DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

DEBRE MARKOS UNIERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GROGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSING THE CONSTRAINTS OF FARMERS IN USING IRRIGATION IN CASSE OF BEYEDA MATBA KEBELE,
BEYEDA WOREDA, NORTH GONDER ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA.

PARTIAL FULFLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE PROGRAM

BY: TSEGAW

ID: SHS. 914/10

SUBMITTED TO KASSAHUN .W

JULY,2023

DEBRE MARKOS,ETHIOPIA

1
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I must thanks the almighty God to help me to bring

this work to the end.
I feel deeply indicated to my special gratitude to my advisor teacher Kassahun.W his valuable advice and
professional guidance from the starting of proposal writing to the completion to my research.

Secondly I would like to express my great thank to my parents and my best friends by supporting
financially,materials and Ideas.Lastly I would like to express thanks to beyeda woreda plan
commissionofficers,Landadministration officers,agriculture office workers and beyeda matba kebele
employers.

Table of content

Contents page
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................I

Table of contents..................................................................................................................................II

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................V

List of figure ........................................................................................................................................VI

Abstract................................................................................................................................................VII

Chapter one............................................................................................................................................1

2
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
1.Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................................................1

1.2 statement of the problem...............................................................................................................2

1.3 objective of the research ...............................................................................................................3

1.3.1 General objectives of the study...................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific objective .........................................................................................................................3

1.4 Research Question ................................................................................................................ .........3

1.5 Significance of the study ................................................................................................................5

1.6 Scope of the study ............................................................................................ .............................4

1.7 Organization of the study ...............................................................................................................4

1.8 challenges of the study ..................................................................................................................4

Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................... ...................5

2. Review related literature ......................................................................................... .........................5

2.1Irrigation in the world...................................................................................... . ...............................5

2.2 Irrigation in Africa............................................................................................................................6

2.3 Irrigation in Ethiopia Agriculture .......................................................................................... ........6

2.4 Irrigation in Amhara Region ....................................................................................... .... .... .........6

2.5 Irrigation in North Gonder Zone ....................................................................... ..............................7

Chapter three .................................................................................................................. .....................8

3. Description of the study area and methodology ............................................................................8

3.1 Description of the study area .........................................................................................................8

3.1.1 location of the study are ............................................................................................................8

3.1.2 Demographic characterstics ......................................................................................................9

3.1.3 Topography of study area............................................................................................................9

3.1.4 Climate condition of study area..................................................................................................9

3.2 sampling technique and sample size.............................................................................................9

3.2.1 sampling technique......................................................................................................................9

3.2.1 Sampling size....................................................................................................... ... ....... ............9

3.3 Research design of the study area...............................................................................................10

3.4 Data gathering instrument ...........................................................................................................10

3.4.1Questionnaire .................................................................................................. .........................10

3
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
3.4.2 Observation ................................................................................................................................10

3.3.3 Interview .....................................................................................................................................10

3.5 Data analysis and interpretation .................................................................................................11

Chapter four.........................................................................................................................................12

4 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................12

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of respondents ...........................................................................12

4.1.1 sex ..............................................................................................................................................12

4.1.2 Age...............................................................................................................................................12

4.1.3 Religion .......................................................................................................................................13

4.1.4 Marital status .............................................................................................................................13

4.1.5 Educational background ...........................................................................................................14

4.2 Constraints of farmers in using irrigation ..................................................................................14

4.3.1 Training of farmers in irrigation ...............................................................................................17

4.3.2 Awareness of the community on ground water potential for irritation .................................18

4.3.3 Incentive to promote irritation ..................................................................................................18

4.3.4 Agricultural offices and other sector linkage ..........................................................................20

Chapter five .........................................................................................................................................22

5 Conclusion and Recommendations ...............................................................................................22

5.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................22

5.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................22

Reference .............................................................................................................................................24

Appendexes..........................................................................................................................................25

List of tables

Table 1sex of respodents ...................................................................................................................12

Table 2 Age of respondents ...............................................................................................................13

Table 3 Religion of Respondents .......................................................................................................13

Table 4 marital status of responds ...................................................................................................14

Table 5 Educational background of respondents ............................................................................15

Table 6 Constraints of farmers in using irrigation ...........................................................................15

Table 7 Farmers training participation on irritation .........................................................................18

Table 8 Awareness of using groundwater potential .......................................................................19

4
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
Table 9 Number of farmers that recived incentives ........................................................................19

Table 10 Encourage of farmers in using irritation ...........................................................................20

Table 11 Farmers attitude to economic advantage of irrigation ....................................................20

Table 12 Economic values farmers in using irrigation ....................................................................21

List of figure ..........................................................................................................................................8

