1.

The splitting of white light into band of seven colours is known as:
(a) Reflection (b) Dispersion (c) Refraction
(d) Scattering
Ans: (b) Dispersion
2. Blue colour of sky is due to phenomenon of …….. of sunlight.
(a) Reflection (b) Dispersion (c) Refraction (d) Scattering
Ans: (d) Scattering
3. The focal length of the eye lens increases when eye muscles:
(a) Are relaxed and lens becomes thinner
(b) Contract and lens becomes thicker
(c) Are relaxed and lens becomes thicker
(d) Contract and lens becomes thinner.
Ans: (a) Are relaxed and lens becomes thinner
4. When white light is propagating through air which of the following statements is true:
(a) Red light moves fastest
(b) Blue light moves fastest
(c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed
(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as that of the red and violet light.
Ans: (c) All the colours of the while light moves with the same speed.
5. The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is
(a) 2.5 cm
(b) 25 cm
(c) 2.5 m
(d) 25 m
Ans: (b) 25 cm
6 The sensation of vision in the retina is carried to the brain by
(a) Ciliary muscles
(b) Cornea
(c) Pupil
(d) Optic nerve
Ans: (d) Optic nerve
7 In a myopic eye, the rays from infinity are brought to focus at a point
(a) In front of the retina
(b) On the retina
(c) Behind the retina
(d) On the eye lens
Ans: (a) In front of the retina
8 The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
(a) Cornea
(b) Ciliary muscles
© Pupil
(c) Optic nerve
Ans: (b) Ciliary muscles
9 The human eye forms the image of an object at its
(a) Cornea
(b) Iris
(c) Pupil
(d) Retina
Ans: (d) Retina
10 Myopia occurs due to
(a) Increase in the focal length of the eye lens
(b) Contraction of the eye ball
(c) Decrease in focal length of the eye lens
 (d) Decrease in distance between the retina and the eye lens
Ans: ©decrease in focal length of the eye lens

11 The term “accommodation” as applied to the eye, refers to its ability to:

(a) Control the light intensity falling on the retina

(b) Erect the inverted image formed on the retina

(c) Adjust the focal length of the lens

(d) Vary the distance between the lens and retina

Answer: (c) Adjust the focal length of the lens

12 . How eyes adjust in order to focus the image of near or distant objects on retina?

(a) The lens moves in or out according to the position of the object

(b) The retina moves in or out according to the position of the object

(c) The lens becomes thicker or thinner according to the position of the object

(d) The pupil gets larger or smaller according to the position of the object

Answer: (c) The lens becomes thicker or thinner according to the position of the object

13. A person cannot see the distant objects clearly (though he can see the nearby objects clearly). He
is suffering from the defect of vision called:

(a) Cataract

(b) Hypermetropia

(c) Myopia

(d) Presbyopia

Answer: (c) Myopia

14. A got his eye tested. The optician’s prescription for the spectacles was:

Left eye: −3 D

Right eye: −3.50 D

The person is having a defect of vision called:

(a) Presbyopia

(b) Myopia
(c) Astigmatism

(d) Hypermetropia

Answer: (b) Myopia

15. A man finds it difficult to read the odometer on the dashboard of the car but is able to clearly
read a distant road sign. Which of the following statement is correct about this man?

(a) The near point of his eyes has receded away.

(b) The near point of his eyes has come closer to him.

(c) The far point of his eyes has receded away.

(d) The far point of his eyes has come closer to him.

