8th Grade Texas Mathematics: Unpacked Content

What is the purpose of this document?

To increase student achievement by ensuring educators understand specifically what the new standards mean a student
must know, understand and be able to do. This document may also be used to facilitate discussion among teachers and
curriculum staff and to encourage coherence in the sequence, pacing, and units of study for grade-level curricula. This
document, along with on-going professional development, is one of many resources used to understand and teach the
new math standards.

What is in the document?

Descriptions of what each standard means a student will know, understand, and be able to do. The “unpacking” of the
standards done in this document is an effort to answer a simple question “What does this standard mean that a student
must know and be able to do?” and to ensure the description is helpful, specific and comprehensive for educators.
At A Glance:

New to Grade:
● (8.2A) Extending previous knowledge of sets and subsets using a visual representation to describe relationships
between sets of real numbers.
● (8.2B) All square roots less than 225. Approximate and locate irrational numbers on a number line.
● (8.2C) Use of negative exponents in scientific notation.
● (8.2D) Order real numbers (changed from ordering rational numbers)
● (8.3A) Generalize that the ratio of corresponding sides of similar shapes are proportional, including a shape and its
dilation. (new 7th grade)
● (8.3C) Use of algebraic representation to show scale factor (more formal language)
● (8.4A) Use of similar right triangles in exploring slope (Algebra I)
● (8.4B) Graph proportional relationships interpreting the unit rate with slope (Algebra I)
● (8.4C) Use of tables or graphs to determine rate of change and y intercept (Algebra I)
● (8.5A,B) Represent linear proportional and non-proportional situations with tables graphs and equations in the
forms of y=kx and y=mx+b (Algebra I)
● (8.5C) Use of the term bivariate sets of data as opposed to scatterplots (Algebra I)
● (8.5D) Use a trend line to approximate the linear relationship between bivariate sets of data (aka line of best fit)
(current TEKS and Algebra)
● (8.5E) Solve problems using direct variation (current TEKS, but with Algebra I terminology)
● (8.5F) Distinguish between proportional and non-proportional relations using y=kx or y=mx+b (current TEKS, more
specific with equations)
● (8.5G) Identify functions using ordered pairs, tables, mappings, and graphs (Algebra I)
● (8.5I) Write an equation in the form of y=mx+b (Algebra I)
● (8.7D) Determine the distance between two points on a coordinate plane using the Pythagorean Theorem.
(Geometry)
● (8.8A,B,C) Write, model, and solve one variable equations or inequalities (from real world situations) with variables
on both sides using rational number coefficients and constants (Algebra I)
 ● (8.8D) Use equations to establish facts about angle sum and exterior angles of triangles as well as angles created
when parallel lines are cut by a transversal. (Geometry)
● (8.9) Identify solution (x,y) to two linear equations (system of equations) from the intersection of graphed equations.
(Algebra I)
● (8.10A) Rotations (limited to multiples of 90 degrees through 360) on a coordinate plane (Geometry)
● (8.10C) Use an algebraic representation to explain the effects of translations, rotations, and reflections of two
dimensional shapes on a coordinate plane. (Geometry)
● (8.11A) Construct a scatterplot and describe the data to address questions of association such as linear, nonlinear,
and no association between bivariate data. (Algebra I)
● (8.11B) Determine the mean absolute deviation and the quantity as a measure of the average distance data are
from the mean using a data set no more than 10 data points. (Statistics)
● (8.12) Personal Financial Literacy

Moved from Grade:

● The effect of scale factor on surface area and volume. (Geometry)
● Probability (7th grade)
● Compare rationals (6th grade)
● Order rationals is now order real numbers
● Solve problems with rational numbers in a variety of forms (deleted TEK, but embedded in Process Standards)
● Box and whisker plots (7th grade)
● Find and evaluate an algebraic expression to determine any term in an arithmetic sequence (embedded into 6th
grade), but skills addressed in 8.4C.
● Draw 3-D figures from different perspectives
● Volume of prisms (other than cylinders) and pyramids. (7th grade)
● Surface area of pyramids (7th grade)
● Locate and name points on a coordinate plane using ordered pairs of rational numbers (Grade 6)
● Use of variability and measures of central tendency (6th grade)
 ● Select and use appropriate representation for displaying relationships among collected data (ie line plot, circle
graph, bar graphs, box and whisker, etc) (6th grade and 7th grade)
● Recognize misuses of graphical representation and evaluate predictions (deleted, but skills are in the Process
Standards)

Instructional Implications for 2013-14:

Due to the amount of material being moved from Algebra 1 down to both 7th and 8th grade, it will be important for middle
school and high school teachers to collaborate on vertical alignment and the sharing of resources.
It would be an easier transition for teachers and students if teachers would begin implementation of some of the new
TEKS in the 2013-14 school year.

Professional Learning Implications for 2013-14:

● PD and resources regarding Personal Financial Literacy
● PD related to the Linear Equations – High School teachers could mentor
• Teachers will need to identify the gaps that will need to be addressed in the 2013-14 school year.
• Embed the process standards into instruction and application
• Identify academic vocabulary
• Initial learning of the teachers’ grade level TEKS (teachers unpacking the TEKS at their grade level)
• Vertical study of the strands to know how the TEKS align and progress from 7th through Algebra I
Grade 8th Primary Focal Areas:

The Primary Focal Areas are designed to bring focus to the standards at each grade by describing the big ideas
that educators can use to build their curriculum and to guide instruction.