5
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

Abstract

6
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
It is noted that irrigation in ethiopia is considered bs one of agricultural practices which can complement the
income of fbrmers. in addition other agricultural practices of the society at large.However mbny evidence
show that there are so many bottle neccks that hinder the practices of irrigation system in ethiopia.so thise
research was conducted from September 2015e.c to July 2015 e.c.an investigation on the constraints of
farmers in using irrigation in aparticular area of beyeda matba kebele.the objective of thin work was to assess
the constraints of farmers in using irrigation.the specific objectives are to identity the major constraints of
farmers in using irrigation,to examine the attitude of agrarian society towards irrigation activity and to state
the support of government to farmers.thise study was done by primary source of data through the
questionnaire,interview and observation and secondary source of data were collected from different
documents and other peoples.data collecting from irrigation user as purposive sampling method to select the
resident of beyeda matba kebele.the total sample size is taken 32 respondents and the data analayzig
techniques was both qualitative and quantitative approach.As a result of findings manpower shortage,poor
water
management,lack of
start up capital,lack
of technology,
institutional capacity
and capabilities are
the major constraints
of farmers in using
irrigation practice and
from findings of a
research support
finance for start up
capital to
farmers,train farmers
in water management
and
improvement,need of
high commitment of
worked to support
irrigation were
recommendations

7
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE Study

The irrigation of arable land and pasture has been practiced around the world for thous and 's of years.
with the aid of irrigation it was still is possible to grow crops with reliably high yield .in all arid region
of the earth at the same time irrigation has guaranteed an adequate and continuous supply of food stuff.
without which it would not have been possible for sophisticated civilizations to develop along the Nile
(Egypt ).the Tigris and Euphrates(Turkey ,Syria and Iraq, the Indus Pakistan and India ,the Ganges and
Bangladesh )and also along the hwangho (yellow river )in chain .it is estimated that by the year 1800
about 8 million hectares of land were irrigated around the world .but 100 years later these figure had
increased to about 40 millions hectares partly as a result of modern sprinkler irrigation system that had
became available to gardeners and farmer. by the year 1950 irrigated area had risen to still further to a
total of about 94 million hectares on aworldwide bodies. irrigation farming continued to grow at
considerable rate in subsequent years. especially during the so called "green revolution "nowadays.
about 250 million hectares or17% of the world's.agricultural area are irrigated about 36%of the worlds
food supplies interns of sales value .the contributions made by irrigated agriculture to the world's total
agricultural out put is estimated at just under 50%.thise is probably due to the fact that in many
irrigated areas farmers grow agreater proportion of crops with ahigh market values.on aregional basis it

8
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
estimated that around 60%of avalue of crop production in Asia in grown on irrigated land.this includes
about 80%of Pakistan food.70%of chain's food andover 50% of thefoodinIndiaand lndonesia.in the
middle east and north Africa more than 1/3of the regions crop production by value is irrigated.including
all the food grown in Egypt and more than ½of grown in Iraq and Iran.arelativelysmall proportion of
agricultural production in Latin America around 10% is grown under irrigation.but half of the crops
grown for exports in Chile and Peru are irrigated.madacascar produce more than 20%of its agricultural
out put and food on irrigated land.sub-sahran africahas the smallest regional area under irrigation ,and
produce an estimated 9% of total food production on irrigated land.(yudelman,1994)

Irrigation in Africa has a potential to boost agricultural productivities by at least 50% food production in
the continent is almost rain feed the area equipped for irrigation. Currently more than 13million
hectares makes up just 6% of the total cultivated area.85%of Africans poor live in rural area and mostly
depend on agriculture for their livelihood .as a result agricultural development is key to ending poverty
in the continent. Manydevelopments have recently proposed significantly increase investment in
irrigation in the region. Insub-Saharan African country irrigation is not widely spread covering only 7%
of the total cultivated area of 183million hectares. This is by far lowest proportion of irrigation any
where the world (IFPRI, 2010)

80% of the Ethiopia peoples are engage in agriculture. They are agrarians; Agriculture becomes the base
and primary economic activity in our country Ethiopia. It becomes the back bone of Ethiopia economy.
When we say agriculture it includes farming and rearing of animals (Awlachew, 2007)

Ethiopian people are not produce sufficient and surplus production. Even they produce only for hand to
mouth. This is also impossible. Because of their agricultural activity is depending up on rain. Our country
Ethiopia is reach in water and land resources. Even though this is the truth the country properly utilizes
water and land resource. In Ethiopia 5% of the total irrigation is utilized. (Awlachew,2010).in beyeda
woreda high amount ofsurface and ground waterpotential in beyeda matba kebele.this water potential is
used for irrigation agriculture. But their irrigation agriculture practice has many constraints. So there
for by solving constraint of farmers in using irrigation and developing better irrigation geta
goodenvironment. but the constraints of farmers in using irrigation is continue in beyeda matba kebele
create many problems standing from each person .because of these to knowand understand the
constraint of farmers in using irrigation practice to give acorrection,aware the concerning peoples how
to practice irrigation agriculture and develop different method of practice.Therefore solutions
areurgently needed for productivity of the land and irrigation agriculture.The researcherwould be
interested to assess the constraints of farmers in using irrigation agricultural practice of the community
in beyeda matba kebele.