Answer: (a) The near point of his eyes has receded away

16. With both eyes open, a person’s field of view is about:

(a) 90o

(b) 150o

(c) 180o

(d) 360o

Answer: (c) 180o

17. When a beam of white light falls on a glass prism, the colour of light which will deviate least is:

(a) Violet

(b) Red

(c) Green

(d) Blue

Answer: (b) Red

18. The star appear shifted from their actual position due to the phenomenon of:

(a) Diffraction of light

(b) Scattering of light

(c) Refraction of light

(d) Reflection of light

Answer: (c) Refraction of light

19. Blue colour of the sky is due to the phenomenon of:

(a) Reflection of light

(b) Refraction of light

(c) Dispersion of light

(d) Scattering of light

Answer: (d) Scattering of light

20. Which of the following figures correctly represents the passage of white light through prism?

Answer: (a)

21. Which of the following graph represents the correct variation of angle of incidence (i) and angle
of deviation (δ)?
Answer: (a)

22. Figure a, b, c respectively; indicate the point in case of:

(a) The Hypermetropia eye, the myopic eye and normal eye

(b) The normal eye, the myopic eye and Hypermetropia eye

(c) The normal eye, the Hypermetropia eye and myopic eye

(d) The myopic eye, the normal eye and Hypermetropia eye

Answer: (c) The normal eye, the Hypermetropia eye and myopic eye

23. In which of the following cases will no dispersion take place when sunlight passes through it?
Answer: (b)

24. A: Astigmatism usually is caused by an irregularly shaped cornea.

B: Rainbow is the natural phenomenon in which dispersion takes place.

(a) Both 'A' and 'B' are true statements

(b) Both 'A' and 'B' are false statements.

(c) ‘A' is true while 'B' is false.

(d) ‘A' is false while 'B' is true

Answer: (a) Both 'A' and 'B' are true statements

25. Having two eyes facilitates in:

A: Increasing the field of view

B: Bringing three dimensional view

C: Developing the concept of distance/size.

Then the correct option is/are:

(a) A only

(b) A and B only

(c) B only

(d) A, B and C

Answer: (d) A, B and C

1. Define the term dispersion of white light. State the colour which bends (i) the
least and
(ii) the most while passing through a glass prism.
Ans: The splitting of white light into its component colours when it is passed
through a dispersive media like prism.
The colour which bends the least is red and the most is violet.

2. Give reason:
(i) The extend of deviation of a ray of light on passing through a glass prism
depends on its colour.
(ii) Light of red colour are used for danger signals.
Ans: (i) Refractive index of a medium is different for different colours of
light.
(iii) Due to large wave length, red colour is least scattered and travel to large
distance.
3. No rainbow could be observed from the surface of moon by the astronauts.
What could be the possible reason?
Ans: Moon does not have atmosphere and consequently no water droplets
present. Hence no dispersion of sun rays is possible.

4. If the Earth has no atmosphere, what change would be observed in the length of
day? Give reason.
Ans: In the absence of Earth’s atmosphere, the atmospheric refraction would
not take place and we would see the actual crossing of the horizon by the Sun at
the time of sun rise and sun set. The day time would have been decreased by four
minutes.

5. What is meant by spectrum of white light? How can we recombine the

components of white light after a prism has separated them?
Ans: The coloured pattern VIBGYOR formed by a prism by splitting the
incident white light is called a spectrum. By having two prisms, inverted to
each other, one can recombine the light to get white light again.

6. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?

Ans: When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the eye lens becomes thin, the
focal length increases, and the distant objects are clearly visible to the eyes. To
see the nearby objects clearly, the ciliary muscles contract making the eye lens
thicker. Thus, the focal length of the eye lens decreases and the nearby objects
become visible to the eyes. Hence, the human eye lens is able to adjust its focal
 length to view both distant and nearby objects on the retina. This ability is called
the power of accommodation of the eyes.

7. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What
should be the type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision? Draw the
corresponding diagram.
Ans: The person is able to see nearby objects clearly, but he is unable to see
objects beyond 1.2 m. This happens because the image of an object beyond 1.2
m is formed in front of the retina and not at the retina, as shown in the given
figure.

To correct this defect of vision, he must use a concave lens. The concave lens
will bring the image back to the retina as shown in the given figure.

8. Define near point and far point of human eye. What is the value of far point and
near point of the human eye with normal vision?

Ans: The near point of the eye is the minimum distance of the object from the
eye, which can be seen distinctly without strain. For a normal human eye, this
distance is 25 cm.

The far point of the eye is the maximum distance to which the eye can see the
objects clearly. The far point of the normal human eye is infinity.

