Headwork

• Introduction:-
The construction works which are done (Construction) at the head of the canal,
in order to divert the river water towards the canal, so as to ensure a regulated
continuous supply of silt free water with a certain minimum head into the canal
are known as Diversion head works.
• Function of head-works:-
• It raises the water level on upstream side.
• It regulates the supply of water into canal.
• It controls the entry of silt into the canal.
• It provides some pondage creating small pond.
• It helps in controlling the flood of river.
 Weir and Barrage:-
Weir Barrage
 Low cost  High cost.
 Low control on flow  Relatively high control on flow and water
levels by operation of gates.
 No provision for transport communication  Usually, a road or a rail bridge can be
across the river. conveniently and economically combined
with a barrage wherever necessary.

 A chance of silting on the upstream is more.  Silting may be controlled by judicial

operation of gates.
 Afflux created is high due to relatively high  Due to low crest of the weirs (the ponding
weir crests. being done mostly by gate operation), the
afflux during high floods is low. Since, the
gate may be lifted up fully, even above the
high flood level.
Components of Head Works:
 Typical Head work construction consists of
following components:
1. Weirs
2. Under sluice
3. Divide wall
4. River training works: marginal bunds, guide banks, groyens
etc.
5.Fish ladder
6. Canal Head Regulator
7.Weir's ancillary works.
8. Silt regulation works slit excluder silt excluder
 1.Diversion weir
solid obstruction put across the river to raise the water level in
the river and to divert the water in to the off taking canal.
Types:
• Masonry weir with vertical drop
• Rock fill weir with sloping apron
• Concrete weirs with slopping glacier
2.Under sluices/scouring sluices
Primary functions
• Control the slit entry into the canal.
• To Scour the slit deposited in the river bed above the approach channel or in front
of head regulator.
• To Passes the portion of floods(10-20%) of design flood during rainy season.
• Helps in impounding fair amount of flood to secure full storage.
• It helps to maintain well maintained river channel near canal head regulator.
• They are used for quick lowering the U/s high flood level.
3.Divide Wall
Masonry or a concrete wall constructed at right angle to the axis of the weir’
Functions
• To separate the under sluices portion from the barrage(weir proper)
portion.
• Increases the effectiveness of the under sluices.
• The divide wall prevents cross current and flow parallel to the weir
• Divide wall incidentally serves as one of the side walls of the fish ladder
4.Fish Ladder
for easy movement( migration) of the fish from upstream to downstream
and again from down stream to up stream fish ladder is constructed.
5.River Training Works
It is required near the weir site in order to ensure a smooth and an axial
flow of water, and thus , to prevent river from out flanking the works
due to change in its course.
• Guide bank :force the river in to the channel and ensuring almost a
smooth and axial flow near the weir site.
• Marginal bank: it provide upstream side to protect area from
submergence due to rise in HFL caused by afflux.
• Spur and Groynes: Transverse Dykes, they are constructed to protect
the bank from which they are extended by deflecting the current
away from the bank.
• Revetment(stone pitching) & launching apron.
6. Canal Head Regulators
Provided at the head of the main off taking canal for the
following purposes:
• To control the flow of supply of water into the canal.
• To control the entry of soil.
• To control the entry of flood to the canal.
7. Slit Regulation works
Silt excluder Silt Ejectors
Failure mechanism of hydraulic structures:
Seepage flow of water beneath the foundation of hydraulic structure
causes the failure by
1)Piping or undermining
2)Direct Uplift
Piping
Prevention
a)Providing sufficient length of
impervious floor.
b) Providing pile u/s and d/s
end of impervious floor.
Direct Uplift
The seepage flow below the structure exerts an uplift pressure on the
floor of the structure. If this force is not counterbalanced by the
structure then the structure will fail by rupture by the part of the floor.
Prevention:
a)Providing sufficient thickness of impervious floor.
b) Providing pile u/s side of floor so uplift pressure is reduced at d/s
side.
The surface flow may also cause the failure of hydraulic structure in
following ways.
a) By suction due to standing wave or hydraulic jump
b)By scouring u/s and d/s of the weir
By suction due to standing wave or hydraulic
jump
Because of weir the standing wave or hydraulic jump is
developed on its d/s side which causes suction or negative
pressure and act in the direction of uplift pressure. This may
result failure of the floor by rupture due to suction’
Prevention
a)Providing additional thickness of of impervious floor.
b)Constructing floor as monolithic concrete instead of different
layers of masonry.
By scour on u/s and d/s of the weir
The u/s and d/s ends of impervious floor may get scoured to considerable
depth during floods. This may cause damage to impervious floor it no
preventive measures are taken.