9
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
1.2 Statement of the problem
Nourth Gonder zone is reach in water and land resource.Even though the farmers does not productively
utilize this resource for irrigation. The farmers produce crops highly depend on rainfall. This kind of
farming system affected by natural hazardous. The production is not enough to house hold feedings. So
the agricultural practice will be supported by irrigation.This zone has 12 medium Rivers and other small
streams. But the farmers are not use the water resource properly. They use only 6% of the total
irrigation potential is irrigate.The irrigation practice in beyeda woreda has problems. it has three rivers
and has many tributary stream channels that used for irrigation but the irrigation culture of the farmers
is low and also the irrigation practices of beyeda matba Keble is not enough the Keble has three little
rivers, 150,000m3surface water and 20,000m3 ground water farmers that used to irrigation purpose.
the local farmers are not used these water resources for irrigation properly they are not productive and
also reduce the development of the country even though thisa big problem of country.Because of this the
researcher wants to study and investigate the constraints of farmers in using irrigation practice of the
community.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of this study was to assess the constraints of farmers in using irrigation in beyeda
woreda, beyeda matba Keble .

1.3.2 Specific objective

The specific objective of the studywas:

 To identify the major constraints of farmers in using irrigation

 To examine the attitude of agrarian society towards irrigation activity
 To state the support of government to farmers

1.4 Research questions

In light with the above statement this researchwouldbe accepted to answer the following basic
question;
 What are the major constraints of farmers on using irrigation practice?
 What are the attitudes of farmer on using irrigation activity?
 What type of support give to farmers from government?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study had its own significance from the specific or the local beyeda matba kebele to the country.
The result of the study would be effective constraint of farmers in using irrigation in beyeda matba
kebele.the finding of the study wouldbe used to create awareness and constraints in using irrigation to

10
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
the community of the study area .there for they practice irrigation in suitable way.it also
wouldimportant any interested to conduct further study on constraints of farmer in using irrigation.

1.6 Scope of the study

This study focus on amhara region,north gonder zone particularly beyeda woreda,in beyeda matba
kebele.It is concerning about assess the constraints of farmers using irrigation practice.

1.7 Organization of the study

This study consist offivechapters and organized as follows .the first chapter concerns the introduction
part that contains back ground of the study ;statement of the study;objective of the study ; question of
research; significance of the study and delimitation of the study chapter two deals with review related
literature, chapter three deals about description of the study area and me theology ,chapter four deals
about results and discussion and last chapter deals about conclusion and recommendations.

1.8 Challenges on the research

 Un willingness of some respondents to give enough information because of lack of time,can't use
permission certeficate from univesity and attach with current country situation
 there was lack of reference material resources and lack of up date information
 there was along distantance between the researcher and advisor
 the researcher got lack of time and budget

CHAPTER Two

2 Review of Related Literature

Irrigation is the process by which water brought to dry land through artificial means such
aspipes. house or duchess. The land that is being irrigation usually contains crops; grass or
vegetation that will not usually receive enough water from rain fall or other natural
resource. Water resources management in agriculture is critical contributor to the
11
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
economic and social development in Ethiopia in successful irrigation in Ethiopia can
represent a corner stone of agricultural development; contribute moving millions to the
economy and partial moving house holed holds in to food security [Blachew;2010]

irrigation is the agricultural process of applying controlled amount of water to land to

assist in the production of crops as well as to grow landscape plants and lawns where it
may be known as watering.agriculture that does not use irrigation instead relaies only on
direct rainfall is referred to as rainfed irrigation has been a centeral feature of agriculture
for over 5,000years and has been developed independently by many culture across the
globe.(synder,R.L,2005)

2.1 Irrigation in the world

Worldwide in 2012 over 324 million hectares are equipped for irrigation of which about
85% or 275 million hectares are actually irrigate. Irrigated agriculture represents 20%of
the total cultivated land. but contributes 40%of total food produced worl dwide sub
Saharan Africa is the reign with the lowest portion of the cultivated area that is irrigated
just over 3% against almost 218 at global level. At the same time it has the highest
prevalence of under nourishment over 88% of central Asia’s and Africa’s irrigation
potential has already been equipped;69% in the middle east and 65% of in the southern
and east tern area of the region. Asia is also the continent benefiting most of its irrigation
infrastructure with the largest part of area. in Europe the part of area equipped for
irrigation actually irrigated is 65% is low compare to the rest of the world. Localized and
sprinker irrigation accounts for about 14% of the total area equipped for irrigation world
wide [FAO; 2016]

2.2 Irrigation in Africa

Globally; of 20% of crop land is irrigated but only 5% in Africa and yet Africa has the
greatest food in security; partly due to un reliable growing seasons. Growing seasons will
become more un reliable with climate change while expanding and urbanizing population
will be needing more adaptation and different food deist and demand change. Irrigation
can be astrategy for both climate adaptation and helping small holders enter expanded
markers. [Altechenoko;yand K.G vill hoith; 2015] Studies estimate that cross 13 Africa
12
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
country ground water can expand irrigated land area by 13.5 million hectares’ but with
strong difference in potential among countries.