9. A student has difficulty reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row.
What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How can it be
corrected?
 Ans: A student has difficulty in reading the blackboard while sitting in the
last row. It shows that he is unable to see distant objects clearly. He is suffering
from myopia. This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens.

10. An old person is unable to see clearly nearby objects as well as distant objects.
What defect of vision is he suffering from? What kind of lens will be required to
see clearly the nearby as well as distant object. Give reason.
Ans: Presbyopia. To correct this defect, he must use spectacles having bifocal
lens to see clearly nearby as well as distant object. For myopic defect, upper
part of bifocal lens consists of a concave lens used for distant vision and to
correct hypermetropia, lower part of bifocal lens consists of a convex lens. It
facilitates near vision.
11 A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision.
For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the
focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near
vision?
Answer-
The power (P) of a lens of focal length f is given by the relation
Power (P) = 1/f
(i) Power of the lens (used for correcting distant vision) = – 5.5 D
Focal length of the lens (f) = 1/Pf= 1/-5.5 = -0.181 m
The focal length of the lens (for correcting distant vision) is – 0.181 m.
(ii) Power of the lens (used for correcting near vision) = +1.5 D
Focal length of the required lens (f) = 1/P
f = 1/1.5 = +0.667 m
The focal length of the lens (for correcting near vision) is 0.667 m.
12. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the
nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Answer-
The individual is suffering from myopia. In this defect, the image is formed in front
of the retina. Therefore, a concave lens is used to correct this defect of vision.
Object distance (u) = infinity = ∞
Image distance (v) = – 80 cm
Focal length = f
According to the lens formula,
A concave lens of power – 1.25 D is required by the individual to correct his defect.
13. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of
a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct
this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
Answer-
An individual suffering from hypermetropia can see distinct objects clearly but he or
she will face difficulty in clearly seeing objects nearby. This happens because the eye
lens focuses the incoming divergent rays beyond the retina. This is corrected by
using a convex lens. A convex lens of a suitable power converges the incoming light
in such a way that the image is formed on the retina, as shown in the following
figure.
The convex lens creates a virtual image of a nearby object (N’ in the above figure) at
the near point of vision (N) of the individual suffering from hypermetropia.
The given individual will be able to clearly see the object kept at 25 cm (near point
of the normal eye), if the image of the object is formed at his near point, which is
given as 1 m.
Object distance, u= – 25 cm
Image distance, v= – 1 m = – 100 m
Focal length, f
Using the lens formula,

A convex lens of power +3.0 D is required to correct the defect.

14. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25
cm?
Answer-
A normal eye is not able to see the objects placed closer than 25 cm clearly because
the ciliary muscles of the eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit.
15. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance
of an object from the eye?
Answer-
The image is formed on the retina even on increasing the distance of an object from
the eye. The eye lens becomes thinner and its focal length increases as the object is
moved away from the eye.
16. Why do stars twinkle?
Answer-
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight, on
entering the earth’s atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches
the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing
refractive index.
17. Explain why the planets do not twinkle?
Answer-
Unlike stars, planets don’t twinkle. Stars are so distant that they appear as pinpoints
of light in the night sky, even when viewed through a telescope. Since all the light is
coming from a single point, its path is highly susceptible to atmospheric interference
18. Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?
Answer-
White light coming from the sun has to travel more distance in the atmosphere before
reaching the observer. During this, the scattering of all colored lights except the light
corresponding to red color takes place and so, only the red colored light reaches the
observer. Therefore, the sun appears reddish at sunrise and sunset.
19 Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
Answer-
The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut, as scattering of light does not
take place outside the earth’s atmosphere.
20 A star sometimes appears brighter and some other times fainter. What is
this effect called? State the reason for this effect. [Delhi]
Answer. This effect is called Twinkling effect.
Reason: It is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The atmosphere has varying
layers. The gradual change in the refractive index of different layers of atmosphere
causes atmospheric refraction and starlight undergoes multiple refraction. So, the
fluctuation in the position of star occurs continuously due to the changing amount of
light entering the eye. The star sometimes appears brighter and at some other times, it
appears fainter. This causes twinkling of star.

