WATER DEMAND

DESIGN PERIOD
The Future period for which a provision is made in designing the capacities of various
components of water supply scheme is known as Design Period. Design period of water
scheme generally is about 30 – 40 years.

Probability Both tub curve

Of failure AB  Design Period

A B

Time

WATER DEMAND

The quantity of water required for a town depends on rate of demand, Design period, Population.
Total demand of water including domestic, Industrial, Public use, tosses & thefts ranges from
270lpcd to 335 lpcd where lpcd refers to liters per capita day.

DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

The quantity of water required in the houses for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc is called
domestic water demand and mainly depends upon the habits, social status, climatic conditions
and customs of the people. As per IS: 1172-1993, under normal conditions, the domestic
consumption of water in India is about 135 litres/capita/day. But in developed countries, this
figure may be as high as 350 litres/day/capita because of usage of air coolers, air conditioners,
maintenance of lawns, automatic household appliances etc. The quantity of domestic water
demand will be around 50-60% of total demand of the City.

The details of the domestic consumption are

a) Drinking 5 litres
b) Cooking 5 litres
c) Bathing 55 litres
d) Clothes washing 20 litres
e) Utensils washing 10 litres
f) House washing 10 litres

Total 135 lpcd (Low Income group Colonies)

Water Demand for High Income Group – 200 lpcd

INDUSTRIAL DEMAND

The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type of industries, which are either
existing or likely to be existed in future in the city. The water required by factories, paper mills,
Cloth mills, Cotton mills, Breweries, Sugar refineries etc., comes under industrial use. The
quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is estimated around 20 to 25% of the total
demand of the city. In industrial cities, the per capita water requirement may finally be
computed to be as high as 450 lpcd as compared to the normal industrial requirement of 50
lpcd.

INSTITUTION AND COMMERCIAL DEMAND

20-25% of total water consumption

Universities, Institution, commercial buildings and commercial centers including office

buildings, warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping centers, health centers, schools, temple, cinema
houses, railway and bus stations etc comes under this category. As per IS: 1172-1963, 20 lpcd is
normally considered to be enough to meet such commercial and institutional water
requirements although this demand is computed to be as high as 70 lpcd for highly commercial
cities.

Schools or Colleges – 45 to 135 lpcd

Offices – 45 lpcd
Cinema theatres – 15 lpcd
Restaurants – 70 lpcd
Hotels – 180 lpcd
Hospitals – 340 to 450 lpcd

DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE

Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as for washing and sprinkling on
roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains etc comes under
public demand. To meet the water demand for public use, provision of 5% of the total
consumption is made designing the water works for a city. An Average value of 10 lpcd is
considered for Public Use Demand.

FIRE DEMAND
Fire may take place due to faulty electric wires by short circuiting, fire catching materials,
explosions, bad intension of criminal people or any other unforeseen factors. If fires are not
properly controlled and extinguished in minimum possible time, they lead to serious damage and
may burn cities.

All the big cities have full fire-fighting squads. As during the fire breakdown large quantity of
water is required for throwing it over the fire to extinguish it, therefore provision is made in the
water work to supply sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the water mains for this
purpose. In the cities fire hydrants are provided on the water mains at 100 to 150 m apart for fire
demand. The quantity of water required for firefighting is generally calculated by using different
empirical formulae. Fire demand is generally 5 to 10% of total demand of city.

Minimum fire hydrants required - 3

For Indian conditions, kuichlings formula gives satisfactory results.

Q = Discharge in lit/min, P = Population in thousands.

Other formulae for Fire Demand:

National board of fire Underwriters Formula

Freeman’s formula

Buston’s formula

LOSSES AND WASTES

All the water, which goes in the distribution, pipes does not reach the consumers.

The following are the reasons

1. Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
2. Losses due to, consumers keep open their taps of public taps even when they are not using
the water and allow the continuous wastage of water.
3. Losses due to unauthorized and illegal connections.

Generally it is approximated as 15-20% of the total demand for a city.

Following are the various types of water demands of a city or town in India:

LIG HIG

i. Domestic water demand 135 200

ii. Industrial demand 50 50
iii. Institution and commercial demand 20 20
iv. Demand for public use 10 10
v. Fire demand, Loses and wastes 55 55
270 lpcd 335 lpcd

HIG - High Income Group Areas with Full Flushing System

LIG – Low Income Group Areas
To estimate water demand, following parameters must be determined or calculated.

i. Average annual daily water consumption: It is based on complete one year supply of
water. It is the total consumption during one year, divided by the population.
Average Daily water Consumption (q) = (Q / P x 365) lpcd.
ii. Maximum daily consumption: It is the maximum amount of water used during one day
in the year. This amount is 180% of the average daily consumption
MDC = 1.8 x q. It is usually a working day (Monday) of summer season.
iii. Maximum weekly demand: The amount of water used by a population during a whole
single week in a study span of 1 year. Maximum weekly demand = 1.48 x q
iv. Maximum monthly demand = 1.28 x q
v. Maximum hourly demand = 1.5xAvg. hourly of maximum daily = 1.5 [1.8xq] = 2.7q
vi. Maximum Seasonal demand = 1.30 x q

Total draft: Greater of the following

i. Maximum daily Demand + fire demand

ii. Maximum Hourly demand

VARIATIONS IN WATER DEMAND

 Annual Average Daily water demand = Population*Per capita demand
 Maximum daily water demand = 1.8× average daily demand
 Maximum hourly water demand = 1.5 × times maximum daily demand
(or)
= 2.7 × times maximum daily demand
COINCIDENT DRAFT
It is the maximum water extracted and at the same time fire occurs. It should ready to face both.
Coincident draft = Maximum Daily Water Demand + Fire demand
Total Draft (Total Demand) = Maximum Hourly Demand (or) Coincident Draft
(Whichever is Maximum)

The water supply components are designed for different design periods which are based on
population, economy, and other factors. Some of the typical examples are listed as follows:

Component Design reference Design Period (years)

Dams (or) storage reservoirs Max. daily water demand 50
Intakes Max. daily water demand 30
Conveying pipes (water supply project) Max. daily water demand 30
Pumps 2 × Avg. daily demand 15
Treatment units (except rapid sand filters) Max. daily water Demand 30
Rapid sand filters 2 × Avg. daily demand 15
Distribution system Total Draft 30
Distribution reservoirs Max. hourly water Demand 15
Water demand:

1. Coincident draft in relation to water demand is based on

a)peak hourly demand b)maximum daily demand

c)maximum daily demand+fire demand d)greater of a and b
Ans: C

2. The suitable method for forecasting population for an old developed large city is

a) Arithmetic mean method b) Geometric mean method

c) Comparative graphical method d) None
Ans: A

3. Water distribution systems are designed to meet

a) Max.hourly demand b) Avg.hourly demand

c) Max.daily demand and hourly demand d) Avg.daily demand+ fire demand
Ans: A

4. The growth of population can be represented by

a)straight line curve b)semi-log curve

c)logistic curve d)logarithm curve
Ans: C

5. Find the population at the end of 2011 by arithmetical increase method?

Year population
1951 1,00,000
1961 1,09,000
1971 1,16,000
1981 1,28,000
Ans: 467750

6. The present population of a community is 28000 with an average consumption of

4200m3/day.The existing water treatment plant has a design capacity of 6000m3/d. It.is expected
that the.population will increase to 44000 during the next 20 years. The number of years from n
ow when the.plant will reach its design capacity, assuming an arithmetic rate of population growt
h, will be (2004)

(a.) 5.5 years (b.) 8.6 years (c.) 15.0 years (d.) 16.5 years
Ans: C