2.3 Irrigation in Ethiopia Agriculture

Ethiopia has an important opportunity in water led development. But it needs to address
critical challenge planning, designing, delivery and maintenance of its irrigation system if it
capture its full potential. Ethiopia comprises 112 million hectare of land cultivate area
estimates between 30-70 million hectares. Currently high estimates show that only 15
million hectares’ of land is under cultivation for the existing land area. Our estimation that
only about 4-5% of irrigation with existing equipment. This means that significance portion
of cultivated land in Ethiopia is currently not irrigated, (Mengstu, 2005)

Well managed irrigation development is key in helping Ethiopia over came major
challenges including population pressure, soil and land degradation , high climate
variability and low agricultural productivity in addition agricultural water development is
critical to improve small holder livelihood and income in Ethiopia. Since irrigation can help
farmers increase their crop production, increase crop Varity and lengthen their agricultural
season (Ministry of water resource, 1999)

2.4 Irrigation in Amhara Region

Amhara region is located 90-140 north latitude and 360-400 east longitude with total surface
area of 157,076 km2.the region is endowed with substantial amount of resources, the
surface water resource potential is impressive the region posses four major river basin.
Abay basin the largest and covers 28.73, Awash covers 14.49 Danakil covers 0.50(sisay
2009).

Total estimated annual renewable potential of 35 m3fresh water lake tana is the largest
water body in the region with an area of 3078.01m 2.estimates potential land for irrigation
large and medium scale 650,000-700,000 hectares and small scale irrigation land is about
200,000-250,000 hectares. But little is developed less than to present (muluken.etal,
2006).In spite of the larger water resource potential existing in the region have been done
little using the region’s water potential for irrigation purpose. It is possible to observe that
modern irrigation scheme have been developed in the region from 1985-1996(12 years) is
only covering 2658 hectares of irrigable land where still their efficiency low from 1997-
13
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
2004(8 years)114 irrigation schemes are irrigating a total area of 834.61 hectares from
2005-2008 (5 years) 165 irrigation schemes irrigating about 19,466.24 hectares have bee
developed (sisay,2009).

2.5 Irrigation In north gonder zone

In north gonder zone peoples engage iñ irrigation by Mesha river is located in the Tekezie
basins starting from Ras degen mountain in beyeda woreda pass through the Sehalla
woreda to Abergelie woreda and lastly joins Tekezie in Waghemra zone of Amhara national
regional state.The river has big catchment area running from Ras degen Mountain to the
low land of Abergelie woreda nerveless the study tried to the catchment irrigation sites are
in beyeda and abergelie woreda.The small stream found haphazardly used as irrigation
water produce different agricultural products(Lijalem,2013).

2.6 Irrigation practice in Beyeda woreda

Beyeda woreda is productive and profitable.The woreda have been riched in ground and
surface water potential.It have 13 race and 35 streems.In 2015 ethiopian calendar 1,142
hectares land is irrigable.(source:beyeda woreda land administration office,2015)

CHAPTER THREE

3. Descriptionof the study area and methodology

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location

14
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

Beyeda woreda is one of the woreda in north gonder zone in Amhara region part of
Ethiopia.beyeda woreda is bordered in the south by Sehslla woreda ,in the north by
telemt ,in the east telemt and sehalla woreda and in west Jan amora woreda.it is far from
bahir dar 972 k.m,from the capital city Addis Ababa 1447 k.m and from debre Markos 1175
k.m

15
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

Figure.1

3.1.2 Demographic features

Beyeda woreda have 77,347 males and 77,493 females totally 154;840 peoples up to
19/02/2015 e.c. from thise peoples 2835 males and 3,753 females totally 6588 peoples are
live in urban area of the developing town in Subra and luwarie.in a rural area 74,690males
and 73,830 females totally 148,520 peoples are live

3.1.3 Topography
Beyeda woreda is covere 90,340 hectares.from this mountain features cover 42% of the
area or 22,585 hectares,valley areas cover 20%of the area or 27,102 hectares and
plainsurface cover40% of the area or 40,653 hectares.

3.1.4 Climate condition

Beyeda woreda have two climatic condition.60%climate condition covered by dega and
40% climate condition is covered by wurch climate type.

3.2 sampling techniques and sample size

3.2.1 sampling Techniques
For the achievement of the objective of thise research purposive sampling technique were
used to select from beyeda woreda from North gonder zone ,Amhara region.because of
proximity and conveinience of work place and their is constraints of farmers in using
irrigation practice in this kebele

16
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

3.2.2 sampling size

To know the number of participants the researcher used the idea of Arasian.according to
arasian (2000) "for descriptive research it is acommon to sample 10%to 20% of the
population ".started from thise the researcher used10%ofthe participant from the
population .there were 286 male and 25 female farmer's to used irrigation and the
researcher take 10%of males that is 29 males and 10% of females that is 3, females totally
participated.

3.3.Research Design of the study area

The researcher used a descriptive survey design for the sake of describing the constraints of
farmers in using irrigation practice in the study area.because of descriptive design is a fact
finding procedure and useful to describe answer for question of who,what where $ how,more
over descriptive survey is used to generate views and opinion of relatively large number of
respondents.