21. What is the colour of the clear sky during day time? Give reason for it. [All
India]
Answer. Clear sky appears blue.
Reason: When sunlight passes through the atmosphere having the molecules of air
and other fine particles, whose size is smaller than the wavelength of visible light,
these molecules and particles scatter the blue colour more strongly than the other
colours of spectrum as the wavelength of blue colour is more. This scattered blue
light enters our eye. So, the colour of sky appears blue to us during day time.

22. What is a spectrum? Why do different coloured rays deviate differently on

passing through a glass prism? [All India]
Answer. The band of coloured component of a light beam is called its spectrum. The
colour sequence is given by the acronym V I B G Y O R — Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
The speed of light of different colours in a medium like glass is different. Varying
speeds for different colours lead to different refractive indices for different colours. It
has been observed that the refractive index of glass for violet colour is more than that
for red colour. All the colours present in white light refract through different angles
and hence, emerge out from the prism with different directions and become distinct.
1. How does refraction takes place in the atmosphere? Why do stars twinkle but
not the planets?
Ans: The density of different layers of atmosphere at different height is
different. Higher the density, higher will be the refractive index. So, under the
normal condition, the refractive index of air, goes on decreasing as we move
towards the out most region of atmosphere. When a star light enters into the
atmosphere obliquely, it refracted continuously and move into the region of higher
refractive index. So it bends towards the normal. Thus refraction of light takes
place in the atmosphere.
Twinkling of stars: The apparent position of a star is slightly different from
the actual position due to atmospheric refraction. Further, this apparent position
is not stationary but keeps on changing due to the change in atmospheric
conditions like density, temperature, etc. The path of the rays of light coming
from the star goes on varying slightly. The amount of light entering our eyes
from a star increases or decreases randomly with time. Sometimes, the star
appears bright and other times it appears fainter. This gives rise to the twinkling
effect of the star.
The planets do not show twinkling effect: As the planets are much
closer to the earth, the amount of light received from them is much greater and
fluctuations cost in the amount of light due to atmospheric refraction are
negligible as compared to the amount of light received from them.
2 Give reason for the following
(a) Danger signals are red in colour
(b) Sun is visible two minutes before actual sunrise
© Sky appears to be blue
(d) Stars appears to twinkle
( e ) Sky appears to be dark from the surface of the moon
Ans: (a) Due to its longer wavelength red is least scattered and can be seen
from far places.
(b) Because of atmospheric refraction.
(c ) Due to the selective scattering of the blue component present in the
sunlight by the molecules present in the atmosphere.
(d) Stars appears to twinkle due to atmospheric refraction of starlight
and physical condition s of the earth’s atmosphere is not being
stationary.
( e) Sky appears to be dark from the surface of the moon because there are
no atmosphere particles to scatter sunlight.

3 Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled
ray diagram. Hence define the angle of deviation.
 Ans: A ray of light PE is incident at the the first surface AB of prism and
move from rarer to denser. On refraction it bends towards the normal and follow
the path EF as refracted ray inside the prism. At the second surface AC, the
refracted ray EF, gets refracted again and bends away from the normal in the form
of emergent ray FS.
Angle of deviation: The angle formed between the incident ray produced in the
forward direction and emergent ray produced in the backward direction through
the prism is called angle of deviation.

4. A student cannot see clearly a chart hanging on a wall placed at a distance 3

metre from his eye.
(i) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. List two causes.
(ii) Draw a diagram to illustrate this defect.
(iii)With the help of diagram show how this defect can be corrected?

Ans: Myopia or shortsightedness.

Causes of Myopia: Elongation of eyeball, decrease in focal length of the eye
lens.
5. (a) What is dispersion of white light? What is the cause of such dispersion?
Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a glass prism.
(b) A glass prism is able to produce a spectrum when white light passes through
it but a glass slab does not produce any spectrum. Explain why is it so?
.Ans:

(a) The splitting up of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion.
The colour sequence is given by the acronym V I B G Y O R – Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. This colour pattern is called a spectrum.