Preventive measures
a)Providing piles to below calculated scour depth both u/s and d/s ends.
b)Providing launching apron of suitable length and thickness at both u/s
and d/s end of impervious floor.
Bligh's seepage Theory:
Assumptions
• According to Bligh’s, in a pervious foundation, the
percolating water seeps along the base of the foundation of
the hydraulic structure. The length of the path thus traversed
by the percolation water is known as length of creep or creep
length.
• The loss of head per unit length of creep is called hydraulic
gradient. The hydraulic gradient is constant throughout the
seepage path.
• The loss of head is proportional to the length of creep.
Expression according to Bligh’s
Let, HL is the difference of water levels between u/s and d/s ends. Water will seep
along the bottom profile as shown in figure shown by arrows
Seepage water starts from A' and emerges at B
Total length of creep (L)=d1+ d1 + L1+ d₂+ d₂+ L₂+d3+d3
=(L1+L2)+2(d1+ d₂+d3) =b+2(d1+d2+d3)
𝑯
Head losses per unit length or hydraulic gradient = HL / b+2(d1+d2+d3) = 𝑳………..1
𝑳
𝐻𝐿 𝐻𝐿 𝐻
Head loss ∗ 2𝑑1 , ∗ 2𝑑2 , ( 𝐿𝐿 ∗ 2𝑑3) for diff. cutoff.
𝐿 𝐿

L
Design criteria
Safety against piping
By Bligh’s,safety against piping can be ensure by providing sufficient
creep length given by
1 𝐻𝐿 1
L=CH = so, we can say Hydraulic gradient=
𝐶 𝐿 𝐶
1
According to Bligh’s, Hydraulic gradient ≤ for no danger from piping.
𝐶
where, C=Bligh’s coefficient for soil
S.N. Types of soil Value of C

1 Fine micaceous sand 15

2 Coarse grained sand 12

3 Sand mixed with boulder and gravel 5-9

4 Light sand and mud 8

Safety against uplift pressure
If head H1 at any point then uplift counter balanced by the weight of
floor thickness
Uplift pressure=γw * H1
γw =unit weight of water=ƍg
Downward pressure by concrete floor thickness(t) =γw *Gc*t
For equilibrium, γw * H1= γw*Gc*t Gc=sp.gravity of floor material
Subtracting t on both side
γw * H1 -t= γw*Gc*t-t
𝐻1−𝑡 h
𝑡= = where , h=H1-t= residual head(HGL above top of the
𝐺𝑐 −𝑡 Gc−t
floor)
Note : Additional 33% thickness should be provide for FOS.
Limitations of Bligh’s theory
• This theory has not made any distinction between vertical and
horizontal creep.
• This theory did not explain any of the exit gradients.
• it has no distinction between the outer and inner faces of sheet piles or
the intermediate sheet piles. It is very clear from the investigation, that
the outer faces of the end sheet piles are much more effective than
inner ones.
• A loss of head does not take place in the same proportions as creep
length. The uplift pressure distribution is not linear but follows a sine
curve.
• In case of two piles, the width between the two piles should be greater
than twice the head or the piles are not effective.
Numerical
Find the average hydraulic gradient, uplift pressure and floor thickness
at the point 15m from the upstream end of the floor in the given figure.
Gc=2.24 for concrete.
Solution
Total creep length(L)= 6+6+10+3+3+20+8+8=64m
Hydraulic gradient =HL/L =6/64=1/10.64
Creep length up to 15m=6+6+10+3+3+5=33m
Head available for total creep length 64m = 6m
Head available for total creep length 1m =6/64
Head available for total creep length 33m=6*33/64=3.094m
Residual head(h) =6-3.094 =2.91m
Uplift pressure at point c = 9.81*2.91=28.55 KN/m2
ℎ 2.91
Thickness of floor= = = 2.35𝑚
𝐺𝑐 −1 2.24−1

For FOS increasing 33% so t=1.33*2.35 =3.13m Ans

 Lane’s weighted creep theory
• According to Lane’s research, the horizontal creep is less effective in reducing uplift
than the vertical creep . He, therefore suggested a weightage factor of 1/3 for the
horizontal creep against 1 for vertical creep.
the Lane's creep length LL is given by;
1 1
LL= d1+d1+ L1+d2+d2+ L2+d3+d3
3 3
1
= (L +L2) + 2(d1+d2+d3)
3 1
1
= b + 2(d1+d2+d3)
3 b
For Factor of sefety L must not be less than HL*C1 where HL =head loss causing flow
C1 =lane’s coeff. Type of soil C1 Type of soil C1