(1) The desire to achieve educational excellence is the driving force behind the Texas essential knowledge and skills for
mathematics, guided by the college and career readiness standards. By embedding statistics, probability, and finance, while focusing
on computational thinking, mathematical fluency,and solid understanding, Texas will lead the way in mathematics education and
prepare all Texas students for the challenges they will face in the 21st century.
(2) The process standards describe ways in which students are expected to engage in the content. The placement of the process
standards at the beginning of the knowledge and skills listed for each grade and course is intentional. The process standards weave
the other knowledge and skills together so that students may be successful problem solvers and use mathematics efficiently and
effectively in daily life. The process standards are integrated at every grade level and course. When possible, students will apply
mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. Students will use a problem-solving model that
incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating
the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution. Students will select appropriate tools such as real objects,
manipulatives, algorithms, paper and pencil, and technology and techniques such as mental math, estimation, [and] number sense ,
and generalization and abstraction to solve problems. Students will effectively communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their
implications using multiple representations such as symbols, diagrams, graphs, computer programs, and language. Students will use
mathematical relationships to generate solutions and make connections and predictions. Students will analyze mathematical
relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas. Students will display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and
arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
(3) The primary focal areas in Grade 8 are proportionality; expressions, equations, relationships, and foundations of functions; and
measurement and data. Students use concepts, algorithms, and properties of real numbers to explore mathematical relationships
and to describe increasingly complex situations. Students use concepts of proportionality to explore, develop, and communicate
mathematical relationships. Students use algebraic thinking to describe how a change in one quantity in a relationship results in a
change in the other. Students connect verbal, numeric, graphic, and symbolic representations of relationships, including equations
and inequalities. Students begin to develop an understanding of functional relationships. Students use geometric properties and
relationships, as well as spatial reasoning, to model and analyze situations and solve problems. Students communicate information
about geometric figures or situations by quantifying attributes, generalize procedures from measurement experiences, and use the
procedures to solve problems. Students use appropriate statistics, representations of data, and reasoning to draw conclusions,
evaluate arguments, and make recommendations. While the use of all types of technology is important, the emphasis on algebra
readiness skills necessitates the implementation of graphing technology.
(4) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such
as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.

Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical
understanding. The student is expected to:
(A) apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;
(B) use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a
solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;
(C) select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including
mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;
(D) communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols,
diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;
(E) create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;
(F) analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and
(G) display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral
communication.
Number and Operations: The student applies mathematical process standards to represent and use real
TEK 8.2 numbers in a variety of forms. The student is expected to:

8.2(A) Extend previous Students understand the relationship between the set of real numbers and the subsets that exist
knowledge of sets and subsets within the set. Students understand organization of the subsets: ie. natural numbers are a subset
using a visual representation to of whole numbers which is a subset of integers, which is a subset of rationals, which is a subset of
the real numbers. Include the terminology: sometimes, always, never, and, and or when
describe relationships between
classifying numbers. Example: ½ is never an integer..
sets of real numbers
Common errors:

1. Students think that a number can only belong to one set such as integer.

Examples:

2. Name all the sets the following numbers belong to:

3, 5.7, -8, , 4.23235......, , ,

8.2(B) Approximate the value Students understand that an irrational number cannot be written in the form a/b. It is a non-
of an irrational number, terminating, non-repeating decimal. Students should know the perfect squares (1 to 15) in order to
including π and square roots of approximate the value of irrational numbers.
numbers less than 225, and
Common Misconception.
locate that rational number
approximation on a number 1. Students think square root is dividing by 2.
line;
 Examples:

8.2(C) Convert between Students should understand the relationship between place value system and the powers of 10
standard decimal notation and used in scientific notation. ie: hundreds place is also 102 . Students should understand that for a
scientific notation; and number to be in proper scientific notation it must be a number between one and ten multiplied by a
power of 10. Students should understand that a negative power of 10 does not imply a negative
number but a number less than one, since a negative exponent means division by a power of 10.
Examples:

Express 0.00045 in scientific notation:

4.5x10-4

Express 32,000,000 in scientific notation:

3.2x106
8.2(D) Order a set of real Students understand the value of numbers in various forms (decimals, fractions, percents), how to
numbers arising from standardize them into one format (such as converting all to decimals) and how to use their values
mathematical and real-world to place them in correct order (both ascending and descending). Students understand a number
line and the ordering of both negative and positive numbers. Students understand that irrational
contexts.
numbers are a part of the real number system.

Common Misconceptions

1. Students need other vocabulary besides least to greatest such as fastest to slowest or thickest
to thinnest. Students automatically look for the smallest number to be the smallest.

Examples:

The following represent finish times in a race. Order the times from fastest to slowest.
43.5 sec., 41.6 sec., 42.1 sec., 42.8 sec.
Proportionality: The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional
TEK 8.3 relationships to describe dilations.

8.3(A) Generalize that the The student understands that the lengths of corresponding sides are in proportion. Students
ratio of corresponding sides of understand that similar figures are produced from dilations. Students need to know prime notation
similar shapes are to indicate the dilated figure from the original.
proportional, including a shape
Common Misconceptions:
and its dilation;
1. Not matching corresponding parts. Need to use the name and not the figure.
2. Not all images are drawn to scale.

Examples:
8.3(B) Compare and contrast Students understand that similar figures have congruent angles and sides that are proportional.
the attributes of a shape and Students understand that similar figures are produced from dilations. Students understand that a
its dilation(s) on a coordinate scale factor greater than one will produce an enlargement in the figure, while a scale factor less
than one will produce a reduction in size.
plane; and
Common Misconceptions.

1. Students think that the scale factor also applies to the angle measure.
2. Students do not match corresponding sides to show sides are proportional.

Examples:
8.3(C) Use an algebraic Students understand that scale factor shows the multiplicative relationship between the dimensions
representation to explain the of two figures. Students understand that the scale factor can also show the multiplicative
effect of a given positive relationship between coordinates of corresponding points on a figure if the figures have the origin
as their center of dilation. Students understand that the algebraic form: (x,y)→(ax,ay) will provide
rational scale factor applied to
the new coordinates of the dilation where ‘a’ is the scale factor when the image is dilated about the
two-dimensional figures on a origin. Students must have knowledge of correct vocabulary. For example, no longer using
coordinate plane with the origin enlargement/reduction, now using “dilation with a positive rational scale factor.”
as the center of dilation
Examples:

Example 1: In the below image the algebraic representation would be (x,y) → (1/2x, 1/2y)

The image of P(x,y) under a dilation from the origin is P'(cx,cy), where c is the constant of
dilation, so c does not equal 0.
Proportionality: The student applies mathematical process standards to explain proportional and
TEK 8.4 non-proportional relationships involving slope.

