CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The management of solid waste is a crucial aspect of environmental stewardship, involving the

collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of various types of waste generated by human

activities. The surge in global population, urbanization, and industrialization has resulted in an

unprecedented increase in solid waste, posing challenges in environmental, social, and economic

dimensions (World Bank, 2018). The expansion of urban centers and industries has led to a diversified

range of materials being discarded as waste, from household refuse to industrial by-products,

necessitating comprehensive solid waste management (UNEP, 2019).

The escalation of global population, urbanization, and industrial activities has led to an unprecedented

surge in solid waste generation. The intricate web of challenges stemming from this surge encompasses

environmental, social, and economic dimensions. As urban centers expand and industries flourish, the

diversity of materials discarded as waste has expanded, ranging from household refuse to industrial

by-products. Consequently, the need for comprehensive solid waste management has become more

pronounced than ever before.

Improper disposal and inadequate management of solid waste pose significant threats to the

environment. Landfills, commonly used for waste disposal, can contaminate soil and groundwater with

hazardous substances, while the release of greenhouse gases from decomposing organic matter

contributes to climate change (Jambeck et al., 2015). The improper disposal of non-biodegradable

materials, such as plastics, further exacerbates environmental pollution, adversely affecting marine life

and ecosystems (Jambeck et al., 2015). In addition to environmental consequences, improper waste

disposal also has profound social implications, affecting community life and disproportionately

burdening marginalized populations, leading to social inequalities and threats to public health (Wilson

et al., 2006; Hoornweg et al., 2013).

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Solid waste management issues are not limited to environmental consequences; they also have

profound social implications. Improper waste disposal can result in unsightly and unsanitary

conditions, affecting the quality of life for communities. The burden of waste management

disproportionately falls on marginalized populations, exacerbating social inequalities. Additionally,

inadequate waste management practices can lead to the spread of diseases, posing a direct threat to

public health.

The economic repercussions of inefficient solid waste management are multifaceted, with

municipalities facing escalating costs associated with waste collection, transportation, and disposal.

Negative impacts on tourism and property values in areas with inadequate waste management can

hinder economic development. Conversely, effective waste management practices can contribute to

job creation in recycling industries and the development of a circular economy (Hoornweg et al., 2013;

World Bank, 2018).

The surge in solid waste, driven by population growth, urbanization, and industrialization, necessitates

a holistic approach to waste management to foster sustainable development and ensure the well-being

of current and future generations (Hoornweg et al., 2013). This study investigates the quality of solid

waste generated in BDPA among households and its disposal methods, which can be used to design

and develop effective solid waste management strategies for BDPA communities. This can be used to

investigate adverse effects and enhance overall environmental stewardship (UNEP, 2019).

Solid waste management is a critical aspect of environmental sustainability, public health, and overall

community well-being. As urbanization and population growth accelerate, the amount of solid waste

generated in specific areas or regions experiences a corresponding increase. Understanding the

dynamics of solid waste generation in a particular locality is fundamental for the development and

implementation of effective waste management strategies, knowledge of the solid waste generated

provides insights into the composition and characteristics of the waste stream. Different regions exhibit

unique patterns of waste composition based on factors such as lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and
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industrial activities. By conducting a thorough analysis of the types and quantities of waste generated,

authorities can tailor waste management strategies to address the specific needs of the community. For

instance, areas with a higher concentration of certain industries may produce industrial waste that

requires specialized handling, necessitating targeted solutions, understanding the patterns of solid

waste generation allows for the identification of potential environmental and health hazards. Improper

waste disposal can lead to pollution, soil degradation, and the spread of diseases. By assessing the

volume and types of waste produced, authorities can anticipate environmental risks and design waste

management systems that mitigate these dangers. Additionally, knowing the sources of waste

generation aids in the identification of critical intervention points, facilitating the implementation of

preventive measures to curb hazardous practices., detailed knowledge of local solid waste generation

enables the efficient allocation of resources for waste collection, recycling, and disposal. Limited

resources necessitate strategic planning, and understanding the specific needs of a community ensures

that resources are utilized optimally. For instance, areas with a high proportion of organic waste may

benefit from composting initiatives, while regions with significant plastic waste may require robust

recycling infrastructure.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The urban area of BDPA, Ugbowo, in Benin City, Nigeria, is grappling with a significant challenge in

the realm of solid waste management. The escalating population and changing lifestyle patterns have

led to increased solid waste generation among household residents. Despite the evident nature of the

issue, there is a notable absence of comprehensive data detailing the specific dynamics of waste

generation and disposal practices within this locality.

