals and Purchasing Operations: Complete and close out all contracts and
procurement related to the project.
 This comprises:
Getting all vendor deliverables received and payments settled is known as vendor
closure.
Contract Review: Examining each agreement to make sure all responsibilities have
been fulfilled.
7. Execute the Financial Closure: Make sure all project expenses are covered and
budgets are balanced by doing a final financial review.
This includes:
Final Accounting: Verifying that all costs are accounted for and authorised.
Elucidating discrepancies between the budget and actual expenses is known as budget
reconciliation.
8. Deliverables for Transition: Turn over the project deliverables to the client or the
operational team.
This includes:
Planning a seamless transition for project deliverables is known as a transition plan.
Training and Assistance: Giving the group in charge of continuing operations the
required instruction and assistance.
9. Honour Achievements: Honor and celebrate the project team's accomplishments.
This comprises:
Thanking team members for their contributions and hard work is an
acknowledgement.
Celebration: Planning an official or informal gathering to mark the end of a project.

In order to guarantee that all project components are appropriately completed, lessons are
learned for subsequent projects, and resources are reallocated effectively, the project closure
phase is essential. Project managers can ensure a smooth and successful project closure,
satisfying stakeholders and laying the groundwork for future project successes, by adhering
to these guidelines.