8.4(A) Use similar right Students construct triangles between two points on a line and compare the sides to understand that
triangles to develop an the slope (ratio of rise to run) is the same between any two points on a line. Students understand
understanding that slope, m, that slope, m, compares the change in any y-values to the change in x-values. (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)
when (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are points on the same line.
given as the rate comparing
the change in y-values to the Common Errors:
change in x-values, (y2 - y1) /
(x2 - x1), is the same for any 1. Students will put change in x-values to the change in y-values.
two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) 2. Students may use (y1 -y2) / (x2 - x1) where the reverse the order of the points.
on the
same line
Examples:

8.4(B) Graph proportional Student understands that the graph of a proportional relationship will always have a y-intercept
relationships, interpreting the (intersect with) the origin (0, 0). Student understands that the unit rate in a given situation will
unit rate as the slope of the become the slope of their graph; student will graph one point at (0, 0) and another at (1, y), where y
is their unit rate and extend the line through future points (2, 2y), (3, 3y).
line that models the
relationship Common Misconceptions

1. Unit rate is amount per one unit, Slope isn’t always a whole number.
Examples:
A phone card rate is .05/min.

Run (x) Rise (y)

Rate of change ___________

Slope of the line __________

Extra example problems and answers
Problems
For each of the following problems, draw the graph of the proportional relationship
between the two quantities and describe how the unit rate is represented on the graph.
1. An Elm tree grows 8 inches each year.
2. Davis adds $3.00 to his savings account each week.
3. Bananas are $2.40 per pound.
4. Lunches in the cafeteria are $2.25 each.
 Answers
1. The graph of y = 8x , which is a line passing through (0, 0) with a slope of 8; the
slope 8 is the rate of change of the tree each year.
2. The graph of y = 3x , which is a line passing through (0, 0) with a slope of 3; the
slope 3 is the rate of change of Davis’ account each week.
3. The graph of y = 2.4x , which is a line passing through (0, 0) with a slope of 2.4;
the slope 2.4 is the unit rate of each pound of bananas.
4. The graph of y = 2.25x , which is a line passing through (0, 0) with a slope of 2.25;
the slope 2.25 is the unit rate of change of each lunch.

8.4(C) Use data from a table Student understands that the graph of a proportional relationship will always have a y-intercept
or graph to determine the rate (intersect with) the origin (0, 0). Student determines the rate of change (slope) from a proportional
of change or slope and y- graph by finding the value of the y-coordinate when the x-coordinate is one. Student determines
the rate of change (slope) from a proportional table by finding the value of the output when the input
intercept in mathematical and
is Student understands that slope, rate of change, and unit rate mean the same thing. Student
real-world problems. understands that in a non-proportional linear relationship, the y-intercept will not be at (0,0).

Common Misconceptions.

1. Students think that constant rate of change automatically means it is proportional.

Examples:

In this table, the rate of change is 2 since 8/4, 6/3 etc.

All have the same value in this graph, the rate of change would be 60 since 240/4 and 60/1 have
the same value.
Proportionality: The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional and non-
TEK 8.5 proportional relationships to develop foundational concepts of functions.

8.5(A) Represent linear Students understand from 7th grade that k=y/x is the constant of proportionality. We are now also
proportional situations with referring to k as slope, rate of change, and unit rate. Student understands that the graph must go
tables, graphs, and equations through (0,0).
in the form of y = kx;
Common misconceptions.
Students may calculate slope (k) as x/y instead of y/x.

Examples:
Example 1: Susan is able to bike 18 miles in 3 hours. Create a table, graph, and equation to
represent any distance if her rate stays constant.

8.5(B) Represent linear non- Student understands that linear situations can be represented four ways: in words, tables, graphs
proportional situations with and as an equation. Student understands that non-proportional situations will affect the graph such
tables, graphs, and equations that the y-intercept will no longer be zero; it will now be the number added or subtracted (b).
Student understands that non-proportional situations affect the equation such that there will be a
in the form of y = mx + b,
number added or subtracted (b). Student understands that the ratios represented in the table will no
where ; longer be equivalent (not proportional).
 Common Misconceptions.
If graphing using slope intercept form, students may use m as the intercept and b as the slope.

Examples:

8.5(C) Contrast bivariate sets Students will be able to look at graphs and determine, based on the y-intercept (b), whether it
of data that suggest a linear shows proportionality (b = 0) or not (b Student understands that bivariate means “two
relationship with bivariate sets variables”, in other words there are two types of data.
of data that do not suggest a
linear relationship from a
graphical representation; Common Misconceptions.

Students may think that if the graph is nonlinear, then there is no relationship. (ie. exponential
functions)
Examples:

Examples of non linear relationships

8.5(D) Use a trend line that Student understands that trend line and line of best fit mean the same thing. Student understands
approximates the linear that the trend line closely follows the path of points passing through as many as possible with about
relationship between bivariate half the remaining points both above and below the line.
sets of data to make
Common Misconceptions:
predictions;
1. Students try to hit every point rather than through the middle.
2. Trend line does not have to start at the origin.

Examples:
 Linear models can be represented with a linear equation. Students interpret the slop and y-
intercept of the line in the context of the problem.

8.5(E) Solve problems Students understand that two variables show direct variation provided y=kx and k is not equal to
involving direct variation; zero. k is the constant of proportionality or constant of variation. Student understands that the
equation is read as y varies directly as x. Direct variation problems represent proportional
relationships. Students also need to know that k=y/x.

Common Misconceptions.

Students not understanding that both k and m represent rate of change or slope.
Examples:
8.5(F) Distinguish between Student understands that linear situations can be represented four ways: in words, tables, graphs
proportional and non- and as an equation. Student understands that non-proportional situations will affect the graph such
proportional situations using that the y-intercept will no longer be zero; it will now be the number added or subtracted (b).
Student understands that non-proportional situations affect the equation such that there will be a
tables, graphs, and equations
number added or subtracted (b). Student understand that the ratios represented in the table will no
in the form y = kx or y = mx + longer be equivalent (not proportional). Students understand from 7th grade that k=y/x is the
b, where b = 0; constant of proportionality. We are now also referring to k as slope, rate of change, and unit rate.
Proportional linear relationships will pass through the origin whereas non-proportional relationships
will not.

Common Misconceptions.

Students not understanding that both k and m represent rate of change or slope.
Students calculate slope (k or m) as x/y instead of y/x.
Examples:

Example – N
on-proportional linear relationships (y = mx + b, where b is not 0):
Ajax Taxicab Company charges a flat fee of $1.00 plus $0.30 per mile to ride in a cab. (Assumption:
The flat fee is incurred as soon as you enter the cab.)
Rule in words: To determine the cost of an Ajax Taxicab ride, multiply the number of miles traveled
by $0.30, and then add $1.00 (the flat fee) to the product.
Rule in Equation: If y represents the total cost of an Ajax Taxicab ride of x miles, then the
relationship can be expressed as an equation in the form of y = mx + b, where m represents the
cost per mile ($0.30/mile) and b represents the flat fee ($1.00).
Total Cost = Cost per Mile • Number of Miles + Flat Fee
y = 0.30 • x + 1.00, or y = 0.30x + 1.00
Example – Proportional linear relationships (y = kx):

A farmer sells apples for $2.00 per pound.