One of the key problems is the lack of awareness and understanding among household residents

regarding responsible waste management practices. In many instances, improper disposal methods are

prevalent, leading to environmental degradation, health hazards, and the deterioration of the overall

living environment. The absence of targeted interventions tailored to the unique characteristics of

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BDPA, Ugbowo exacerbates these challenges, highlighting the necessity for an in-depth investigation

into the patterns of waste generation and disposal habits.

Additionally, the existing waste management infrastructure in the area may not be adequately equipped

to handle the current volume and types of waste being generated. Inefficient waste collection, lack of

recycling initiatives, and improper disposal contribute to the persistence of the problem. The

unavailability of localized strategies and infrastructure tailored to the specific needs of BDPA,

Ugbowo further intensifies the impact of inadequate waste management practices.

Therefore, the rationale for taking up this study lies in the urgency to address these pressing challenges.

By investigating solid waste generation and disposal among household residents in BDPA, Ugbowo,

we aim to fill the knowledge gap regarding the types, quantities, and sources of waste in the

community. These data can be used to develop targeted and sustainable waste management strategies

that align with the local context. This will to contribute valuable insights to the development of

practical and community-driven solutions, fostering a cleaner, healthier, and more environmentally

conscious living environment in BDPA, Ugbowo, Benin City.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the quantity of solid waste generated among households and the

disposal methods in BDPA, Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria

The objective of the study includes:

i. To determine the quantity of solid waste generated among households in BDPA.

ii. To characterize the solid waste generated among household in BDPA.

iii. To determine the methods of solid waste disposal practices among household in BDPA.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study involves weighing (with the use of a scale balance), the solid waste collected

at various households in BDPA, to quantify the waste generated in BDPA community and

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characterizing it by sorting into different categories to determine its composition. Also, questionnaire

was used to determine the method of solid waste disposal practiced by residents in BDPA community.

1.5 Justification of the Study

The study of solid waste management in Benin Development and Property Agency (BDPA), Ugbowo,

Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, is imperative due to its significant impact on the environment, public

health, and community well-being. With the rapid urbanization and population growth in BDPA, the

surge in solid waste poses a substantial threat to the local environment. Addressing environmental

concerns, such as pollution and resource depletion, is critical for preserving ecosystems and ensuring

the sustainability of natural resources. Furthermore, inadequate waste management practices

contribute to public health risks, necessitating a thorough examination of current strategies to

safeguard the well-being of the community.

Social equity is another dimension that justifies the study, as waste management issues often amplify

existing disparities. Understanding the specific dynamics within BDPA allows for the identification

and rectification of potential social inequalities related to waste disposal practices. Moreover, the

economic implications of inefficient waste management underscore the need for strategic

interventions. Improving waste management not only reduces municipal costs but also holds the

potential to stimulate economic development through the creation of jobs in recycling industries and

the establishment of sustainable business models.

The study's importance is further emphasized by its potential to inform policy adjustments and

regulatory frameworks. Evaluating the effectiveness of existing waste management policies in Edo

State and BDPA provides an opportunity to identify gaps and areas for improvement. This, in turn,

can contribute to the development of more robust policies and enforcement mechanisms. Lastly, the

research aims to empower the BDPA community by fostering awareness and active participation in

sustainable waste management practices. Engaging the community in waste reduction initiatives and

recycling programs is pivotal for the success of long-term waste management strategies and can serve
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as a model for similar urban areas facing waste management challenges. In essence, the study's

multifaceted approach addresses environmental, social, economic, and regulatory aspects, making it a

crucial endeavor for enhancing the overall well-being of BDPA and contributing valuable knowledge

to the broader field of solid waste management.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Solid Waste Management Practices Worldwide

The exploration of global solid waste management practices reveals a dynamic landscape shaped by

diverse socioeconomic, cultural, and infrastructural factors (Hoornweg et al., 2013). Successful

models and innovations from various urban settings provide a wealth of insights that can significantly

contribute to enhancing solid waste management in BDPA, Ugbowo. The examination of international

case studies goes beyond identifying best practices; it seeks to distill the principles and mechanisms

that have proven effective in addressing similar challenges.