Very fine sand and silt 8.5 Gravel and sand 3.5-3

Fine sand 7 Boulders, gravel & sand 3-2.5

Coarse sand 5 Clayey soil 3-1.6

 Khosla's theory:
1. Khosla's method of independent variable for determination of uplift and exit
gradient for the seepage flow below the hydraulic structures.
(seeping water doesn’t creep along the bottom contour of structure)
2. The steady seepage in vertical plane for a homogeneous soil can be expressed by
Laplacian equation,
𝑑2∅ 𝑑2 ∅
+ 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧
Where ∅ = flow potential
= K*h ; K= coefficient of permeability , h=residual head
Equation represents two sets of curves(streamlines & equipotential) intersecting each
other orthogonally and formed flow net.
Stream lines = paths along which the water flows through the sub soil , it flows from
straight line bottom of the floor to a semi ellipse.
Equipotential line =joining the points having same residual head on the different
streamlines
Khosla’s flow net
Same residual head on
different streamline
3.The seepage water exerts a force at each point in the
direction of flow and tangential to the stream lines,
upward component of force(F) has the maximum
disturbing tendency.
 4. For the soil grain to remain stable, the submerged weight >upward
disturbing force. The disturbing
force at any point is proportional to gradient of pressure of the water dp/dl
,This gradient of pressure of water at the exit end is called exit gradient.
5.Upward disturbing force = submerged weight of the grain at the exit(critical
gradient)
factor of safety is equal to 4 or 5 is used, the exit gradient is called safe exit gradient.
1 1
In other words and exit gradient = 𝑡𝑜 *critical exit gradient is ensured so as to
4 5
keep the structure safe against piping.
Submerged weight(Ws) of unit volume of soil is given by:
Ws=ϒ𝑤 (1 − η)(G-1)
For critical condition,
F=Ws
𝑑𝑝 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
F= = ϒw Where is the rate of head loss or gradient at the exit end.
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
ϒ𝑤 (1 − η)(G-1)=ϒw = (1 − η)(G − 1) 𝜂=porosity of soil , G=sp. gravity of soil
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
Since,E2 point in forward direction of pile 1

E2 lies left side of pile 2

 Cross Drainage structure
A structure which is constructed at the crossing of a canal and natural drain, so as dispose
of drainage water without interrupting the continuous canal supplies.
Cross Drainage works can be avoided by:
a)Changing the alignment
b)Mixing two or three streams in to one and only one cross drainage work
Types
1) Irrigation canal passes over the drainage
Aqueduct
Siphon aqueduct
2) Drainage passes over the irrigation canal
Super passage
Siphon super passage (canal siphon)
3) Drainage and canal intersection each other of the same level
Level Crossing
Inlet and outlet
Aqueduct
• HFL of the drain sufficiently below the canal bed, drainage water
flows freely under gravity.
 Siphon aqueduct
• Canal above the drainage but HFL of the drain is much higher above the
canal bed, water runs under syphonic action.
• Drain bed is generally depressed & provided with concrete floor (Drop slope
3:1 & rising slope should not be steeper than 5:1)
• Drainage may be chocked and scour during flood and it is costlier than
aqueduct.
Super passage
• Drainage is passing over the irrigation canal as the canal bed level is
below drainage bed level.
• Its suitable when bed level of drainage above the full supply level of
canal.
Siphon super passage (canal siphon)
• Drainage over the canal, Full supply level (FSL) of canal much above
the bed level of the drainage.
• Canal run under the syphonic action.
Level Crossing
• Bed level of canal is equal to the drainage bed level.
• It consists of following construction of
a) Weir to stop drainage water
b) Canal regulator across a canal
c) Head regulator across the drainage
/weir
Inlet and outlet
• For crossing small drainage, the drainage water to be admitted in to
the canal is very less.
• Drainage taken through the bank of canal inlet.
• Drainage mixed with canal and travel certain length, after which an
outlet is provided to create suction pressure & suck all the drainage
solid deposited at canal.
Disadvantages
• Drainage may polluted canal
• Bank erosion may occurs
• Maintenance cost is high
 Types of aqueducts & syphon aqueducts
Depending upon the sides of aqueduct Type II