Rule in words: If apples cost $2.00 per pound, then the total cost of purchasing apples is $2.00
multiplied by the number of pounds purchased.
Rule in equation: If the price of apples per pound (k) is $2.00, the total cost (y) of purchasing apples
at $2.00 per pound is calculated by multiplying the number of pounds of apples (x) purchased by
$2.00. Therefore, the equation in y = kx form that represents the relationship between the total cost
of the apples and the number of pounds of apples is y = 2x.
8.5(G) Identify functions Student understands the different function vocabulary: relation, function, domain, range, input,
using sets of ordered pairs, output and vertical line test. Student can determine whether a relation is a function by using
tables, mappings, and graphs; ordered pairs, tables, maps, and graphs.

Common Error:

1. Students have trouble understanding that in a function, x’s cannot repeat, but y’s can.
Examples:
Determining whether a relation is a function:
From a table: If any x-value is paired with only one y-value it is a function.

X -1 0 1 2

Y -1 3 7 11

This is a function. Each domain or x-value is paired with only one range or y-value.

X 0 -1 -2 0

Y 2 4 6 8
This is not a function. The domain value, or x value of 0 repeats.
8.5(H) Identify examples of Student must be able to identify proportional and non-proportional relationships. Student
proportional and non- understands that proportional functions will be in the form y=kx. Student understands that non-
proportional functions that proportional functions will be in the form y=mx+b.
arise from mathematical and
real-world problems;
Common Misconceptions.

Students forget to add the constant (ie. base charge, initial fee, starting amount)

Examples:

Non-Proportional relationships in the real world are those that have an initial feel. For example, a
gym with an enrollment fee of $35.00 and cost 20.00.
 Identify the two situations as proportional or non-proportional:

While Miguel drinks his coffee, he decides to compare some text plans to see which one would
work better for him. His cell phone company offers two plans. The basic plan charges 7 cents per
text message sent or received. The advanced plan lets Miguel send text, pictures and video, and it
only charges 2 cents per message. Score! Oh, but wait—the advanced plan has a $10 monthly fee.
So how is Miguel going to decide which plan is actually the better deal for him?
Basic plan: y=.07x (proportional)
Advanced plan: y=.02x + 10 (non-proportional)

8.5(I) Write an equation in the Given two quantities, student must be able to determine which quantity is the independent and
form y = mx + b to model a dependent variables. Student must determine the slope (m) and y-intercept (b) from a verbal,
linear relationship between two numerical, table and graphical representation in order to write the equation in y=mx+b.
quantities using verbal,
Common Misconceptions.
numerical, tabular, and
graphical representations. 1. Students reverse m and b when writing the equation (write y=bx +m)
2. Calculating slope as x/y instead of y/x.
Examples:
Expressions, Equations, The student applies mathematical process standards to develop mathematical
and Relationships: relationships and make connections to geometric formulas. The student is expected
TEK 8.6 to:

8.6(A) describe the volume “Know the formula” does not mean memorization of the formula. To “know” means to have an
formula V = Bh of a cylinder in understanding of why the formula works and how the formula relates to the measure (volume) and
terms of its base area and its the figure. This understanding should be for all students.,Students build on understandings of
height
circles and volume from 7th grade to find the volume of cylinders, finding the area of the base ∏r2
and multiplying by the number of layers (the height).
8.6(B) model the relationship
between the volume of a
cylinder and a cone having
both congruent bases and
heights and connect that
relationship to the formulas

Students understand that the volume of a cylinder is 3 times the volume of a cone having the same
base area and height or that the volume of a cone is 1/3 the volume of a cylinder having the same
base area and height.

Common Misconceptions:
1. Student thinks B and b are interchangeable. B stands for area of the base shape where b is
used as a linear measurement.
2. Students calculate r squared as r times 2. (r squared is not the same as the diameter)
3. Students try to calculate the cone formula using a decimal (.3) for ⅓.
4. Students have difficulty trying to reduce in the problem (on cones). For example: simplifying
before squaring when the radius in a multiple of 3, or trying to calculate the entire formula THEN
dividing by three as the last part of the formula when very large numbers are involved.

Examples:

Example 1: James wanted to plant pansies in his new planter. He wondered how much potting soil
he should buy to fill it. Use the measurements in the diagram below to determine the planter’s
volume.
8.6(C) use models and Students know that c, the hypotenuse, is always the longest side of the right triangle. The legs are
diagrams to explain the denoted by
Pythagorean theorem a and b, using the formula a2+b2=c2. Students should be introduced to and familiar with
Pythagorean Triples including (3,4,5) and (5,12,13). Students should also be able to use graph
paper to show the Pythagorean Theorem. Given any variable used on a triangle, students should
be able to write the Pythagorean theorem using the indicated variables.

Common Misconceptions:

1. Students substitute measurement for leg as measure for hypotenuse.

2. Understanding that the area formed from each side is a square.
Examples:
Expressions, Equations The student applies mathematical process standards to use geometry to solve
and Relationships: problems. The student is expected to:
TEK 8.7

8.7(A) solve problems Students should be familiar with 3-dimensional figures including cylinders, cones, and spheres and
involving the volume of identify the attributes of the figure including Base, height, and/or radius. “Know the formula” does
cylinders, cones, and spheres not mean memorization of the formula. To “know” means to have an understanding of why the
formula works and how the formula relates to the measure (volume) and the figure.
Common Misconceptions:

1. Students may use diameter rather than radius in calculations.

A sphere can be enclosed with a cylinder, which has the same radius and height of the sphere
(Note: the height of the cylinder is twice the radius of the sphere). If the sphere is flattened, it will fill
2/3 of the cylinder. Based on this model, students understand that the volume of a sphere is 2/3 the
volume of a cylinder with the same radius and 2/3 height. The height of the cylinder is the same as
the diameter of the sphere or 2r. Using this information, the formula for the volume of the sphere
can be derived in the following way:
Examples:

How much space is in a cylinder if three tennis balls with diameter of 3 inches are packed into the
can. Assume the tennis balls touch the sides, top and bottom of cylinder.
8.7(B) Use previous Students must have a strong foundation in identifying the net of a shape. Students must be able to
knowledge of surface area to make the connection between finding the area of each “part” of the shape then adding them
make connections to the together leads to using the formula involving P (perimeter of the base shape). S = 2B +Ph
formulas for lateral and total Students must be able to substitute the correct area formula for B (area of base figure). Students
surface area and determine must be able to recognize key words in the problem that refer to ONLY the lateral surface area of
solutions for problems an object.
involving rectangular prisms,
triangular prisms, and Common Misconceptions:
cylinders
1. Students confuse B=area of base figure and b=linear length. Same for P=perimeter of base
figure. (This is NOT included on the STAAR reference chart)
2. Students have trouble identifying which shape is the base figure. They assume that what is the
bottom figure is the base shape. Must reinforce that on a triangular prism, the triangle is the base;
on a cylinder, the circle is the base shape.
3. Students assume they are always finding the total surface area and not just the lateral surface
area at times.