One notable trend in successful global waste management practices is the integration of sustainable

waste reduction initiatives (Wilson et al., 2015). Many urban areas have adopted comprehensive

recycling programs, waste-to-energy technologies, and circular economy principles. These initiatives

not only minimize the volume of waste sent to landfills but also contribute to environmental

conservation and resource efficiency. Understanding the success stories of these initiatives lays the

groundwork for identifying feasible and impactful interventions applicable to the specific context of

BDPA, Ugbowo.

Moreover, the review encompasses the examination of waste management strategies in densely

populated urban areas, drawing parallels between global metropolises and the challenges faced by

BDPA, Ugbowo. Insights into the effective organization of waste collection systems, deployment of

technology for real-time monitoring, and community involvement in waste reduction campaigns offer

practical lessons that can be tailored to the unique characteristics of the study area (Cointreau, 2006).

By dissecting the strategies implemented in diverse urban contexts, this section aims to distill

universally applicable principles while recognizing the need for a nuanced approach that considers

local nuances.

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The diversity of approaches worldwide not only provides a benchmark for assessing the current state

of solid waste management in BDPA, Ugbowo but it also serves as an inspirational source for

innovative solutions (UNEP, 2020). Through a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and

limitations of various global models, this review lays the foundation for formulating context-specific

strategies that align with the socioeconomic and environmental dynamics of BDPA, Ugbowo. As we

navigate through the nuances of successful international waste management practices, the aim is to

identify transferable principles and frameworks that can catalyze positive change in the local waste

management landscape.

2.2 Factors Influencing Household Solid Waste Generation

In delving further into the factors influencing household solid waste generation, a nuanced

examination of socioeconomic status, lifestyle choices, and cultural practices provides valuable

insights into the intricacies of waste generation patterns (Ezeah et al., 2013). Unraveling the dynamics

of these determinants is pivotal for developing interventions that are not only effective but also

culturally sensitive and socially inclusive, thereby addressing the unique context of BDPA, Ugbowo.

The socioeconomic status of households plays a pivotal role in shaping their waste generation patterns.

A closer look at global research reveals that higher income levels often correlate with increased

consumption, leading to a higher volume of waste produced (Lanjekar and Pinto, 2019). Affluent

households may engage in the frequent disposal of packaging materials, single-use items, and

electronic waste. Conversely, lower-income households may prioritize frugality and resourcefulness,

resulting in reduced waste generation. Understanding the socioeconomic spectrum in BDPA, Ugbowo,

will be instrumental in tailoring waste management strategies that cater to the distinct waste generation

behaviors associated with varying economic statuses.

Household waste generation is intricately tied to lifestyle choices, encompassing consumption habits,

dietary preferences, and product preferences (Guerrero et al., 2013). The adoption of convenience-

oriented lifestyles tends to contribute to a surge in disposable packaging, while environmentally

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conscious choices may lead to lower waste generation. By exploring the lifestyle choices of residents

in BDPA, Ugbowo, we can identify key drivers influencing waste generation. Insights into the types

of products consumed, disposal patterns, and attitudes toward sustainability will inform the design of

targeted awareness campaigns and interventions that align with the prevailing lifestyle dynamics.

Culture plays a significant role in shaping waste generation behaviors within households. Rituals,

traditions, and cultural norms influence the types of waste generated and the methods of disposal (Ali

and Egbu, 2013). For instance, cultural celebrations and religious events may lead to temporary spikes

in waste generation due to feasting and communal gatherings. A detailed exploration of cultural

practices in BDPA, Ugbowo, will provide essential context for designing waste management strategies

that integrate seamlessly with existing cultural norms. Respectful collaboration with the community

to align waste reduction initiatives with cultural values will foster greater acceptance and participation.

2.3 Current Practices and Challenges in Nigerian Urban Areas

Diving into Nigerian urban areas, particularly in the context of solid waste management, offers a

contextualized perspective that is invaluable for addressing the challenges faced by BDPA, Ugbowo

(Adelowo et al., 2018). The examination of current practices and challenges in similar sociocultural

settings provides crucial insights into the specific dynamics of waste management within the country,

fostering a more nuanced and targeted approach for the study area.

Nigeria, with its diverse urban landscape, showcases a spectrum of waste management practices that

range from traditional to more modern approaches (Oladimeji et al., 2020). The prevalence of informal

waste picking, open dumping, and unregulated landfills characterizes some urban areas, reflecting the

challenges associated with resource constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Conversely, certain

regions have embraced innovations such as community-based recycling initiatives and waste-to-

energy projects (Osunrinade et al., 2019). Exploring the spectrum of practices sheds light on the

adaptability of waste management strategies to diverse urban contexts, providing valuable insights

into the potential avenues for improvement in BDPA, Ugbowo.