Type I

Type III
 Selection of suitable type of cross drainage structure
In actual field, such ideal construction may not be available & choice
depends upon the many factors, such as
• Suitable canal alignment
• Nature of available foundation
• Position of water table and availability of dewatering equipment
• Suitability of soil embankment
• Permissible head loss in canal
• Availability of fund.
Design of syphon Aqueduct
I)Design of drainage water way:
An appropriate value of water way for drain may be obtained by using
the Lacey’s equation
P=4.75√Q
P=wetted perimeter
Q=discharge m3/s
*for wide drain width of water way B≅P
*No extra provision is generally made for the space occupied by piers.
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
*for syphon aqueduct, water way=
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
velocity limited to 2 to 3 m/sec
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
*Depth of Drain =
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑦
II)Afflux and head loss through siphon barrel
• Velocity limit 2 to 3 m/sec
• Higher velocity may cause quick abrasion of the barrel surface by rolling grit.
• Then , the head loss(h) trough siphon barrels and velocity(v) through them are
generally related by Unwin’s formula given as,
𝑳 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝒂𝟐
h=(1+f1+f2* ) -
𝑹 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
V= velocity through the barrel
Va=velocity approach is generally neglected
f1=coeff. Of head loss at entry =0.55 for unshaped mouth
= 0.08 for bell mouth
f2=coeff. Such that the loss of head through the barrel due to surface friction,
𝒃
Where f2 =a(1+𝑹 ) Material of surface of barrel a b
Smooth iron pipe 0.00497 0.025
Encrusted pipe 0.00996 0.025
Smooth cement plaster 0.00316 0.030
Ashlar or brick work 0.00401 0.070
Rubble masonary or stone pitching 0.00507 0.250
 III) Fluming of canal
• Fluming is done in all works of type III.
• After deciding normal canal section and flumed canal section the transition has to be
designed so as to avoid sudden transition the formation of eddies so..
u/s of approach wings should not be steeper than 26.5°(i.e2:1 splay)
d/s departure wings should not be steeper than 18.5°(i.e. 3:1 splay)
Method to design of transitions
(a)Mitra’s method (when water depth remains constant)
According to him, the channel width at any section X-X at a distance x from the flumed section.
𝐵𝑛.𝐵𝑓.𝐿𝑓
Bx= Bn=bed width of normal section
𝐵𝑛.𝐿𝑓−𝑥(𝐵𝑛−𝐵𝑓)
Bf=bed width of flumed section
Bx=bed width at any dis. X from flumed section
Lf=length of transition(diff. between expansion and contraction)
(b) Chaturvedi’s semi cubical parabolic transition when water depth
remains constant
𝐿𝐵𝑛^1.5 𝐵𝑓 1.5
X= (1-( ) )
𝐵𝑛^1.5 −𝐵𝑓^1.5 𝐵𝑥
iv) Design of bottom of floor of aqueduct and siphon aqueduct
a) Uplift due to water table
*This force acts where the bottom floor is depressed below the drainage
bed, specially is siphon aqueduct.
*Maximum uplift under the worst condition would occur when there is
no water flowing in the drain and water table has risen up to the
drainage bed.
*Maximum uplift in such case would be equal to difference in level
between drainage bed and bottom of floor.
b)Uplift due to seepage of water from the canal to the drainage
• Maximum uplift due to this seepage occurs when the canal running full and
there is no water in the drain. Seepage pressure evaluated by bligh’s theory.
• Seepage starts from point (a) & reappear the drainage bed (c or d) where (b) is
the point under the Centre of the culvert bay.
• Seepage path from ‘a’ to ‘b’ and ‘b’ to ‘c’ can be known,total creep length
=ab+bc. H=total seepage head(FSL of canal-d/s bed level of drain) ,
• residual head at point ‘b’ =Hb given by Bligh’s
𝐻
Hb = H-[ *ab]
𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐
Numerical
Design a suitable cross drainage structures from the following data
Canal Drainage
Discharge (Q)=32 m³/sec. Discharge (Q)=200 m³/sec.
Full supply level (FSL) = 213.5 High flood level (HFL) 210 m
Canal bed level=212 m High flood depth=2.5 m
Canal bed width = 20 m
Canal side slope (H:V) = 1.5:1
Solution:
Here, the bed level of canal (212 m) is in higher level than the high flood level of drainage
(210 m) so aqueduct should be constructed.
and, Qin (200 m³/sec.) » Q(32 m³/sec.) so, type III will be adopted.
i) Design of drainage waterway
Lacey's regime perimeter (P) = 4.75√𝑄 =4.75√200=67.15 m
Provide 8 clear span of 8 m each with 1.5 m width pier.
Total length of waterway=8x8+1.5*7=74.5m
ii) Design of canal waterway
Bed width of canal 20 m
Let, width be reduced to 10 m , then..
32
Velocity through canal= = 2.133 m/sec. <3 m/sec OK
10×1.5
Providing a splay of 2:1 in contraction, we have,
20−10
Length of contraction transition = × 2 = 10𝑚
2
Providing 3:1 splay in expansion transition; we have,
20−10
Length of expansion transition = × 3 = 15𝑚
2
In transitions, the side slope of the canal section will be warped in plan
from the original slope of 1.5:1 to vertical.
 iii) Design of canal bed levels at different sections

At section 4-4
Depth of water = 213.5-212=1.5 m (FSL- Bed level) Given
Area of trapezoidal section = (B+1.5y)y = (20+1.5×1.5) × 1.5=33.375 m²
𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝟑𝟐 𝒗𝟒𝟐 𝟎.𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟔
V4= 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 m/sec
𝟑𝟑.𝟑𝟕𝟓
Velocity head= = 𝟏𝟗.𝟔𝟐 = 0.047 𝑚
𝟐𝒈
R.L. of canal bed at 4-4=212 m R.L. of water surface 4-4=212+ 1.5=213.5m
R.L. of TEL at 4-4=213.5+0.047=213.547 m
At section 3-3
let, constant depth of 1.5 m throughout the channel, we have at 3-3, a rectangular channel,
Bed width 10 m
𝑄 32 𝑣3 2 2.1332
V3= = = 2.133 m/s Velocity head= = = 0.232𝑚
𝐴 10∗1.5 2𝑔 19.62
2 2
(𝑣3 −𝑣4 )
Loss of head in expansion =0.3( ) = 0.3 0.232 − 0.047 = 0.055𝑚
2𝑔
RL of TEL at 3-3=R.L. of TEL at 4-4+ Loss in expansion=213.547 +0.055=213.602 m
R.L. of water surface at 3-3=213.602-Velocity head=213.602-0.232=213.37 m
R.L. of bed at 3-3=213.37-Water depth=213.37-1.5=211.87 m