Examples:
The room below has the given dimensions. All surfaces except the floor are to be painted. If a
gallon of paint will cover 60 cu. ft, how many gallons of paint will you need to purchase to complete
the job?
 Boy scouts are preparing for a campout. They want to make a tent with the following dimensions.
How much material would be needed to create the tent, which includes the sides, the floor, and the
flaps for the front and back?

Students can explain the Pythagorean Theorem, understanding that the sum of the squares of the
8.7(C) Use the Pythagorean legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse in a right triangle. Students also understand that
Theorem and its converse to given three side lengths with this relationship forms a right triangle.
solve problems
Common Misconceptions.

1. Students not identifying the longest dimension as the hypotenuse when given three
measurements.
2. Students forget to find the square root of the final measurement.
3. Students do the leg times 2 and not squared.

Examples:
Example 2:

Find the length of d in the figure to the right if a = 8 in., b = 3 in. and
c = 4in.
8.7(D) Determine the distance Students must have a solid knowledge of points on a coordinate plane. Student will need to draw
between two points on a the right triangle that is formed from two given points. They can then count the number of units for
coordinate plane using the the two legs then use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse. Without drawing the right
Pythagorean Theorem triangle formed by two points, students can find the side lengths of the legs by calculating the
differences in both x-coordinates then y-coordinates and taking their absolute values. This will give
the leg lengths for use in Pythagorean theorem.

Common Misconceptions:

1. Students do not pay attention to the values on the axis (ie. could be counting by two’s, five’s, etc)
2. Students forget to find the square root of the found measurement.
3. Students think a diagonal unit on grid paper is the same value as one horizontal or vertical unit.
Examples:
Expressions, Equations The student applies mathematical process standards to use one variable equations
and Relationships: or inequalities in problem situations. The student is expected to:
TEK 8.8

8.8(A) Write one-­‐variable Students recognize that the solution to the equation is the value(s) of the variable, which makes it a
equations or inequalities with true equality when substituted back into the equation. A one variable equation can have one
variables on both sides that solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. Students must have knowledge/understanding of
represent problems using WHY and WHEN you would reverse the inequality symbol when solving inequalities. Students
rational number coefficients must have understanding of combining like terms (ex: 4a - 7a) and use of the distributive property.
and constants
Misconceptions:

1. Student forgets to reverse the inequality symbol when multiplying/dividing both side of equation
8.8(B) Write a corresponding by a negative number.
real-­‐world problem when 2. Students does not use property of equality correctly (for example: 7 - 6x = 12, student will add 7
given a one-­‐variable equation instead of subtract 7).
or inequality with variables on 3. Students move all constants and variables to one side of the equation.
both sides of the equal sign
using Examples:
rational number coefficients
and constants

8.8(C) Model and solve one-

­‐variable equations with
variables on both sides of the
equal sign that represent
mathematical and real-­‐world
problems using rational
number coefficients and
constants
 8.8(D) Use informal Students construct various triangles and find the measures of the interior and exterior angles.
arguments to establish facts Students make conjectures about the relationship between the measure of an exterior angle and
about the angle sum and the other two angles of a triangle. (the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
exterior angle of triangles, the
of the measures of the other two interior angles) and the sum of the exterior angles (360 degrees).
angles created when parallel
lines are cut by a transversal, Using these relationships, students use deductive reasoning to find the measure of missing angles.
and the angle-criterion for Students construct parallel lines and a transversal to examine the relationships between the created
similarity of triangles angles. Students recognize vertical angles, adjacent angles and supplementary angles from 7th
grade and build on these relationships to identify other pairs of congruent angles. Using these
relationships, students use deductive reasoning to find the measure of missing angles.
Common Misconceptions.

Students do not have a foundational knowledge of key vocabulary such as vertical angles, alternate
interior and exterior angles, etc, and their relationships.

Examples:
Expression, Equations The student applies mathematical process standards to use multiple representations
and Relationships: to develop foundational concepts of simultaneous linear equations. The student is
TEK 8.9 expected to:

8.9(A) Identify and verify the Students need to know that intersection of two lines is a point that satisfies both equations.
values of x and y that Students need to know that when you are referring to the intersection of two lines it is also called a
simultaneously satisfy two system of equations.
linear equations in the form y = Students need to know that the intersection of the two lines is also called a solution. Students must
mx + b from the intersections be able to graph an equation in the form y=mx+b.
of the graphed equations
Common errors:

1. Students sometimes do not substitute the (x,y) point correctly into the two equations.
2. Students do not graph coordinates/lines correctly.
3. Students use (y,x) instead of (x,y).

Examples:

Check your answer. Find the solution of y=x and y = -2x-3.