3.3.1 Research approach

In order to achieve the objective of the study and answer the research question ;researcher use
both qualitative and quantitative (mixed) research approaches. The advantage of using such
Mixed approach is that data could not be obtained by using simple methods , and is obtained by
both alternate.

3.4 Data Gathering Instrument and data source

Thise study would employ both qualitative and quantitative data collection approachs.In
thise perspective the data were collected through primary source of data and secondary
source of data.the use of questionnaires,observation and interview.because it would cover
many respondents and it would easily quantified and analysis.

3.4.1 The questionnaire

The structured questionnaire were prepared for the samples that would be selected using
purposive sampling techniques the questionnaire were forward to samples of beyeda
matba kebele in beyeda woreda agricultural and rural development plan commission
office ,environmental protection and land administration office ,farmer who use irrigation
in beyeda matba kebele ,beyeda matba kebele crop production officer,natural resources

17
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
management officer.the questionnaire was prepared concerning on knoweledge about the
constraints of farmers in using irrigation.

3.4.2 Observation
In thise study the researcher used field observation as data collecting instrument in the
form of direct observatio.the researcher observe directly how the farmers .who use
irrigation ,where used the activities by informing the aim of observation and different
record documents related to the research.

3.4.3 the Interview

The interview was conducted to kebele natural resources workers who has high proximity
and nearness to farmers.by asked structured interview by using thise data collection
instrument,the researcher would able to collect raw data concerni-ng on the constraints of
farmers in using irrigation in case of beyeda matba kebele.

3.5 analyses
once the data has been captured from the two intended sources . the researcher analyzed the
collect data using descriptive type of data analysis. The data collect from primary source were
analyzed and expressed by ratio, percentage, table and interpreted with appropriate explanation.

18
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Demographic characteristics of Respondent

4.1.1. sex

Table 1 sex respondents.

No sex frequency Percentage

1 male 29 90.5%

2 female 3 9.5%

total 32 100%

source : own survey 2023

As it depicted in the above table out of 32 respondents of the research 29 90.5% them were
male and tow remaining 3 (9.5%) of them were female in sex these shows that the majority
of the respondents were male in sex

4.1.2. Age

Table 2, Age respondents.

No Age frequency Percentage

1 20-30 years 3 9.3

2 31-40 years 9 28.1

3 41-50 years 18 56.2

4 51-60 years 3 6.2

total 32 100%

source:own survey 2023

19
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
The above table illustrated that the majority 18 (56.2%) of the respondents relies with the
age range or 40 t0 50 years and the minority have the age range between 51-60 years old

4.1.3. Religion

Table 3. Religion of Respondents

No Religion frequency Percentage

1 Orthodox 22 68.7

2 Muslim 10 31.2

total 32 100%

source:own survey 2023

The table shows that the majority of respondents 22 (68.7%) were orthodox in religion
and few of the respondents 10 (31.2%) were Muslim in religion

4.1.4. marital status

Table 4. marital status

No Marital status frequency Percentage

1 married 28 87.5

2 Not married 2 6.25

3 Widowed 2 6.25

total 32 100%

source: own survey 2023

The above table depicted that out of the total respondents the majority 28 (87.5%) were
married and the minority of them 4(12.5%)were not married and widowed these asserts
that farmers who are getting to married are highly involving interview and full the
research questionnaire

4.1.5. Educational Back ground

20
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
Table 5. Educational Back ground of Respondent
Educational status frequency Percentage

No

1 Write and read 24 75

2 10th complete 5 15.6

3 Diploma 1 3.1

4 degree 2 6.2

total 32 100%

source:own survey 2023

The above table indicated that the majority of the respondents 24 (75%) were write and
read 5 (15.6%) were 10th complete 1 (3.1%) were Diploma and 2 (6.2%) were degree

4.2 constraints of farmers in using irrigation

the researcher tried to collect data by proved portended questionnaire on the constraint of
farmers in using irrigation.as clearly understand almost the support monitoring and
evaluation mechanism of woreda on irrigation usage is limited.as compared to who use
irrigation as a researcher view woreda office should encourage these farmers who use

irrigation and other to partidipate in irrigation.According to the response constraint of

the farmers in using irrigation they are list shown as follow

table 6.constraints of farmers in using irrigation

No Factors for irrigation system frequency Percentage

1 Man power shortage 3 9.3

2 Poor technology choice 3 9.3

3 Technical capacity and tools 3 9.3

4 Poor land management 2 6.2

5 Poor water management 2 6.2

6 Institutional capacity and capability 10 31.2

7 Lack of knowledge in use of irrigation technology 4 12.5

8 Lack of startup capital 5 18.7

21
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
total 32 100%

source: own survey 2023

Shortage of man power

In many part of the country ;the farmers are practising irrigation with out essential know-how
on crop water need,water application method and irrigation interval.lack of knoweledge of
irrigation water management aspect has resulted in wastage of irrigation water,deterioration
of some structure and water logging problems on some farmers ( Berhanu,2006). Shortage of
skilled man power is one of the constraints of irrigation there is less experienceced skilled man
power to be used and maintain irrigation project and lack of skill among farmers and woreda
professionals