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Challenges encountered by other urban areas in Nigeria mirror those found in many developing

nations, encompassing inadequate waste collection infrastructure, insufficient financial resources, and

limited awareness about sustainable waste management practices (Ojo et al., 2017). Issues such as

population growth, rapid urbanization, and the increasing complexity of waste streams present

common challenges that require multifaceted solutions. A detailed examination of these challenges

enables the identification of common threads that can be addressed in the context of BDPA, Ugbowo.

Additionally, understanding successful interventions implemented in other Nigerian urban areas offers

a repertoire of potential strategies that can be adapted to the local nuances of BDPA, Ugbowo

(Agunwamba, 2018).

The review of current practices and challenges in Nigerian urban areas serves as a valuable benchmark

for the formulation of targeted strategies in BDPA, Ugbowo. Recognizing successful models and

understanding the pitfalls experienced elsewhere contributes to a more informed and effective waste

management approach (Osibanjo and Nnorom, 2007). Leveraging lessons learned from analogous

settings in Nigeria, the study aims to tailor interventions that are not only context-specific but also

align with the sociocultural intricacies of BDPA, Ugbowo.

2.4 Review of Related Works

Li et al, (2011) studied municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Beijing. They explored concrete

relationships between residents and MSW generation, noting a small difference in the times spent in

households by residents.

Babayemi and Dauda (2009) evaluated solid waste generation in Nigeria. The study aimed to answer

questions about waste categories, including commercial, industrial, household, and agricultural, and

their relation to waste collection services and residence locations.

Kumar and Samadder (2017) proposed empirical models for predicting household solid waste

generation in Dhanbad, India. The models considered both biodegradable and non-biodegradable

waste generation factors.

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Bello (2018) observed the impact of changing lifestyles on MSW generation in Qatar. The study found

a direct relationship between increasing population and high MSW generation, specifically linking it

to household size.

Al-Jarallah and Aleisa (2013) investigated causes contributing to increased MSW in Kuwait. The

survey revealed public opinions on residential collection and disposal, with the number of family

members per household mostly ranging between four to eight.

Liu et al, (2015) focused on urban household solid waste generation in Beijing, China. The study

highlighted significant variations among different types of solid waste, considering the attitudes of

household residents.

Dangi et al, (2013) characterized household solid waste in Tulsipur, Nepal. Waste management was

noted to be among the lowest in Nepal, with a substantial amount of solid waste generation.

Sujauddin et al, (2008) investigated household solid waste characteristics in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

The study explored per capita waste generation, its composition, and households' attitudes towards

waste.

Meng et al, (2019) explored the decision-making mechanism of residents' household solid waste

classification and recycling behaviors. The study considered variables like the influence of neighbors

and proposed paths based on model analysis theory.

Afon and Okewole (2007) estimated the quantity of solid waste generation in Oyo, Nigeria. The study

established a relationship between the quantity of solid waste generated and factors such as the number

of residents surveyed.

Dangi et al, (2011) investigated municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal. The pilot

study documented the lack of waste sorting among residents, highlighting differences between higher-

and lower-middle-income residents.

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Asare et al, (2015) explored household solid waste generation and disposal in selected communities

in the Ejisu–Juaben Municipality, Ghana. The study suggested economic improvement for households

through waste sorting and utilization as raw materials.

Zoroufchi et al, (2019) characterized municipal solid waste and household waste behaviors in a

northwest Iranian megacity. The study comprehensively assessed residents' knowledge, attitudes, and

practices, considering the relationship between high GDPs and MSW generation.

Sivakumar and Sugirtharan (2010) studied the impact of family income and size on per capita solid

waste generation in Manmunai North Divisional Secretariat Division of Batticaloa. The findings

indicated an increase in residential waste generation with larger family sizes and higher family

incomes.

Liu and Wu (2011) analyzed factors influencing municipal solid waste generation in China using

multiple statistical analyses. The study highlighted the relationship between socio-economic factors,

such as gross domestic product growth and per capita disposable income, and waste generation.

Omran et al, (2009) investigated households' attitudes toward recycling of solid waste in Malaysia.

The study emphasized the importance of providing recycling bins in residential areas and tested the

association between household awareness and recycling practices.

Grazhdani (2016) assessed variables affecting the rate of solid waste generation and recycling in

Prespa Park. The study explored the relationship between households' characteristics and waste

generation from different activities and resident groups.