 Which of the following graphs shows the solution to this system of linear equations?

o
Two-Dimensional Shapes: The student applies mathematical process standards to develop transformational
TEK 8.10 geometry concepts. The student is expected to:

8.10(A) Generalize the Students recognize the relationship between the coordinates of the pre-image, the image and the
properties of orientation and scale factor for a dilation from the origin. Using the coordinates, students are able to identify the
congruence of rotations, scale factor (image/pre-image). Students identify the transformation based on given coordinates.
reflections, translations, and
dilations of two-dimensional
shapes on a coordinate plane; For example, the pre-image coordinates of a triangle are A(4, 5), B(3, 7), and C(5, 7). The image
coordinates are A(-4, 5), B(-3, 7), and C(-5, 7). What transformation occurred? Students must
understand that rotations, reflections and translations preserve congruence but dilations do not
8.10(B) Differentiate between unless the scale factor is one.
transformations that preserve
congruence and those that do For Clockwise Rotations: algebraic rules
not. 90 degrees: (x,y) goes to (y, -x)
180 degrees: (x,y) goes to (-x, -y)
270 degrees: (x,y) goes to (-y, x)
8.10(C) Explain the effect of 360 degress: (x,y) stays (x,y)
translations, reflections over 5. For Dilations: algebraic rule: (x,y) goes to (ax,ay) where a is the scale factor.
the x- or y- axis, and rotations 6. Algebraic rule for reflections across an axis:
limited to 90°, 180°, 270°, and reflection across the y-axis: (x,y) goes to (-x,y)
360° as applied to two- reflection across the x-axis: (x,y) goes to (x, -y)
­‐dimensional shapes on a
coordinate plane using an Common Misconceptions:
algebraic representation
Students confuse x and y axis.
Examples:
8.10(D) Model the effect on Student needs to understand that perimeter, including circumference, is a linear measurement.
linear and area measurement Student needs to understand that when an image is dilated, its’ perimeter is just multiplied by the
of dilated two-dimensional scale factor.
shapes. Student understands that area is a two dimensional measurements (length and width) using square
units.
Student needs to understand that when an image is dilated the area of the new image is the the
product of the area of the original figure and the scale factor squared. Students understand that a
dilation with scale factor greater than 1 is an enlargement and a scale factor less than one is a
reduction. Students should also understand that the scale factor from one image to another is the
reciprocal if reversing the dilation.

Common Errors:
1. Applying scale factor once on area problems, instead of twice for each dimension.
2. Students will assume that an improper fraction as the scale factor is a reduction instead of an
enlargement.

Examples:

1. Have student draw a rectangle on the coordinate plane. Have them dilate the rectangle using a
scale factor of 3. Have them calculate the perimeter and area of both original and dilated images
and describe the change. (can extend this example to drawing a circle with a given radius)
The length of each side of a right triangle is multiplied by 3. What effect does this have on the area
of a triangle?

Describe the effect on the area of a circle when the radius is doubled.
Measurement and Data: The student applies mathematical process standards to use statistical procedures
TEK 8.11 to describe data. The student is expected to:

8.11(A) Construct a scatterplot Students represent numerical data on a scatter plot, to examine relationships between variables.
and describe the observed Students analyze scatter plots to determine if the relationship is linear (positive, negative trend or
data to address questions of no trend) or non- linear. Students must understand that in a positive relationship, as one set of
association such as linear,
data increases, so does the other. The opposite, as one set of data decreases so does the other
non-­‐linear, and no
association between bivariate also represents a positive relationship. Students must understand that in a negative relationship,
data; as one set of data increases the other must decrease and vice versa. “Trend” and “correlation”
are interchangeable in reference to scatterplots.

Common Misconceptions:

1. Just because the points are not perfectly lined up does not mean that the data cannot be
represented as a linear relationship.
2. Students think that if both numbers in the data are decreasing, then it represents a negative
trend.
3. Students think that there is no correlation if the x value is not in numeric order.

A scatterplot is often employed to identify potential trends between two variables. A positive
trend between two variables would be indicated on a scatterplot by an upward trend (positive
slope) where both variables are increasing or both decreasing. A negative trend would be
indicated by the opposite effect (negative slope), where the one variable increases while the other
decreases, or vice versa. Or, there might not be any notable association, in which case a
scatterplot would not indicate any trends whatsoever. The following plots demonstrate the
appearance of positively associated, negatively associated, and non-associated variables:
 8.11(B) Determine the mean Student understands that the mean absolute deviation gives the average variation of the data
absolute deviation and use this from the mean. Student understands that the mean absolute deviation describes the dispersion
quantity as a measure of the or spread of data.
average distance data are from The student must be able to find the mean from a given set of data.
the mean using a data set of
no more than 10 data points;
and 1. Calculate the mean of your data set.
2. Subtract the mean from each of the data values and list the differences.
3. Square each of the differences from the previous step and make a list of the squares.
o In other words, multiply each number by itself.
o Be careful with negatives. A negative times a negative makes a positive.
4. Add the squares from the previous step together.
5. Subtract one from the number of data values you started with.
6. Divide the sum from step four by the number from step five.
7. Take the square root of the number from the previous step. This is the standard deviation.
o You may need to use a basic calculator to find the square root.
o Be sure to use significant figures when rounding your answer.

Examples:
8.11(C) Simulate generating Student needs to know the meaning of random, sample, population, bias. Student needs to
random samples of the same explain why a sample is a good/bad representation of the population.
size from a population with
known characteristics to Common misconceptions.
develop the notion of a random
sample being representative of 1. Sometimes students will confuse the group that is being surveyed (sample space) with the
the population from which it population.
was selected.
 Examples:

Personal Financial The student applies mathematical process standards to develop an economic way of
Literacy: thinking and problem solving useful in one’s life as a knowledgeable consumer and
TEK 8.12 investor. The student is expected to:

8.12(A) Solve real-world Students will need to be able to find interest on loans using several different interest rates. Students will
problems comparing how need to compare the rates and how that affects the total cost of the loan. Students will need to compare
interest rates and loan length the length of time of a loan and determine how that affects the total cost of the loan.
affect the cost of credit;
Resource: http://www.handsonbanking.org/en/
Anthony has a balance of $10,000 on his credit card and the interest rate is 19%. Answer the following
questions about Anthony’s credit card situation.

1. To pay off the $10,000.00 in three years, Anthony will have to make a minimum payment of $365.56
per month. How much will Anthony pay in interest?

2. To pay off the $10,000.00 in five years, Anthony will have to make a minimum payment of $259.41 per
month. How much will Anthony pay in interest?

3. How much more did Anthony have to pay when the length of the loan changed from 3 years to 5
years?

Brianna also has a balance of $10,000 on her credit card. After talking to a financial advisor, Brianna
decided to get a loan from the bank and discontinue using her credit card. The bank will charge Brianna
4% interest.

4. To pay off the $10,000 loan in three years, Brianna will have to pay $295.24 per month. How much
will Brianna pay in interest?

5. To pay off the $10,000 loan in five years, Brianna will have to pay $184.17 per month. How much will
Brianna pay in interest?

6. How much more did Brianna have to pay when the length of the loan changed from 3 years to 5
years?
7. Now compare Anthony’s interest paid to Brianna’s interest paid for the three year loan. Who paid the
most interest? How much more?