Poor technology choice

Technological problem was also the major constraints of farmers using irrigation
involvement of other strafe holder and nongovernmental in irrigation project

Technical capacity and tools

The irrigation practice of farmers is highly by depending on traditional knowledge there is
lack of knowledge lake how to use and what to use the irrigation land

Poor land management

There is a poor land management the farmers not manage the land used to irrigation
system the farmers not used all irrigable lands for irrigation purpose and lack of knowledge
to use the land

Institutional capacity and capability

Other institutional barriers include limited or no priority given to irrigation developement
during national and local planning and budgeting poor management structure in place to
support farmers and promote irrigation developement.example:the infrastructure to
facilitate agriculture is under developed(Berhanu,2006;Mekuria,2003).poor coordination
between institution dealing with irrigation development.example;there is no clear cut
responsibility between the department of agriculture and department ofservice
Cooperative and prmotion(Seid,2002)Institutional capacity and capability is the major

22
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
challenges that prevent irrigation from being fully implemental office as on institutions do
not play its major role on irrigation there is lack of task owner ship the governmental office
have not linkage to support the irrigation practice of farmers

Poor water management

The farmers are not usage or exploit the available of water for irrigation practice not harvest
the rain water to irrigation purpose.they are not use suitable pumbtube and lost the water.Due
to poor scheme management,land and soil productivity is declining with years of irrigation.in
consequence the yields per hectare has been declining in after year.the flood during a rainy
season is challenge for chilled crossing the border for schooling.it is directly related to the water
use system adopted by related to the water use system adopted by the farming community
(wagnew,2004).soil,water logging,erosion and soil nutrients mining are common problem of
systems (carter and danert,2006).

Lack of start up capital

Farmers also have constraints of startup capita in using irrigation there was financial problem
government should create conductive environment for farmers in providing water pumbs and
geomembrane.lack of legal status for water user associations can present a challenge to
farmers.unlike cooperatives.which are legal entities,water users associations cannot access
credit or hold bank accounts (Carter and Danert,2006).that is why relative better of house hold
benefited more.because they have more land,labour and money to buy farm inputs.which
allow them to exploit irrigation opportunities.

Lack of knowledge on use of irrigation technology

There is main knowledge gap on using irrigation technology the farmers should clearly
know the irrigation systems the parameters affecting the selection of irrigation system and
irrigation technologies

In field observation the researcher view the rivers that the farmers used for irrigation
purpose have water scarcity,the water is poluted,the generator consumed many litter of
fuels.geomembrane is very old and it have hole and also some of the farmers were
influenced by generators fee cost.

23
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
4.3 Attitude of Agrarian society towards irrigation activity
4.3.1 Training on irrigation

Table 7. farmers training participation on irrigation

Did you participate No of respondents

In training on Take training on irrigation

irrigation
m f t %

Yes 15 2 17 53.1

No 14 1 15 48.8

total 29 3 32 100%

source : Own survey 2023

From table7, the result shows that 17(53.1%) participant were take training and 15.6 % of
the respondent cannot take training this result suggest that woreda agriculture and rural
development should emphasis to create awareness in the community on the benefits of
using ground and surface water properly

4.3.2 Awareness of the community on the ground water potential for irrigation

Farmers in the study area have access to water at average distance 7.5m from the ground
because of awareness problem of farmers are not actively irrigated with ground water

Table 8 awareness of using ground water for irrigation

have you use ground water for irrigation Farmers using

For irrigation

m f t %

Yes - - - -

No 29 3 32 100%

Total 29 3 32 100%

Source :own survey 2023

24
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
From the above table we can conclude that of peoples not use ground water for
irrigation.these simply Indicate that people have no more awareness regarding irrigation
and use of ground water potentail.but ground water is suitable for irrigation
purpose.because the soil are free from soil salinity and sodicity hazards.there for aware
nest related to irrigation for formers should be introduced in beyedà matba kebele

4.3.3 incentive to promote irrigation

Table9. number of farmers that received incentive in order to promote irrigation

Did you get incentive Farmers using

From anybody to promote irrigation For irrigation

m f t %

Yes - - - -

No 29 3 32 100%

Total 29 3 32 100%

source:own survey 2023

As clearly indicate in the above table none of farmers received intensive in order to
promote irrigation the farmers should be encourage using irrigation and enable to product
at least double a year they should be motivated.Environmental protection and land
administration officers questionnaire on the constraints of the farmers in using irrigation
in beyeda matba Keble

Table 10 Encourage of farmer in using irrigation

Questionnaires total high medium low Nat at all

To what degree Pop n No % No % No % No %

Your office

Encourage farmers in 32 3 9.3 5 15.6 22 68.7 2 6.2

using irrigation

source:own survey 2023

As clearly indicate the above table office professionals who woreda in environmental
protection and land administration main office did not think that irrigation is the major
task and activity which is done by them therefore emphasis was not given
25
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
Table 11.farmers attitude to economic advantage of irrigation
To what extent the total high medium low Nat at all
communication office
No % No % No % No %
support and aware