𝑛2𝑉2𝐿
At section 2-2 Here, friction loss between 2-2 to 3-3 is HL= 4/3 where, n= 0.016;
𝑅
for concrete.
𝐴 10∗1.5 𝑛2𝑉2𝐿 0.0162∗2.1332∗74.5
R= = = 1.154m HL= 4/3 = /
4 3 =0.072
𝑃 10+1.5∗2 𝑅 1.154
R.L of TEL at 2-2=R.L of TEL at 3-3+ Head loss in trough=213.602+0.072=213.674m
R.L of water surface 2-2=213.674-velocity head at 2-2=213.674-0.232=213.442m
R.L of bed level at 2-2=213.442-1.5=211.942m
At section 1-1
𝑉22−𝑉12
Here…Loss of head in contraction transition from 1-1 to 2-2=0.2( 2𝑔 )=0.2(0.232-0.047)=0.037 m

RL of TEL at 1-1=RL of TEL at 2-2+ Loss in contraction =213.674 +0.037=213.711 m

RL of water surface at 1-1=213.711-Velocity head=213711-0.047=213.664 m
RL of bed level at 1-1=213.664-1.5=212.164 m

iv) Design of transition

a) Contraction transition
Applying Mitra's hyperbolic transition equation;
𝐵𝑛∗𝐵𝑓∗𝐿𝑓
BX= 𝐵𝑛 = 20𝑚, 𝐵𝑓 = 10𝑚, 𝐿𝑓 = 10𝑚
𝐵𝑛∗𝐿𝑓−𝑥(𝐵𝑛−𝐵𝑓)
200
Bx= X(m) 0 2 4 6 8 10
20−𝑥
200 10 11.11 12.5 14.29 16.67 20
Bx=20−𝑥

where, x is measured from the flumed section.

 b) Expansion transition
𝐵𝑛∗𝐵𝑓∗𝐿𝑓
BX= 𝐵𝑛 = 20𝑚, 𝐵𝑓 = 10𝑚, 𝐿𝑓 = 15𝑚
𝐵𝑛∗𝐿𝑓−𝑥(𝐵𝑛−𝐵𝑓)

300
Bx=
30−𝑥

v)Design of trough
Depth of water in canal=1.5m
Provide free board of 0.6m, then
Height of trough=1.5+0.6=2.1m
Divide trough in two equal compartment of 5m
Internal wall thickness=0.3m,
Outer and bottom slab thickness=0.4 m
 Canal Regulation:
The water which enters into the main canal from the river has to be divided into
different branches and distributaries in accordance with the relative urgency of
demand on different channels. This process of distribution is called regulation.

Canal regulation works

The works which are constructed in order to control and regulate
discharges, depth, velocities etc. in canal.
• Canal falls
• Canal regulators (Cross and Head Regulators)
• Canal escapes
• Canal outlets and modules.
 Canal falls
..is an irrigation structure constructed across a canal to lower down its
water level and destroy the surplus energy liberated from the falling
water which may otherwise scour the bed and banks of the canal.
Types of Falls:
i)Ogee falls:
It follows the old technology.
The water gradually led down by
providing convex and concave
curves with an aim to provide
a smooth transition and reduce
disturbance and impact.
ii) Rapid Falls
Rapids were provided with long sloping floor(called glacis)having gentle slopes in
range of 1:15 to 1:20.

iii) Stepped Falls

next development of the rapid falls. long glacis is replaced by long, steeped floor
iv)Trapezoidal Notch fall
Its consists of number of trapezoidal notches constructed in a high crested wall across the
channel with a smooth entrance and a flat circular lip projecting downstream from each notch
to speared out falling jet.

v) Vertical drop fall (Sarada Type Fall):

A crest wall constructed to create the vertical drop, a cistern is provided to dissipate the
surplus energy of water leaving the crest. There no clear hydraulic jump, high velocity jet
enters the deep pool of water in cistern.
vi) Glacis Type fall
Modern type of fall, A straight glacis(sloping 2:1) is provided after a
raised crest. The hydraulic jump is made to occur on the glacis, causing
sufficient energy dissipation.
Design of sarada type fall
Design recommendations of Bahadadrbad research station.
i)Length of the crest
• Bed width of the canal.
• For future expansion (bed width + depth of water).
ii)Shape of the crest
For discharge (Q)<14 cumecs (rectangular crest)
ℎ+𝑑
Top width of the crest (Bt)=0.55√d (max) Thickness at base (B)=( ) (min)
𝐺
where, d= Height of the crest above d/s bed level. h= Head over the crest Take G= 2 for masonry.
For discharge (Q)>14 cumecs (Trapezoidal crest )
Trapezoidal crest with u/s side slope of 1:3 and d/s side slope of 1:8
• Top width of crest (Bt) = 0.55 𝐻 + 𝑑
 iii)Crest level
• The following discharge formula is used to determine height of water level above the crest
𝐻 1/ 6
• Q=Cd .L.H ( )
3/2 √2g where, Cd=0.415 for rectangular crest.
𝐵𝑡
=0.45 for trapezoidal crest.
L is the length of crest Bt is the top width of the crest
Ht. of crest above u/s bed level=y-h (y=normal depth of channel u/s)
=y-H (H≅ ℎ)