Kaoje et al, (2017) focused on residents' perception of solid waste disposal practices in Sokoto,

Northwest Nigeria. The study aimed to determine residents' perception and awareness of the

consequences of poor refuse disposal practices.

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Sarbassov et al, (2019) conducted a survey on household solid waste sorting at the source in Nur-

Sultan City, Kazakhstan. The study explored the correlation of residence type with waste sorting and

examined income level's relation to household solid waste (HSW) sorting.

Vetter-Gindele et al, (2019) assessed household solid waste generation and composition by building

type in Da Nang, Vietnam. The study compared waste generation between households of high and low

waste generation, providing insights into residential waste patterns.

Babaei et al, (2015) investigated household recycling knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward solid

waste management. The study aimed to comprehend factors that either facilitated or prevented

residents' participation in waste management. A poor correlation was found between demographic

variables and residents' engagement in waste management practices.

Bandara et al, (2007) explored the relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic

factors. The study analyzed the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on socio-

economic factors, revealing a connection between per capita waste generation and the number of

residents.

Beigl et al, (2008) conducted a review on modeling municipal solid waste generation. The study

emphasized the use of household studies to establish relationships between waste quantity and various

individual characteristics or habits within households.

Mandevere (2015) investigated the effectiveness of household solid waste management strategies in

Harare, Zimbabwe. The study revealed residents' preferences for the removal of household solid waste

rather than its presence in their backyards.

Adzawla et al, (2019) examined whether socioeconomic factors influence households' solid waste

disposal systems in Ghana. The study highlighted the importance of advocacy among households to

ensure proper solid waste collection and disposal practices, especially for households residing in their

own residences.

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Zikali et al, (2022) studied household solid waste handling practices and recycling value for integrated

solid waste management in a developing city in Zimbabwe. The research considered recycling

practices when residents donate or sell recyclable materials outside their households.

Al-Khatib et al, (2010) characterized and quantified solid waste management practices in developing

countries, focusing on Nablus district–Palestine. The study revealed variations in per capita waste

generation rates between different areas.

Baawain and Al-Mamun (2019) investigated residents' concerns and attitudes toward municipal solid

waste management. The study aimed to identify opportunities for improved waste management based

on residents' perspectives and concerns.

Rathore, and Sarmah (2021) explored factors influencing source separation intention toward municipal

solid waste among urban residents of India. The study considered factors such as education, friends,

and family in creating awareness among residents about waste management tasks.

Gu et al, (2017) discussed methodological aspects of modeling household solid waste generation in

Japan, specifically in Okayama and Otsu cities. The study adopted a quantitative relationship between

household consumption expenditure plans and waste generation.

Kwenda et al, (2022) provided a mini-review on household solid waste management systems in low-

income developing countries, with a case study of urban Harare City, Zimbabwe. The study contrasted

the estimated uncollected waste in the city's residential areas between 2015 and 2016, emphasizing the

challenges faced in waste management.

Otoma et al, (2013) conducted a survey on municipal solid waste and residents' awareness in Da Nang

City, Vietnam. The research focused on surveying the amount of solid waste, revealing changes in

waste generation and composition among households.

Wang et al, (2020) explored key factors influencing public awareness of household solid waste

recycling in urban areas of China. The study addressed the significant environmental pollution and
14
health threats posed by household solid waste, investigating public awareness among specific

demographic categories.

Atthirawong (2016) studied factors affecting household participation in solid waste management

segregation and recycling in Bangkok, Thailand. The research examined residents' practices and

investigated factors influencing solid waste segregation and recycling at the household level.

Longe et al, (2009) explored people's perception of household solid waste management in Ojo Local

Government Area in Nigeria. The study involved a sample of 30 households and identified waste

management behaviors and problems among the respondents.

Zen et al, (2014) analyzed the profiles of household solid waste recyclers and non-recyclers in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. The study revealed characteristics of residents engaged in the separation of

recyclable items from solid waste.

Saeed et al, (2009) conducted an assessment of municipal solid waste generation and recyclable

materials potential in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The research involved a forecasting study of municipal

solid waste generation, establishing a connection between per capita solid waste generation and other

factors.

Weldeyohanis et al, (2022) evaluated the current solid waste disposal site based on socio-economic

and geospatial data in Wolkite town, Ethiopia. The study considered the impact on households within

and around the waste disposal site.

Sabir et al, (2016) conducted a study of solid waste management in Karachi City, focusing on

educating target populations about waste management in their respective residential areas.