Formers who use 32 2 6.2 5 15.6 25 78.1 - -

irrigation

source:own survey 2023

As it was indicated in the above table most of farmers perception and attitude towardes
economic advantage is good but still there are farmers do not understand of economic
advantage of irrigation there is still gap between who are not use irrigation and farmers
who are not use irrigation

4.3.4 Agricultural office and other sectors linkage to encourage

According to respondents and professional support which is given to farmers the
respondents respond that in our evaluation opinion that much technical and professional
support which could fill the gap of the farmers in using irrigation could not given
technically we could not support the farmers to use irrigation potential we also led a
problem of technical skill to train and capable the farmers according to the respondents a
farmers in using irrigation respondents respond that have problem of technology skill
problem of technology utilization for example geomembrane

Financial problem, available of surface water, attitude towards irrigation (keeping only
surface and not use underground water as another alternative).

pital cooperation (water resource office also) and work on focusing irrigation.

Table 12. Economic value farmers in using irrigation

S/N Added value Percentages

1 Source of income 60%

2 Produce surplus production 25%

3 Balanced diet 15%

Total 100%

26
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
source:own survey 2023

All of respondents assured that irrigation enhances economic development in many way,
farmers good cultivate twice and three times a year therefore, its economic value includes
source of income and home consumption.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion and recommendations

5.1 conclusion
As a result of research finding there are different constraints which affect farmers use of
irrigation among these ,the major once are

 Lack of startup capital, manpower shortage, problem of technical skill ,poor

water management , poor land management,
 Lack of farmers awareness towards irrigation. How they use
 The limited support for farmers at the side of government
 Drying of river and scarcity of water

As a result the researcher view, if these constraints are solved, irrigation in woreda in
general and in particular kebele is effectively practiced. This in turn created better
opportunity for production, income and to assure food security.

5.2 Recommendation
Based on the conclusion give above the following recommendations should forward:

 Train farmers in water management and improve productivity of farmers and

increase sustainability.
 Awareness must be created to the woreda people about the economic importance of
irrigation.
 Need of high commitment of worked to support irrigation
27
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
 Ensure ground water resources sustainably use

 Design process and combination starts to share the information, this should include
creating common reports
 Support by finance for startup capital for farmers
 support by giving different fertilizers, water pump and Genarator
 References

Altechenko.y and K.G Vilholth,(2015).mapping Irrigation potential from renewable

Groundwaterin Africaquantitative Hydrologicaly approach Hydrol,Earth syst.sci(19,1055-
106

Airasian,Peter ,L.R.Gay and Geoffrey E.Mills(2000)Educational Research.competencies and

analayss and application (six edition ).New Jersey

Awlachew, (2010)irrigation in Ethiopia for agricultural development.

Awlachew,(2005).Experiance and opportunitiesFor promoting small scale irrigation and

rain Water harvesting for food security in Ethiopia

Berhanu B (2006).performance assessment and benchmarking irrigation scheme in

ethiopia;acase study of two irrigation scheme M,sc,thesis ,UNESCO IHE.

Carter R, and Danert K (2006),Farm Africa ethiopia planning for small scale irrigation
intervention working papers series Number 4

FAO.(2016). Food and agriculture organization of united nation

IFPRI.(2005).anual review of resources ,economics and irrigations future in Africa and Asia
,Washington .DC

Lijalem Abebaw, (2013).challenges opportunities Crop irrigation in Gedeb River

Mengistu(2000). The broader economic developmentOf irrigation in Ethiopia

Mekuria T (2003) small scale irrigation for food security in sub-sahran africa report and
recomendations of ACTA study visit ethiopia,20-29january 2003CTA working Document
number 8031

MOWR,(2002) water sector development Program addiss abeba Ethiopia

28
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
Muluken lakachw ,mazinu abedin and enyew aijo,(2006) ownership, efficiency and impact
the case of small scale modern irrigation scheme in Amhara Region of Ethiopia.

Seid ya (2002)small scale irrigation and household food security .acase study of three
irrigation scheme in gubalbfto woreda of north wollo zone ,Amhara region ,Addis Ababa
Ethiopia.

Sisay Asres, march (2009).institutional arrangement and linkers in irrigation water

managementWith particular reference to Amhara region

Synder,R.L;melo-Arev,J.P.(2005).frost protection ;fundamentals,practice and

economics.vol.1.food andagriculturalorganaization ofthe united nations

Wagnew A (2004) socio ecnomic and environmental impact assessment of community

based small scale irrigation in the upper Awash basin.A case study of for community based
irrigation scheme .a thesis presented to the school of graduate studies Addis Ababa
university in the partial ful filment of the requairment of degree of master of science in
environmental science ,Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Yudelman .m..(1994);demand and supply of food stuff up to 2050 with special reference to
irrigation .IIMI.review .vol.28no(1),4-14

29
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

Appendixes

Appendixes A
DEBREMARKOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES

Agricultural officce performance questionnaire on constraints of farmers in using

irrigation.