𝐻 1/6 HL
Q=1.84 .L.H ( )
3/2 (Rect.)
𝐵𝑡
𝐻 1/6
Q=1.99.L.H ( )
3/2 (Trape.)
𝐵𝑡
iv)Upstream wing wall
For rectangular crest, the approach wings may be splayed straight at 45°And
for trapezoidal crest shown in the figure below.

v)Upstream protection
Brick pitching in length equal to upstream water depth, at sloping towards
crest at a slope of 1:10 with drain pipes.
vi) Impervious concrete floor
• Total length of impervious floor can be determined by Bligh's theory floor small works
and Khosla's theory for large works
• Minimum length of d/s floor of the toe crest wall=2(Water depth + 1.2 m)+ Drop and
remaining provide in u/s
• Thickness of d/s floor shouldn't be less than 0.4 m and nominal thickness of 0.3 m is
provided in u/s side.
vii) Cistern
Length of cistern in meters (Lc) = 5 𝐻. 𝐻𝐿
1 2/3
Cistern depression below downstream bed in meters (x)= 𝐻. 𝐻𝐿
4
where, H=head of water over the crest
Downstream protection
I)Bed protection: The d/s bed may be protected with dry brick pitching,
about 20 cm thick resting on 10 cm ballast.
• The length of the d/s pitching and the number of curtain wall(cut off)is
given by the table as:
Head over crest Length of d/s pitching No. of Curtain wall Curtain wall depth(m) Remarks
Up to 0.3 m 3 1 0.30
0.3 to 0.45 3+2HL 1 0.30
0.45 to 0.6 4.5+2HL 1 0.45
0.6 to 0.75 6+2HL 1 0.60
0.75 to 0.90 9+2HL 1 0.75
0.90 to 1.05 13.5+2HL 2 0.94
1.05 to 1.20 18+2HL 2 1.05
1.20 to 1.50 22.5+2HL 3 1.35
ii) Side protection
Side pitching consists of one brick on edge is provide after the
warped wings. The side pitching may be curtailed at an angle 45°
from the end of bed pitching or extended straight from the end of
the bed pitching.
iii)Downstream wings
d/s wings are kept straight for a length of 5 to 8 time √(H.HL) and
may then be gradually wrapped. They should be taken up to the end
of the pucca floor.
Design a 1.5 m sarada type fall for a canal carrying a
discharge of 40 cumec with the following data.
Bed level u/s=105.0m
Bed level d/s=103.5m
Side slope of channel=1:1
Full supply level u/s=106.8 m
Full supply level d/s=105.3 m
Berm level u/s=107.4m
Bed width u/s & d/s=30 m
Safe exit gradient for khosla’s theory=1/5
Solution
• Length of crest
is kept equal to bed width(L)=30 m
• Crest level
Trapezoidal crest is provided, Q>14 cumec
𝐻 /6
We know, Discharge formula Q=1.99.L.H3/2( )1 let,Bt=1 m
𝐵𝑡
𝐻 /6
40=1.99*30 *H3/2( )1
1
40
H5/3= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟔 𝒎
1.99∗30
𝑄 40
Velocity approach, Va= = =0.7 m/s
(full supply depth=1.8 m)
(B+1.y)y 30+1.8 ∗1.8
Velocity head=(0.72)/2g =0.025m
U/s TEL=u/s FSL+ velocity head=106.8+0.025=106.825m
R.L of crest =u/s TEL-H=106.825-0.786=106.039 m
Adopt a crest level of 106.039 m
• Shape of the crest H=0.786, d=Ht. of crest above d/s bed=106.039-103.5=2.539m
Adopt the crest width at top Bt=0.55 𝐻 + 𝑑 = 0.55 0.786 + 2.539 = 1𝑚
Adopt trapezoidal crest top width 1 m and u/s slope 1:3, and d/s slope 1:8 1:3 1:8
Upstream Wing Walls
Radius of the wings should be 5 to 6 times the headover the crest =5x0.865=4.325 to =6x0.865
= 5.19 m. Use 5.0 m radius for the wings subtending an angle of 60 at centre and then carried
tangentially into the Berm. (Note replace value 0.865 by 0.786 for correct calculation)
Downstream Wing Walls.
The d/s wings shall be kept straight up to a distance of say 6 𝐻. 𝐻𝐿
= 6 0.786 ∗ 1.5 = 6.51 𝑚, say 7 m, and then warped in in a slope of 1:1 and shall be taken up
to the end of pucca floor.

