BOUMERDES UNIVERSITY, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, I.G.E.

E (ex-INELEC)

REACTANCES

Lab report Electrical Engineering II (EE203L-Lab)

Experiment 3

Under the supervision of Miss S.DJABALI

Wednesday, October 12, 2022

L2, L03, Group 06

Members:

- BAY Seif-El-Islam
- MOKDAD Zakaria
- MELAH Raid Chems Eddine
Introduction:
The current-voltage characteristic of a capacitor or an inductor is unlike
that of typical resistors. While resistors show a constant resistance value over a
wide range of frequencies, the equivalent ohmic value for a capacitor or an
inductor, known as the reactance, is inversely proportional to frequency for the
capacitor and directly proportional to the frequency for the inductor.
Objectives:
At the end of the experiment the reader would be able to:
- To learn about capacitive reactance and inductive reactance.
Equipment and components:

- The function generator (FG). - The oscilloscope (or simply the scope).

- Digital Multimeter. - Cable. - A BNC to BNC cable.

- T BNC connector. - Y BNC connector. - The probe.

 - Bread board. - Power supply.
- 100 Ω resistor.
- 1 µF and 2.2 µF capacitors.
- 1 mH and 2.2 mH inductors.
Procedure:
Part I:
1. We have three components: a 100 Ω resistor, 1 µF and 2.2 µF capacitors.
- Measuring their actual values: R = 99.9 Ω, We did not measure the 1 µF
and 2.2 µF capacitors because there was no equipment that can do it.
- Considering the circuit:

2. Building the circuit using R= 100 Ω, and C = 1 µF. Place a probe across the
capacitor to visualize its voltage. Set the generator to a 200 Hz sine wave
and 4 V p-p.
3. Calculate the theoretical value of XC using the measured capacitance value
and record in Table 1.
1
XC =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
4. Record the peak-to-peak capacitor voltage in Table 1.
5. Repeat steps two through four for the remaining frequencies of Table 1.
o To get the values of XC Exp we should find first I(p-p):
By applying KVL we get:
Vin = VC + Ri
 Vin(p-p) = VC(p-p) + Ri(p-p)
 i(p-p) = ( Vin(p-p) - VC(p-p) ) / R
And since: XC Exp = VC / i = VC(p-p) / i(p-p)
Replacing by the value of i(p-p) we get:
XC exp = R VC(p-p) / ( Vin(p-p) - VC(p-p) )
o To calculate the deviation we apply this equation:
𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
%𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = � � × 100
𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
 Table 1
Frequency (Hz) XC Theory (Ω) VC(p-p) Exp (v) XC Exp (Ω) % Dev
200 796.178 3.76 1566.667 96.77
400 398.089 3.44 614.285 54.30
600 265.393 2.96 284.615 7.24
800 199.045 2.48 163.157 18.02
1.0 K 159.236 2.16 117.391 26.27
1.2 K 132.696 1.92 92.307 30.43
1.6 K 99.522 1.52 61.290 38.41
2.0 K 79.618 1.28 47.058 40.89
6. Replace the 1 uF capacitor with the 2.2 uF unit and repeat steps two through
five, recording results in Table 2.
Table 2
Frequency (Hz) XC Theory (Ω) VC(p-p) Exp (v) XC Exp (Ω) % Dev
200 361.899 3.36 525.000 45.07
400 180.950 2.40 150.000 17.10
600 120.633 1.84 85.185 29.38
800 90.475 1.44 56.250 37.83
1.0 K 72.380 1.20 42.857 40.79
1.2 K 60.317 1.04 35.135 41.75
1.6 K 45.237 0.80 25.000 44.74
2.0 K 36.190 0.64 19.048 47.37
7. Using the data of Tables 1 and 2, create plots of capacitive reactance versus
frequency.
Part II:
1. We have three components: a 100 Ω resistor, 1 mH and 2.2 mH inductors.
- Measuring their actual values: R = 99.9 Ω, We did not measure the 1 mH
and 2.2 mH inductors because there was no equipment that can do it.
- Considering the circuit:

