MODAL VERBS

Estos verbos que sirven como verbos auxiliares, buscan darle un significado específico a
ciertas acciones. Se utilizan para darle otro significado a una oración. Por ejemplo, para
pedir permiso para hablar o para saber si podrían venir a buscarte.
Los modal verbs modifican a otros verbos, por lo que después de un modal verb siempre
hay un verbo en su forma infinitiva (sin el to), por ejemplo: You can eat better
1. Can: puede significar puedes, pueden, puedo, sé, sabe, sabes.
Por ejemplo: Forgive, can you tell me what time is?
I can cook pizza.
He can’t speak French.
2. Could: podía o podías (pasado de can), también podríamos.
Por ejemplo: We could meet up today.
Could you call your mom, please?
3. May: puede, puede que, puedes o puedo.
Por ejemplo: May I speak now?
We may go to college tomorrow.
4. Might: es una variación o sinónimo de may: puede que, podría o podrías.
Por ejemplo: He might come tonight.
You might as well try to open and get in the car.
5. Will: para expresar algo que deberíamos hacer, esperar, etc. en un tiempo futuro.
Por ejemplo: You will find it.
We will listen to the next time.
Will you marry me?
6. Would: para referirse o comentar sobre una conducta recurrente en el pasado, y
para pedir que alguien realice una acción.
Por ejemplo: Would you close the window?
When I was in Spain, I would speak Spanish.
I would like to know the truth.
7. Must: necesito o tengo que. También puede implicar suposiciones.
Por ejemplo: You must be joking.
Maybe, she must have done something.
8. Shall: no es común ya que es más formal. Su traducción es la misma que la del
verbo will.
Por ejemplo: We shall dance together soon, my lady.
9. Should: debería, deberías.
Por ejemplo: You should listen to me.
I shouldn’t have shouted at him.
10. Ought to: sinónimo de should.
Por ejemplo: I ought to practice more piano.
11. Have to: obligación o necesidad de hacer algo.
Por ejemplo: I have got to do my homework now.
Why do you have to go home so early?
12. Don’t have to: ausencia de obligación o necesidad.
Por ejemplo: You don't have to drive because we are travelling by bus.
13. Need to: necesidad.
Por ejemplo: I don't have cash. I need to go to the bank
14. Be able to: habilidad o posibilidad.
Por ejemplo: I will be able to get in time
Once you finish this course, you will be able to speak Japanese
1. 1) ____ you help me with my English exam?

a) Might | b) Will | c) Ought | d) Should

2. 2) You ____ read the washing machine instructions carefully or you will ruin your
clothes.

a) could | b) must | c) will | d) ought

3. 3) We ____ take an umbrella. It looks like it’s raining cats and dogs.

a) may | b) should | c) might | d) could

4) ____ you always be late?

a) May | b) Might | c) Would | d) Must

5) I ____ love to go to the beach this August.

a) will | b) may | c) should | d) would

6) She ____ train harder if she wants to break the record.

a) may | b) might | c) should | d) would

7) Rock climbing ____ be dangerous.

a) can | b) shall | c) ought | d) should

8) ____ I wear a fancy dress for the party?

a) Must | b) Should | c) Will | d) May

9) They ____ to work harder.

a) may | b) should | c) ought | d) must

10) You ____ play videogames when you should be studying.

a) musn’t | b) couldn’t | c) shouldn’t | d) won’t

 ZERO CONDITIONAL
Se usa en situaciones en las que si se cumple una condición, siempre se da un mismo
resultado.

Formación: if/when + present simple + present simple

Por ejemplo: If you don't put sunscreen on, you get burnt.
You get orange if you mix red and yellow.

Cuando colocamos delante la proposición con “if”, debe ir separada de la proposición

principal por una coma. Cuando es la proposición principal la que aparece antes, no
necesita coma al final.

FIRST CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos el First Conditional para hablar de acontecimientos del futuro que son probables
en una situación determinada. Este tiempo verbal nos informa de qué ocurrirá o qué es
probable que ocurra en el futuro si antes sucede otra cosa. Se refiere a acciones o eventos
probables y realistas.