Zhang and Wen (2014) investigated residents' household solid waste source separation activity in

Suzhou, China. The study evaluated residents' source separation activities and compared them among

different residential areas in Suzhou.

15
Sarker et al,, (2012) conducted a study in Tangail Pourashava, Tangail, investigating public awareness

about solid waste disposal and its impact. The investigation involved residents, self-observation, and

secondary sources.

Miezah et al, (2015) characterized and quantified municipal solid waste in Ghana. The study focused

on the generation rate for residents and the composition of the waste.

Igbinomwanhia and Ohwovoriole (2012) explored constraints to residential solid waste management

in Benin metropolis, revealing that domestic and commercial waste constituted the most problematic

stream.

Duan et al, (2020) investigated the relationship between municipal solid waste generation, urban

households, household consumption, and residents' level of consumption in Chinese cities.

Lederer et al, (2015) examined knowledge generation on solid waste management planning through

action research in Busia, Uganda, with a focus on informal recycling.

Phuong et al, (2021) characterized and analyzed household solid waste composition in Hanoi City,

Vietnam, aiming to identify optimal waste management methods.

Kinobe et al, (2015) mapped out solid waste generation and collection models in Kampala City,

emphasizing the solid waste load in poor residential areas.

Suleman et al, (2015) explored the relationship between solid waste disposal and health issues among

residents in Ghana, considering the amount and variety of solid wastes generated.

Limon et al, (2020) investigated solid waste management beliefs and practices in rural households,

proposing a plan for sustainable development.

Kassim and Ali (2006) explored households' perspectives on solid waste collection by the private

sector in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, highlighting the impact on residents.

16
Alam et al, (2008) conducted a study on the generation, storage, collection, and transportation of

municipal solid waste in Kathmandu, Nepal. The aim was to review existing solid waste management

practices, measure solid waste generation by composition, and find relationships between various

factors.

Nabegu (2010) analyzed municipal solid waste in Kano metropolis, Nigeria, observing that waste from

industries within residential areas and the waste generated by households varied.

Adeniyi and Afon (2022) investigated seasonal quantification and characterization of solid waste

generation in a tertiary institution. The study compared the quantity and composition of solid waste

generated between seasons and in different residential zones.

Sachi and Mensah (2020) studied household characteristics and the paradox of waste generation in

Bolgatanga, examining the relationship between income and solid waste generation.

Azodo and Ismaila (2016) assessed knowledge and prevailing municipal solid waste management

practices in Abeokuta households, emphasizing household waste generation and prevailing practices.

Birhanu and Berisa (2015) examined solid waste management practices and the role of public

participation in Jigjiga Town, Ethiopia. The study observed the relationship between the government

and residents in waste management.

Al-Khatib et al, (2015) explored public perception of hazardousness caused by current trends in

municipal solid waste management, with a focus on differences in concern for the environment and

waste disposal among residents.

Dzawanda and Moyo (2022) addressed challenges associated with household solid waste management

during the COVID-19 lockdown in Gweru City, Zimbabwe. The study statistically tested the

relationship between waste production and household size.

17
Tang et al, (2022) investigated influencing factors on household waste classification behavior in

Shanghai. The study explored differences in waste-sorting behavior among respondents.

Korai et al, (2017) assessed the feasibility of municipal solid waste for energy generation in Pakistan.

The study considered the quantity of waste generation and existing management practices.

Karak and Bhagat (2012) presented a global scenario of municipal solid waste generation,

composition, and management. The study revealed an increase in waste generation from residential

sites.

Chen et al, (2018) explored the impacts of a compulsory source-separated policy on improving

household solid waste sorting in pilot megacities in China. The study evaluated the validity of the

source separation pilot program.

Edjabou et a,l (2015) characterized municipal solid waste composition through sampling methodology

and statistical analyses. The study highlighted the composition of residual household waste.

Olukanni et al, (2020) focused on public perceptions of solid waste management practices in Nigeria,

particularly in Ogun State. The study aimed to understand waste management methods practiced

within residents' homes.

Wang et al, (2023) examined the factors determining urban household intention and behavior in solid

waste separation in China. The study investigated the moderating role of habits and facilitating

conditions.

Zhang et al, (2022) studied the factors influencing urban household intention and behavior in solid

waste separation in China. The research aimed to narrow the gap between separation intention and

behavior.

18
Mule (2013). Investigated the factors influencing household solid waste disposal and management in

Garissa Town, Kenya. The study analyzed the relationship between household location and the amount

of waste produced.