Upstream Protection.
Brick pitching equal to u/s water depth ie. 1.8 m is laid on the u/s towards the crest at 1: 10
slope. Provide 20 cm drain holes in the entire length at 3 m c/c to drain out the u/s bed during the
closure of the canal.
1:10
Upstream Curtain Wall.
1
The minimum depth of curtain wall water= 𝑟𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, u/s curtain wall
3
1
= ∗ 1.8 = 0.6𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 0.7 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 0.3𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
3
(thus provide u/s curtain wall 0.4*1 m deep)
D/s curtain wall
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 1.8
• Minimum thickness = = = 0.9𝑚 𝑶𝑹 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0.75𝑚
2 2
Provide a d/s curtain wall 0.4m* 1.4m over 0.3m cement concrete.(1.4 =0.9+0.5)
So total depth of d/s curtain wall 1.7m,at bottom R.L.(103.5-1.7 =101.8m).
Cistern.
Length of cistern in meters (Lc) = 5 𝐻. 𝐻𝐿 =5.42 m provide 5.42 m long cistern
Depth of cistern
1 2/3 1
x= 𝐻. 𝐻𝐿 = [(0.786*1.5)2/3]≅0.3m
4 4
Total Floor Length and Exit Gradient
𝐻 1
GE= ∗ 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑,when water store upto crest level and
𝑑 𝜋√𝜆
there is no water at d/s so. H=RL of crest-RL of d/s bed
=105.97-103.5=2.47 m
d=depth of d/s curtain wall GE=1/5
1 2.47 1 1 1+ 1+ἀ2
= ∗ 0.137= 𝜆=5.34 𝜆= , ἀ ≅ 10
5 1.7 𝜋√𝜆 𝜋√𝜆 2
𝑏
𝛼= , b =10*1.7 =17m use 18 m
Minimum floor length required on the d/s
=2(water depth+1.2)+H
=2(1.8+1.2)+0.865=6.865 m; say 7m

• Provide the balance length 11m under and upstream of the crest as
below.
Uplift pressure calculations
• Assume u/s floor thickness as 0.5 m, and d/s floor thickness as 0.8 m,and floor
thickness at toe of the crest as 1.3m.
i)u/s wall
1 𝑑 1
B=18 and d=1m = = = 0.056
𝛼 𝑏 18
1 𝜆−2 1 𝜆−1
From khosla, 𝜙𝐸1 =0% 𝜙𝐸 = cos −1 , 𝜙𝐷 = cos −1 ,𝜆 =
𝜋 𝜆 𝜋 𝜆
1+ 1+𝛼2
2
𝜙𝐷1 =100- 𝜙𝐷 = 100 − 16 = 84%
𝜙𝐶1 =100- 𝜙𝐸 = 100 − 23 = 77%
Correction for 𝜙𝐶1, for depth of floor
𝜙𝐷1−𝜙𝐶1 84−771
= *t = *0.5 =3.5%(+ve)
𝑑 1

Correction due to influence of other wall is very small and neglected.

჻ 𝜙𝐶1(corrected) =77+3.5 =80.5%
ii) Toe of crest
b1 11
b1=11m and b=18m = =0.61 ,d=103.2-101.9=1.3 m
b 18

𝑏 18
𝛼 = = = 13.9 , 𝜙𝐷2 = 36%
𝑑 1.3
iii)D/s curtain wall
d= 1.7𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 18𝑚
𝑑 1.7
= = = 0.094 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑘ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑎′ 𝑠
𝑏 18
𝜙𝐸3 = 𝜙𝐸 = 29%
𝜙𝐷3 = 𝜙𝐷 = 20%
𝜙𝐶3 =0%
29−20
Correction for depth to 𝜙𝐸3 = ∗ 0.8 = 4.2 −𝑣𝑒
1.7
Corrected 𝜙𝐸3 =29-4.2=24.8%
The level of H.G line for maximum static head are worked out as below:

Calculation of thickness
i) Provide a nominal thickness 0.4m under u/s floor.
ii) Unbalance head at d/s toe of glacis=104.39-103.2=1.19m
ℎ 1.19
Thickness required= = = 0.97𝑚 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1.2𝑚(1m c.c+0.2m brick)
𝐺𝑐−1 1.24
iii) Unbalanced head at d/s end of floor= 104.11-103.5=0.61m
0.61
Thickness required= = 0.5𝑚 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.7𝑚 0.2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
1.24
Unbalanced head at 3m from d/s toe of crest
0.89−0.61
• = 0.91 + ∗ 3 = 1.03𝑚 104.11 − 103.2 = 0.91
7
1.03
Thickness required= = 0.83𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 0.8𝑚 𝑐. 𝑐 & 0.2𝑚 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠
1.24
Thickness provide as shown in fig.