Formación:
Proposición con ‘If…’ … proposición principal
(también llamados
condicionales)

Estructura If + sujeto + simple present sujeto + will (simple future)

+ verbo

Ejemplos If I decide to go out tonight, … I will send you a Whatsapp.

If people don’t recycle more, … climate change will get

worse.

También se puede invertir el orden. Por ejemplo:

“I will send you a WhatsApp if I decide to go out tonight”.
Cuando colocamos delante la proposición con “if”, debe ir separada de la proposición
principal por una coma. Cuando es la proposición principal la que aparece antes, no necesita
coma al final.

1. Complete the sentences:

● ______ it rains, you ______ (get) wet.
● _______ _________ wet ______ it rains.
● _______ Sally _______(be) late again I _________(be) mad.
● I _________ mad _______ Sally _______ late again.
● _______ you ________ (do not do) hurry, you ________(miss) the bus.
● You ________ the bus_______ you ________.

2. Choose the correct option:

a. If it rains/rained, then we will stayed/will stay at home.
b. If I saw/see Jim, I will ask/ask him to phone you.
c. If I have/has enough money, I go/will go to New York.
d. If he are/is late, we will go/will gone without him.
e. If I is/am not too tired, I will go/go will.
f. If I don’t go/doesn’t go bed now, I be/will be tired tomorrow.
g. They go/will go to the party if they were/be invited.
h. He won’t get/wasn’t get a better job if he doesn’t pass/will not pass the exam.

3. Write sentences:
a. you/buy/an electric car/you/save/money on gas.

b. we/eat/all this cake/we/be/sick.

 c. he/not come/I/be/very surprised.

d. we/not hurry/we/be/late.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

Se utiliza para:
1. situaciones en las que el hablante considera que es poco probable que sucedan en
el futuro. Por ejemplo: If I became President, I would change many things.
2. situaciones que no son ciertas en el momento actual. Por ejemplo: If I had more
time, I would take up a sport.
3. dar consejos a alguien utilizando la expresión If I were you (Si yo fuese tú). Por
ejemplo: If I were you, I wouldn't invite her.

Formación: If + sujeto + past simple, sujeto + would + verbo en infinitivo (sin el to)
Por ejemplo: If I were invisible for one day, I could/would play tricks on my friends.
 THIRD CONDITIONAL

Se utiliza para pensar en situaciones del pasado que no ocurrieron e imaginarnos qué
resultados hubiesen tenido, o para expresar arrepentimiento por no haber realizado una
acción en el pasado.

Formación:
If + past perfect, sujeto + would + have + verbo en pasado participio
Por ejemplo: If I had remembered it was your birthday, I would have bought you a present.
A veces, en vez de would se utilizan otros verbos modales como could, might:
If I had saved my money, I could have gone on holiday.
If we had had time, we might have gone to the beach.

ACTIVE VOICE

Se usa para hacer énfasis en la persona que realiza una acción, es decir, el sujeto activo
que realiza la acción.

Formación:
sujeto + verbo + objeto
Por ejemplo: Eduardo eats apples every day.
My mum cooks empanadas once a week.
I threw the rock.
You lied to me.

PASSIVE VOICE

Se usa para hacer énfasis en el objeto o persona que recibe una acción, es decir, el sujeto
pasivo que recibe la acción.

Formación:
objeto + verbo to be + verbo en participio + preposición by + sujeto
Por ejemplo: The apple was eaten by Eduardo.
The cake was made by my mum.
The rock was thrown by me.
The wall was vandalized by someone.

1. Indicate in each case if it is a case of passive or active voice:

a. “A Hard Day’s Night” was written by the Beatles.

b. My house was decorated by my sister.
c. The congress accepted the proposal.
d. Spielberg directed the movie ET.
e. Those trees were planted by my grandfather.
f. My father built this house.
g. John sent a letter to the customers.
h. The cat was chased by the dog.
i. Children like sweets.
j. The ball was caught by Jim.
k. The cat ate the fish.
l. The police arrested the mugler.
m. The lion attacked the zebra.
n. Zara is loved by everyone.