Rai et al, (2019) aimed to improve municipal solid waste collection services in Bharatpur Metropolitan

City, Nepal. The study elicited public preferences for waste collection services and generated

awareness among households for waste sorting.

Bhat et al, (2014) estimated and characterized municipal solid waste generation rates in Yusmarg forest

ecosystem, a tourist resort in Kashmir. The study focused on food waste and residential waste

generation.

Zeng et al, (2016) explored public perceptions and economic values of source-separated collection of

rural solid waste in China. The study investigated rural households' behaviors and payment preferences

for waste collection services.

Albert and Olutayo (2021) reviewed cultural dimensions of environmental problems, with a critical

overview of solid waste generation and management in Nigeria. The study emphasized the relationship

between household solid waste generation and cultural factors.

Siddiqi et al, (2020) explored e-waste resources recovery in household solid waste recycling. The study

performed surveys to understand the relationship between human population size and household solid

waste.

Guven et al, (2023) aimed to examine residential behaviors and attitudes towards biological municipal

solid waste in Izmir, Turkey. The study assessed residential behaviors and attitudes towards biological

municipal solid waste.

He et al, (2020) investigated Chinese households' behavior in sorting solid waste in Shanghai,

Shenyang, and Chengdu. The study examined residents' environmental behavior and differences in

waste-sorting behavior.
19
Peter and Peter (2022) investigated residential attitudes and perceptions of the solid waste generation

management system in Makindye Division of Kampala. The study aimed to understand if there was a

link between inhabitants' attitudes and perceptions of solid waste generation.

Muthuraman and Ramaswamy (2019) discussed the author's view on solid waste management. The

study emphasized the generation of industrial and household solid waste, waste separation, and

scientific disposal.

Babazadeh et al, (2020) studied challenges in household solid waste separation plans in Iran. The

qualitative study explored participant perspectives on waste separation plans.

Abubaker et al, (2014) investigated solid waste management problems in Urban Area, Sudan. The

study aimed to examine several issues, including waste disposal practices and the relationship between

the government and residents in waste management.

Cheela et al, (2021) characterized municipal solid waste based on seasonal variations, source, and

socio-economic aspects. The study presented results on seasonal studies, waste storage, and waste

generation in centralized bins.

Chu et al, (2016) conducted a study among 387 households in Harbin, China, to research factors

influencing municipal household solid waste separate collection. The study compared recycling

programs launched by the government and voluntary resident recycling.

Hong et al, (2017) conducted an economic analysis of household recycling of solid wastes in Portland,

Oregon. Explored solid waste disposal fees based on competition among waste collection firms.

Focused on recycling activities, addressing challenges in the Portland metropolitan area.

Zhang et al, (2023) investigated public acceptability and determinants of unit pricing for municipal

solid waste disposal in Beijing. Conducted a household survey, revealing insights into residents'

acceptability of unit pricing.

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Amalu and Ajake (2014) appraised solid waste management practices in Enugu city, Nigeria.

Examined practices bridging the gap between waste generation and its management by household

heads in the study area.

Eshete et al, (2023) explored knowledge, attitudes, and practices on household solid waste

management in Gelemso town, Ethiopia. Investigated variations in SWM practices and provided solid

waste collection services to residents.

Bruce et al, (2016) analyzed solid waste management systems in Alberta and British Columbia.

Identified four socioeconomic factors, including residential waste generation and family income,

finding a positive relation.

Zhuang et al, (2008) examined source separation of household waste in China. Addressed the

challenge of MSW management and highlighted efforts by companies and residential committees to

improve dry waste separation.

Longe et al, (2009) investigated household waste collection and disposal in Ojo Local Government,

Lagos State, Nigeria. Explored the consequences of improper disposal and interviewed residents on

waste collection and segregation.

Lissah et al, (2021) explored the experiences of municipal waste company managers and supervisors

in managing urban solid waste in Ghana. Examined the sense of responsibility among urban residents

towards supporting waste management.

Tang et al, (2023) investigated residents' intention to adopt household waste separation. Explored the

link between Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) and intention, suggesting a significant connection.

Gebreyesus (2020). Investigated the type and volume of household municipal solid waste in Adigrat

city. Explored variations in waste types and sources, emphasizing the intense issues in solid waste

management.