8. When comparing Anthony’s five year loan to Brianna’s 5 year loan, who paid the most interest? How
much more?

9. After studying Anthony’s case and Brianna’s case, what factor had the greatest impact on reducing
the total payment?

Extension: Have the students do the same exercise using an on-line credit card calculator. The monthly
loan payments have been left blank as to allow students to calculate the monthly payment.
http://www.bankrate.com/

Anthony has a balance of $10,000 on his credit card and the interest rate is 19%. Answer the following
questions about Anthony’s credit card situation.

1. To pay off the $10,000.00 in three years, Anthony will have to make a minimum payment of
$_________ per month. How much will Anthony pay in interest?

2. To pay off the $10,000.00 in five years, Anthony will have to make a minimum payment of
$_________per month. How much will Anthony pay in interest?

3. How much more did Anthony have to pay when the length of the loan changed from 3 years to 5
years?

Brianna also has a balance of $10,000 on her credit card. After talking to a financial advisor, Brianna
decided to get a loan from the bank and discontinue using her credit card. The bank will charge Brianna
4% interest.

4. To pay off the $10,000 loan in three years, Brianna will have to pay $_________ per month. How
much will Brianna pay in interest?

5. To pay off the $10,000 loan in five years, Brianna will have to pay $_________ per month. How much
will Brianna pay in interest?

6. How much more did Brianna have to pay when the length of the loan changed from 3 years to 5
 years?

7. Now compare Anthony’s interest paid to Brianna’s interest paid for the three year loan. Who paid the
most interest? How much more?

8. When comparing Anthony’s five year loan to Brianna’s five year loan, who paid the most interest?
How much more?

9. After studying Anthony’s case and Brianna’s case, what factor had the greatest impact on reducing
the total payment?

Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(B) Calculate the total Students use online resources to calculate loans with compound interest. Students will need to calculate
cost of repaying a loan, the total cost of purchasing items on a credit card (and other loans like car loans) using different interest
including credit rates and different lengths of time (12 months, 24 months, 36 months, etc). Students will understand
cards and over different
that the principle decreases over time.
periods using an online
calculator.
Additional Resources:
http://www.stlouisfed.org/education_resources/assets/lesson_plans/paycheck/lesson_8_your_paycheck
%20lp.pdf
http://www.stlouisfed.org/education_resources/assets/lesson_plans/paycheck/IYP_lesson8.pdf
http://www.stoppaydayabuse.org/

1. Use the on-line calculator below to calculate the total

repayment of each loan and the interest paid.

On-line calculator: http://www.bankrate.com/calculators/mortgages/loan-calculator.aspx

 Loan Amount: $6000 Monthly Payment: ______________
Loan Term: 3 years
A Interest Rate: 6% Total Repayment: _______________

Interest Paid: ___________

Loan Amount: $6000 Monthly Payment: ______________

B Loan Term: 4 years
Interest Rate: 6% Total Repayment: _______________

Interest Paid: ___________

Loan Amount: $6000 Monthly Payment: ______________

C Loan Term: 3 years
Interest Rate: 5% Total Repayment: _______________

Interest Paid: ___________

Loan Amount: $6000 Monthly Payment: ______________

 D Loan Term: 4 years
Interest Rate: 5% Total Repayment: _______________

Interest Paid: ___________

2. Compare the difference of interest paid when the number of years to repay the loan remained
constant.
a. A and C _________

b. B and D _________

3. Compare the difference of interest paid when the interest rate remains constant and the number of
years increases.
a. A and B ________

b. C and D _______

4. If you could only budget a maximum of $150 per month, which option would be your choice? Explain
your choice.

Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(C) Explain how small Students will need to understand that the principle balance grows (changes) as interest is earned.
amounts of money invested Students will compare the different amounts of interest earned over time and what that does to the
regularly, including money balance.
saved for college and
retirement, grow over time.
 Additional Resources http://www.scholastic.com/smp/pdfs/mint/mint_twp_web_worksheet2.pdf

1. How much interest did Ria earn in the first five years?
2. How much interest did Ria earn from year 6 to year 10?
3. How much interest did Ria earn from year 11 to year 15?
4. How much interest did Ria earn from year 16 to year 20?
5. Describe how the interest from each 5-year interval compared?
6. What factors caused each set of numbers to change?
7. If Ria continues to invest $500 each year for 5 years and does not withdraw any money from her
savings account, which of the following could be her balance? $16,000, $18,000, $20,000, or $25,000

Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(D) Calculate and Students will calculate simple and compound interest using various rates and time periods. Students will
compare simple interest and compare the different interest earnings from simple and compound.
compound earnings.
 Emma opened a savings account that will pay 5% simple interest each year. She will deposit $100 each
year on her birthday. Use the chart below to calculate the interest she will earn over 6 years.

2. How much will Emma have in her account after 6 years?

3. Ethan also opened a savings account that will pay 5% compounded annually. He will deposit $100
each year on his birthday. Use the chart below to calculate the interest he will earn over 6 years.
 4. How much will Ethan have in his account in 6 years?

5. Explain the differences between Emma’s savings plan and Ethan’s savings plan.

Adapted from: http://ecedweb.unomaha.edu/lessons/M&M6-8.pdf

Additional Resource: http://www.winthemoneygame.com/money-game/simple-vs-compound-interest-
activity-lesson/
https://www.mymetrobank.com/filestore/Grade6-8BudgetingandSavingforaSpecialPurpose.pdf
http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/forms/katrina/lessonplans/3.pdf

Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(E) Identify and explain Students will understand the different options for purchasing items. Students will need to compare the
the advantages and options and determine the best one to use in different real-life experiences. And students will need to
disadvantages of understand the consequences of using an interest charging credit card versus a debit card.
different payment methods

The three descriptions below describe 3 options for purchasing an item.