Down stream pitching: from table for H =0.76

=9+2HL =9+2*1.5 =12m
Head and cross regulator
Head and cross regulator regulate the supplies of the off-taking channel
and the parent channel respectively.
Distributary head regulator
• A distributary head regulator control the supply of the
off-taking channel.
• Its provide at the head of the off taking channel,
controls the flow of water entering this new channel.
The main functions of a head regulator are:
i) To regulate or control the supplies entering the off-
take channel
ii) To control silt entry into the off-take channel.
iii) To serve as a meter for measuring discharge.
Cross regulator
• It control the supply of the parent channel
• It may be required in the main parent channel d/s of the off taking
channel, and is operated when necessary so as to head up water on
its u/s ,thus to ensure the required supply in the off taking channel
even during low flow in the main channel.
The main functions of a cross-regulator are:
(i) To effectively control the entire Canal Irrigation System.
ii) When the water level in the main channel is low, it helps in heading up
water on the u/s and to feed the off-take channels to their full demand in
rotation.
iii) They help in absorbing fluctuations in various sections of the canal
system, and in preventing the possibilities of breaches in the tail reaches.
iv) Cross regulator is often combined with a road bridge, so as to carry the
road which may cross the irrigation channel near the site of the cross
regulator. It is also usually combined with a fill (if required at the site of
cross regulator); when it is called a fall-regulator.
Canal outlet or modules
A canal outlet or a module is a small structure built at the head
watercourse so as to connect it with a minor or a distributary channel.
outlets play a very prominent role in controlling the flow of water to
different areas, so as to effect an equitable distribution of available
water in accordance with the needs of the whole area.
Requirements of a Good Module
I. The module should fit well to the decided principle water
distributions.
II. It should be simple in construction and use local materials.
III. It should work efficiently with a small working head.
IV. It should be cheaper since they are required In large number.
V. It should be sufficiently strong with no moving plate.
VI. It should draw its fair share of silts.
Types of outlets
I. Non –modular outlet
The discharge depends upon the difference in level between the distributary and the
water course. Discharge through it varies in wide limit with the fluctuations of the
water level in the distributing and the field channels.eg. Submerge pipe
outlet,masonary open sluices, orifices.
II. Semi modular or flexible outlet
Its discharge is affected by fluctuation in water level in the distributing channel
while the fluctuation in the water level of the field channel do not have any effect
on its discharge. E.g.. pipe outlet, venturiflume, open flume etc.
III. Rigid module
Most common type of outlet, Discharge is constant is one which and fixed with
irrespective of fluctuations of water level in either distributary channel or water
course or both.
Canal escapes
its irrigation structure constructed to escape extra water from the canal in to some natural
drain .
Types
i) Weir type
In this type, the crest of the weir wall is kept at R.L. equal to canal FSL
,when water level rises above FSL it gets escaped.
II) Regulator types(sluice type)
• The sill of escape is kept at canal bed level and the flow is controlled
by the gates as shown in figure.
• Its used now a days, as they give better control and can be used for
complexly emptying the canal., which is helpful for the purpose of
scouring of excess bed silt deposited in the head reaches, from time
to time and called scouring escape also.
Depending upon purpose
I) Canal scouring escape: constructed for purpose of
scouring of excess bed silt deposited in head canal.
II) Surplus escape: used for wasting excess of water
III)Tail escape: provided at the tail end of the canal and used
for maintaining required FSL in the reaches of canal
 Assignment 5
1.Design a 1.5 m sarada type fall for a canal carrying a discharge of 12 cumecs with the following
data.
Bed level u/s=103.0m
Bed level d/s=101.5m
Side slope of channel=1:1
Full supply level u/s=104.5 m
Bed width u/s & d/s=10 m
Soil = good loam
Assume Bligh’s coefficient = 6
2 Design sarada type fall for the following data.
Full supply discharge = 48 cumecs
Fsl u/s, d/s = 218.3 /216.8 m
Full supply depth u/s d/s = 1.8 m
Bed width u/s, d/s = 26 m
Bed depth u/s, d/s= 216.5, 215 m
Drop = 1.8
Bligh’s coeff. = 8
Exit gradient = 1/5
3• Design a syphon aqueduct if the following data at the crossing of a canal and drainage are given: Page 491,
Garg
I. Discharge of canal = 40 cumecs
II. Bed width of canal = 30 m
III. Full supply depth of canal = 1.6 m
IV. Bed level of canal = 206.4 m
V. Side slope of canal = 1.5:1
VI. High flood discharge of drainage = 450 cumecs
VII. HFL for drainage = 207 m
VIII. Bed level of drainage = 204.5 m
IX. General ground level = 206.5

4. Design a suitable cross drainage structures from the following data

Canal Drainage
Discharge (Q)=32 m³/sec. Discharge (Q)=200 m³/sec.
Full supply level (FSL) = 213.5 High flood level (HFL) 210 m
Canal bed level=212 m High flood depth=2.5 m
Canal bed width = 20 m
Canal side slope (H:V) = 1.5:1
5.Design a irrigation outlet for the following data. Page 458, Garg
• FSQ of outlet = 50 lit/sec
• FSL in distibutary on u/s side of outlet = 200 m
• FSL in water course on d/s side of outlet = 199.2 m
• FSD in distributary on u/s side of outlet = 1.05 m