2. Building the circuit using R= 100 Ω, and L = 2.2 mH. Place a probe across the
capacitor to visualize its voltage. Set the generator to a 1000 Hz sine wave
and 4 V p-p.
3. Calculate the theoretical value of XL using the measured inductor value and
record in Table 3.
XL = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
4. Record the peak-to-peak capacitor voltage in Table 3.
5. Repeat steps two through four for the remaining frequencies of Table 3.
o To get the values of XL Exp we should find first I(p-p):
By applying KVL we get:
Vin = VL + Ri
 Vin(p-p) = VL (p-p) + Ri(p-p)
 i(p-p) = ( Vin(p-p) – VL (p-p) ) / R
And since: XL Exp = VL / i = VL (p-p) / i(p-p)
Replacing by the value of i(p-p) we get:
XL exp = R VL (p-p) / ( Vin(p-p) – VL (p-p) )
o To calculate the deviation we apply this equation:
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
%𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = � � × 100
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
 Table 3
Frequency (Hz) XL Theory (Ω) VL (p-p) Exp (v) XL Exp (Ω) % Dev
1K 13.816 0.66 19.760 43.03
2K 27.632 0.72 21.951 20.56
3K 41.448 0.76 23.457 43.41
4K 55.264 0.80 25.000 54.76
5K 69.080 0.86 27.389 60.35
6K 82.896 0.94 30.719 62.94
8K 110.528 1.10 37.931 65.68
6. Replace the 2.2 mH inductor with the 1 mH unit and repeat steps two
through five, recording results in Table 2.
Table 4
Frequency (Hz) XL Theory (Ω) VL (p-p) Exp (v) XL Exp (Ω) % Dev
2K 12.56 0.44 12.360 1.60
4K 25.12 1.00 33.333 32.70
6K 37.68 1.52 61.290 62.66
8K 50.24 1.92 92.308 83.73
10 K 62.8 2.24 127.273 102.66
12 K 75.36 2.54 173.973 130.86
16 K 100.48 3.02 308.163 206.69
20 K 125.6 3.38 545.161 334.05
7. Using the data of Tables 3 and 4, create plots of inductive reactance versus
frequency.
- What is the relationship between capacitive reactance and frequency?
A capacitor's capacitive reactance reduces as the frequency across its plates
increases. Capacitive reactance is therefore inversely proportional to frequency.
- What is the relationship between capacitive reactance and capacitance?
Capacitance is the amount of charge that a capacitor can achieve and is
measured in Farads or microfarads, µF. The resistance to the passage of
alternating current caused by capacitance is known as "capacitive reactance." It,
like resistance and inductive reactance, is measured in ohms.
- What is the relationship between inductive reactance and frequency?
The inductive reactance of an inductor increases as the frequency across it
increases therefore inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency.
- What is the relationship between inductive reactance and inductance?
Inductance is a quantity that describes a property of a circuit element. Reactance
is the effect of that inductance at a given frequency. A clear difference because the
units for each is different. Inductance is the ability to create a voltage within a
conductor or a nearby conductor by changing the current flow in that the first
conductor. Reactance is an opposition to a change in current.

Conclusion :
When you put an AC voltage input into a resistor, current and voltage
behave according to Ohm's Law. Capacitors and inductors give a different type of
resistance, called a reactance. Reactances tell us the phase relationship between
voltage and current in an AC circuit. The presence of inductors and capacitors in an
AC circuit and their resultant reactances can cause voltage and current to be out of
phase. The following formula allows us to know the angle at which either current
or voltage lead or lag on one another:
As an example: for f = 1kHz, and for both part 1 with C = 1µF and part 2 L = 2.2mH
13.816−159.236
the angle is : = = -1.4542
100
So: = -55.49°
Capacitance and frequency are the main components that affect the
capacitive reactance of a capacitor. The graph above shows the relationship of a
fixed value capacitor with a changing frequency. As frequency increases so the
reactance XC reduces. XC is given in Ohms.
The inductive reactance is proportional to the component's inductance and
the frequency used. When the inductance or applied frequency is increased, the
inductive reactance increases and opposes the current in the circuit more.