Dear respondents:-
This research paper is aimed to study to constraints of in using irrigation with particular
reference to beyeda matba kebel the information you provide will treat and used for
academic purpose. Hence, the information you provide or your genuine contribution will
be essential for the success of this academic endeavor. The researcher will express deepest
appreciation for your corporation in fill on this questionnaire.

Thank you in advance

N.B. Please do not write name

Selection one back ground information

30
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
Instruction one: please read items and write the information for the first item and encircles
the other items.

1. .sex male female

2 .Responsibility in agricultural office:-

_office coordinator

_office performance
_other

Section one:

Instruction two: please fill this questionnaire completely according to nature questions.

1. Your technical and professional support assistance of farmers in using irrigation

howitevaluate?...............................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................

2.What do you think are the major constraints of farmers in using irrigation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

3.What are the attitude of farmers using iirrigation?

……………………………………………………………………………………

4.Do you think that farmers use of irrigation enhance economic development?
how?............................................................................................................................

5.How to encourage farmers to use irrigation?

…………………………………………………………………………………

31
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
6.what type work relationship do you have with environmental protection and land
administration?..................................................................................................................................

7.How do you evaluate professional assistance of natural resource development performer

in beyeda matba kebele for farmers in using
irrigation?.....................................................................................................................................

APPEDEX B
DEBREMARKOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES

Environmental protection land administration professionals questionnaire on constraints

of farmers in irrigation.

Dear respondents:-

This research paper is aimed to study to constraints of farmers in using irrigation on with
particular reference to beyeda matba kebele. The information you provide will treat and
used for academic purpose. Hence, the information you provide or genuine contribution
will be essential for the success of this academic endeavor. The researcher likes to express
deepest appreciationfor your corporation in filling out this questionnaire.

Thank you in advance.

N.B please do not write your name

Section one : think one of the choices from the given alternative or give your respond
according to questionnaire.

1.to what degree that your office encourage in using irrigation?

A, High B, Medium C, Low D, not at all

2, To what extent communication office support and aware the farmers in using
irrigation?

A, High B, Medium C, Low D not

32
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT

APPENDEX C
ደብረ-ማረቆስ ዩኒቨርስቲ

የማህበራዊሳይንስና ሂዉማኒቲስ ኮሌጅ

የህብረተሰብና የአካባቢ ጥናት ትምህርት ክፍል

በቀበሌ አርሶ አደሮች የሚሞላ ቃለ-መጠይቅ

የዚህ ቃለ-መጠይቅ አላማ በበየዳማትባ ቀበሌ አርሶአደሮች መስኖ ልማት አጠቃቀም በኩል የሚታዩት እጥረቶች ምን
እንደሚመስሉ በማጥናት ያሉትን ችግሮች ለይቶ የመፍትሄ ሃሳብ ለመጠቆም ታስቦ ነዉ፡፡ስለዚህ እርስዎ የሚሰጡት
ትክክለኛ መልስ ለጥናቱ መሳካት ቁልፍና ጉልህ ድርሻስላለው ለሁሉም ጥያቄዎች መልስ እንድትሰጡ በአክብሮት
እየጠየኩ ጊዜዎን መስዋት በማድረግ ላደረጉልኛ ቅን ትብብር ሁሉ ከልብ አመሰግናለሁ፡፡

ማሳሰቢያ፡በመጠይቁ ላይ ስም መፃፍ አያስፈልግም፡፡በአማራጭ መልሶች ላይ ትክክለኛ ብለዉ የሚስማሙበትን

ያክብቡ፡፡ሃሳብዋን እንዲገልጡ ለቀረቡት ጥያቄዎች አጭርና ግልጥ ሃሳብ በመስጠት እንዲተባበሩኝ እጠይቃለሁ

1.መስኖ አጠቃቀም ላይ ወረዳዉ ድጋፍ አሰጣጥእና ክትትል ምን ይመስላል?

ሀ.ከፍተኛ ለ.መካከለኛ ሐ.ዝቅተኛ መ.ድጋፍ የለም

2.በቀበሌዉ የተፈጥሮ ሀብት ባለሙያ በመስኖ አጠቃቀም ላይ ያላቸዉ ድጋፍና ክትትል ምን ይመስላል?ሀ.ከፍተኛ
ለ.መካከለኛ ሐ.ዝቅተኛ መ.ድጋፍ የለም

3.በመስኖ ልማት ኢኮኖሚያዊ ፋይዳ የአርሶ አደሮች ግንዛቤ እንዴት ነዉ?

ሀ.ከፍተኛ ለ.መካከለኛ ሐ.ዝቅተኛ

4. ለቀበሌዉ መስኖ ተጠቃሚ አርሶ አደሮች የሚደረግ የማበረታቻ ስርኣት እንዴት ይታያል?

ሀ.ከፍተኛ ለ.መካከለኛ ሐ.ዝቅተኛ መ.ማበረታቻ የለም

5.በቀበሌዉ በመስኖ አጠቃቀም ዙሪያ ሚታዩ እጥረቶች ምን ናቸው?የመፍትሄ ሃሳቦች ምን ምን ናቸዉ?

33
 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSIT
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

34