2. Convert the sentences:

REPORTED SPEECH

Cuando usamos reported speech para decir algo que alguien más dijo en el pasado. Para
formarlo conjugamos el verbo un tiempo verbal hacia atrás (al pasado). Por ejemplo, si
quien habló lo hizo en presente simple, al usar reported speech se usará past simple.
Los verbos que comúnmente se utilizan en reported speech son say (that) o tell
(somebody that).

Cambio de tiempo verbal:

direct speech reported speech

present simple past simple

present continuous past continuous

past simple past perfect simple

present perfect past perfect simple

simple

am/is/are going to was/were going to

will would
 can could

may might

must/have to had to

should/could/ no cambia
might/ought
to/would
Por ejemplo:
● ‘I’am going on holiday tomorrow’, Eva said →Eva said she was going on
holiday the next day.
● ‘I’ve been to Paris once’, he said → He said he had been to Paris once.
● ‘You should stay here a bit longer but I must go today’, she said → She said that I
should stay here a bit longer, but she had to go that day’.

Puede haber casos en los que el reporting verb esté en el presente y no cambiemos el
tiempo verbal. Por ejemplo, Lewis says he’s bored.

Se puede usar ‘to’ después de ‘say’ (he said to me) pero no después de ‘tell’ (he told me).
Por ejemplo, Dad said to me that he was going out.
Dad told me that he was going out.

Otros cambios:
direct speech reported speech

now then

today, tonight that day, that night

tomorrow the next/following day,

the day after

yesterday the previous day, the day

before

last week/next the previous

month/year week/month/year

here there

this that

I,we he/she, they

Otros reporting verbs:

● Con el mismo patrón que ‘say that’: add, admit, believe, complain, explain, insist,
know, mention, realise, think + that …
Por ejemplo, Sue insisted that she felt well enough to go on the school trip.
● Con el mismo patrón que ‘tell somebody that’: advise, convinve, promise, inform,
warn.
Por ejemplo, The teacher informed the students that they would have an extra day’s
 holiday the following week.

● A veces se necesita un object pronoun en la reported sentence. Por ejemplo,

‘Please have your passports ready’, he said → He told them to have
their passports ready.

REPORTED QUESTIONS, ORDERS AND REQUESTS

Questions:
Se forman de la siguiente manera: ask + if/whether (para yes/no questions)
Por ejemplo, ‘Was it difficult to find tickets for the festival?, the
teacher asked Max’ → The teacher asked Max if/whether it had been difficult to find
tickets for the festival.

ask + wh- word (para wh- questions)

Por ejemplo, ‘How do you feel about performing in public?, the trip
leader asked Alice → The trip leader asked Alice how she felt about performing
in public.

Orders and requests:

verb (por ej. tell/ask) + person (or object pronoun, por ej. me, you, her) + (not) + to
infinitive.
Por ejemplo, ‘Please cover all the furniture with old sheets’, the
painter told the family. → The painter asked the family to cover all the furniture
with old sheets.

1. Read what each person says then complete the sentences in reported speech
with one or two words:
a. I hate TV reality shows! We shouldn’t waste our time watching them!
b. I’m starting to get interested in traditional dances.
c. My uncle was a rich and quite famous film star in his lifetime and never had
any financial problems.
d. There haven’t been many good live shows on recently.
e. If you want to be really good at painting, you’ll have to put in a lot of hard
work.

a. Emily said that she _____ TV reality shows and that we _____ waste our time
watching them.
b. Philip told us that he _____ to get interested in traditional dances.
c. Louisa said her uncle _____ a rich and quite famous film star in his lifetime, and
_____ any financial problems.
d. Simon said that there _____ many good live shows on recently.
e. Maria told me that if I _____ to be really good at painting, I _____ have to put in a lot
of hard work.

2. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Make all other necessary changes:
a. ‘I won’t get paint all over the kitchen floor’, said Felix.
Felix promised that
b. ‘I can’t understand what these abstract paintings mean’, Jake said.
Jake admitted that
c. ‘I don’t have time to come out on the weekend’, Scott said.
Scott complained that
d. ‘You ought not to miss the festival’, Helen said to other friends.
Helen advised
e. ‘The band is playing here again next week’, Matt told us.
Matt informed us
f. ‘I must finish my project on the history of art tonight’, Olivia explained.
Olivia explained that