Stored-value card (Sometimes called a gift card) - Anyone who makes purchases with a merchant gift
card, places phone calls with a prepaid telephone card, or buys goods or services with a prepaid card is
using a stored- value card. Source: Federal Reserve of New York

Debit Card - An electronic card issued by a bank which allows bank clients access to their account to
withdraw cash or pay for goods and services. This removes the need for bank clients to go to the bank to
remove cash from their account as they can now just go to an ATM or pay electronically at merchant
locations. This type of card, as a form of payment, also removes the need for checks as the debit card
immediately transfers money from the client's account to the business account. Source: Investopedia

Credit Card - A credit card is a plastic payment card often issued by a bank. It authorizes the delivery of
goods and services in exchange for future payment with interest. Customers receive a monthly bill and
may be charged a yearly fee. Source: Federal Reserve of Richmond

1. Have students research the three cards on the internet. Or have a guest speaker from a local
financial institution talk about the three cards.
2. Then have the students list the similarities and differences between the three cards.
Scaffolding questions: What are the physical similarities or differences? What type of information is on
each card? When a card is used, where is the money deducted from? Which card can access cash?
Which cards have fees?
3. Finally have the students list pros and cons for using each type of card.
4. Look at the transaction in the first column below. Decide whether a debit card, a credit card, or a
stored-value card was used for the transaction and put an X in the correct column.
 Adapted from:
http://www.richmondfed.org/education/for_teachers/lesson_plans_and_classroom_activities/pdf/debit_cr
edit_lesson.pdf

Additional Resources: http://www.ny.frb.org/regional/stored_value_cards.html

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debitcard.asp#axzz1rBovsW00
http://www.richmondfed.org/education/for_teachers/lesson_plans_and_classroom_activities/pdf/debit_cr
edit_lesson.pdf
http://teacher.scholastic.com/lessonplans/moneyinmotion/lesson2.htm
http://teacher.scholastic.com/lessonplans/moneyinmotion/pdfs/credit.pdf

Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(F) Analyze situations to Students review different financial scenarios and analyze the decisions that were made. Students will
determine if they represent a need to compare and contrast the decisions and decide on what the best decision should have been.
financially responsible
decision and identify the For each situation, examine the decision made by the person. Then determine if the person made a
benefits of financial responsible decision. Explain your reasoning.
responsibility and the costs of
financial irresponsibility a. Penny is buying a used car for $6000. She has $2000 in her savings. She decides to borrow the
entire $6000 at 5% and use her savings to go on a vacation.

b. Samuel’s mother gave him $5.00 to buy the 20 ounce box of WakeUp Cereal for 3.99. When he got
to the store, Samuel decided to buy two boxes of the 11 ounce cereal for $1.90 each.

2. Dillon is saving to buy a laptop that cost $900. So far he has saved $680.00 in his savings account.
He has been able to deposit $75.00 every month into this savings. While reading the newspaper ads, he
noticed that the computer is now on sale for 20% off. What financial advice would you give Dillon?

http://www.scholastic.com/smp/pdfs/mint/mint_twp_web_worksheet1.pdf
 Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

8.12(G) Estimate the cost of a Students will research/estimate the cost of attending a 2 year and 4 year college. Students will need to
2-year and 4-year college create a savings plan to determine how much money would need to be saved each year and how many
education including family years would be needed to collect enough money to pay for one full year of college.
contribution and devise a
periodic savings plan for Note to teacher: For this activity, students will need internet access and they will need to download the
accumulating the money Savings Estimator.
needed to contribute to the
total cost of attendance for at Choose a College
least the 1st year of college. 1. Have you thought about which college you would like to attend? Explore the College For All Texans
website http://www.collegeforalltexans.com/ to learn about colleges in Texas. Start with the College
Match Up on the right column. Then explore the other features of the website. Spend time showing your
parents the informational components of College For All Texans.

2. Use the State’s Net Price Calculator to explore the situation below.
a. Johnny would like to go to one the following colleges: Texas A&M Kingsville, University of Texas at
Brownsville, or Texas A&M Corpus Christi.
b. He would like to live on campus.
c. He is 18 years old.
d. He is not married.
e. He has no dependents.
f. He is a US citizen.
g. He lives in a single parent household.
h. His mother’s annual salary is $41,340.00
i. His mother paid $1495.00 in income tax.
j. Johnny made $1700 working part time in the summer.
k. He paid no income tax.
l. There are 4 people in Johnny’s household.
m. Johnny will be the only person in college.
3. What is the total cost for each university?
Texas A&M Kingsville ______________
University of Texas at Brownsville ______________
Texas A&M Corpus Christi _____________

4. What was the tuition for each university?

Texas A&M Kingsville ______________
University of Texas at Brownsville ______________
Texas A&M Corpus Christi _____________

Look at #5, this is the estimated grant and/or scholarship assistance. This is the assistance Johnny can
expect to receive. Number 6 is what Johnny can expect to pay after grants and scholarships. Number 7
is the estimated student loans and/or student work earnings. Finally, number 8 represents the amount
Johnny should have for each year he is in school.

Note: For any line that gives a range of values, use the midpoint of that range when answering the
following questions.

5. Choose one of the three universities for Johnny. ______________________

6. What is the total cost for the university you choose for Johnny?

7. What is the estimated grant and/or scholarship assistance Johnny might receive from that college?
___________________

8. What is the estimated net cost? ______________

9. What is the estimate of the loans and work earnings Johnny may receive?

10. After the grant and/or scholarship assistance and loan and/or work earnings are subtracted from
the total cost, how much will Johnny need for his first year of college (line 8)? _______________

Goal: Ideally, Johnny should have saved enough money to cover the total cost for at least 1 year at this
university (line 8). Next you will determine how much Johnny should have saved monthly using the
College Savings Estimator. This college savings estimator assumes that the interest rate remains
constant and is compounded annually. It can also calculate up to 84 months.

11. Let’s assume at age 11 Johnny’s parents began making monthly payments to his college savings.
And they continued making these payments until he reached the age of 18. How many months did his
parents make payments to his college savings? ______________

12. Johnny had $1200 in his college savings before age 11 and the interest rate was 3.5% for each
year. Enter these values into table 1 of the College Savings Estimator. Then predict how much Johnny
should have saved monthly to reach his goal. Enter your prediction into row 3 of table 1. Now look at the
month in which Johnny will turn 18. Is this number equal to what Johnny needs to meet his goal? If not,
continue making prediction for the Monthly Payment till you reach a value close Johnny’s goal.

13. How would the cost change, if Johnny stayed at home the first two years and went to Victoria
College before going to a university? Use the Net’s Price Calculator to determine the cost for attending
Victoria College while Johnny lives at home.
Sample Lessons:
http://smartertexas.org/?page_id=914

Extension:
· Have students explore other options for saving using the Compounding Calculator at
http://www.themint.org/kids/compounding-calculator.html.
· For homework, have students demonstrate how to use the State Net Price Calculator with their
parents.

Resource: http://www.collegeforalltexans.com/
http://www.finaid.org/loans/