Dispersion takes place because the speed of light of different colours through a glass
prism is different and so, refractive index, therefore, each colour bends (refracts)
through different angles with respect to incident ray as they pass through a prism.
The red colour has maximum speed in glass prism. So, it is least deviated while the
violet colour has minimum speed so its deviation is maximum. Thus, the ray of each
colour emerges along different paths and becomes distinct.
(b) For dispersion, the two refracting surfaces must be inclined to each other as in
case of prism. In rectangular glass slab, the refracting surfaces are parallel to each
other. So, dispersion cannot occur. This is due to fact that the rectangular glass slab
can be considered as equivalent of two identical prisms in inverted position placed in
an inverted position with respect to each other. The deviation and dispersion
produced by the second inverted prism is equal and opposite to that produced by the
first prism.
Therefore, there will neither be dispersion, nor deviation, Le. second inverted prism
recombines the , colour to give a white light parallel to the incident ray again and
will undergo only lateral displacement. Hence, rectangular glass slab cannot produce
any spectrum.

6. (a) Explain the following terms used in relation to defects in vision and
correction provided by them:
(i) Myopia (ii) Bifocal lenses (iii) Far-sightedness.
(b) Why is the normal eye unable to focus on an object placed within 10 cm
from the eye?
Ans: (a) (i) Myopia: Short-sightedness is caused due to excessive curvature in cornea
or elongation of eyeball. Image is formed before of the retina. So, a concave lens is
used to correct it.
(ii) Bifocal lenses: These are used to correct presbyopic eye. These contain lenses
with upper concave and lower convex surface. Presbyopia arises with age.
(iii) Far-sightedness: Hypermetropia or far-sightedness is caused due to greater focal
length of eye lens and/or when eyeball becomes smaller. Image is formed beyond the
retina and can be corrected using a convex lens.
(b) The focal length of the lens cannot be changed up to an extent that objects nearer
than 25 cm can be viewed (its near point is 25 cm). So it is not able to focus for 10
cm.

7 What is Tyndall effect? What ¡s its cause? Explain two phenomena observed in
daily life which are based on Tyndall effect

Ans:
Tyndall effect: when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, placed in
a dark room,the path of the beam becomes illuminated when observed through a
microscope perpendicular to the path of light. This is known as Tyndall effect Thus.
Tyndall effect is due to scattering of light by the colloidal particles and the colloidal
particles are seen to be moving as points of light moving against a dark background.

Daily life phenomena

(i) When sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest, the tiny water droplets
in the mist scatter light and become visible.
(ii) When a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke filled room through a small hole,
the smoke particles become visible due to the scattering of light.

8 Write the function of the parts given below

(i) Iris (ii) ciliary muscles (iii)crystalline lens (iv)pupil (v) retina

Ans:
Iris: It controls the size of the pupil
Ciliary muscles: It helps the eyelens to focus the image of the object on the
retina by increasing or decreasing the curvature of eye
lens and holds the lens in position
Crystalline lens: It forms a real and inverted image of the object on the
retina.
Pupil: It regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Retina: It is the screen where image is formed and it converts light into
electrical signals that are sent to the brain through optic nerves

9 (a) Write the importance of ciliary muscles in the human eye. Name the defect of
vision that arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles in old age.
What type of lenses are required by the persons suffering from this defect to see
the objects clearly?
(b) Name the eye defect in which eyelens becomes cloudy and milky and how it
can be corrected?
Ans: (a)Function of ciliary muscles
It helps the eyelens to focus the image of the object on the retina by
increasing or decreasing the curvature of eye lens and holds the lens in
position
Defect of vision: Presbyopia
Correction: By using bifocal lenses
(b) Cataract and it can be corrected by cataract surgery
10 What is hypermetropia? List two causes. Draw a diagram to illustrate this
defect. Also show a diagram how this defect can be corrected using a lens.
Ans: The inability of an eye in viewing the nearby object.
Reason: (i) The very small size of the eyeball.
(ii) Focal length of the eye lens is large.