21
Gajere and olaniyi (2019) examined the solid waste management in Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria. The

study aimed to identify the residents of the study area and explore the relationship between occupation

and the method of solid waste disposal. The findings indicated that the Abuja Environmental

Protection Board (AEPB) had a structured approach to domestic solid waste management.

Ke et al, (2022) conducted a review on promoting solid waste management and disposal through the

contingent valuation method. The study explored the factors influencing residents' Willingness to Pay

(WTP), with significant emphasis on factors such as income and the willingness to participate in waste

management.

Wu et al, (2018) investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of rural solid waste in China.

The study highlighted variations in waste characteristics based on sources, including residential and

industrial sources. It also compared waste generation between South and North China.

Huang et al, (2020) aimed to identify the socioeconomic drivers of solid waste recycling in China from

2005 to 2017. The study revealed that residents supported the need to separate household waste and

contributed to the positive trend in solid waste recycling.

Kwailane et al, (2016) explored the challenges of domestic solid waste management in Lobatse,

Botswana. The study addressed waste management issues among different social classes and

emphasized the importance of improving household waste management practices.

Ikebude (2017) conducted a feasibility study on solid waste management in Port Harcourt metropolis,

Nigeria. The study explored the environmental impact of waste generated from various sources,

including households and hospitals. Significant relationships between waste composition and

environmental impact were identified.

Xiao et al, (2007) investigated the composition, trend, and impact of urban solid waste in Beijing. The

study explored residents' willingness to pay for solid waste services and identified factors such as

income as the strongest explanatory factor.

22
Afroz et al, (2011) conducted a study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, focusing on factors affecting waste

generation. The research aimed to understand the relationship between total waste and residents'

attitudes toward waste reduction and recycling.

Mor et al, (2006) explored municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential

methane generation. The study focused on waste characterization and projected methane emissions

based on waste composition.

Mussa (2015). Investigated residents' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management in

Dodoma municipality, Tanzania. The study aimed to understand the factors influencing residents'

willingness to pay for waste management services and assessed the amount of solid waste generated

by households.

Liu et al, (2021) conducted a demand gap analysis of municipal solid waste landfill in Beijing. The

study constructed a combined gray model to analyze the relationship between permanent residents and

municipal solid waste generation, focusing on domestic waste generation.

Gyimah (2018) examined households' solid waste separation practices in the Cape Coast Metropolitan

area. The study aimed to understand the factors influencing household waste separation practices and

involved residents and stakeholders in the study area.

Zhang et al, (2012) explored public opinion about the source separation of municipal solid waste in

Shanghai, China. The study verified the characteristics of household waste generation and identified

discrepancies between respondents' opinions and site investigations.

Zand et al, (2020) investigated Tehranian women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding

reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering urban solid waste in the COVID-19 era. The study

focused on the impact of the pandemic on waste management practices.

23
Okot-Okumu (2012) studied solid waste management in African cities, specifically in East Africa. The

research examined waste generation rates and sources in urban centers and highlighted income

households as contributors to waste generation.

Asomani-Boateng (2007) explored closing the loop through community-based organic solid waste

recycling, urban gardening, and land use planning in Ghana, West Africa. The study emphasized

resident participation and the integration of organic waste recycling into planning efforts.

Puopiel (2010) examined solid waste management in Ghana, focusing on the case of Tamale

Metropolitan Area. The study investigated factors affecting effective waste management, including

sources of solid waste and challenges in waste disposal.

Mian et al, (2017) conducted a comparative analysis of municipal solid waste management in China.

The study reviewed past and present waste management strategies to identify differences among

management approaches.

Ezebilo and Animasaun (2011) used a binary choice model to examine urban residents' perceptions

regarding solid waste management services provided by the private sector. The study distinguished

between satisfied and unsatisfied perceptions of residents.

Song et al, (2019) explored residents' and enterprises' perceptions, behaviors, and willingness to pay

for resources recycling in Macau. The study investigated the perception and behaviors of residents and

enterprises toward waste recycling.

Fei et al, (2016) examined how to integrate the informal recycling system into municipal solid waste

management in developing countries. The study highlighted the importance of including scavengers

and recycling sites in waste management efforts.

Mwangi (2011) assessed household solid waste management in Makina informal settlements, Nairobi,

Kenya. The study aimed to establish the types of domestic solid waste and identified residents'

dumping practices in the study area.

24
Afroz and Masud (2011) used a contingent valuation approach to evaluate improved solid waste

management facilities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study involved focus group discussions and

assessed the willingness of residents to pay for improved waste management.

Han and Zhang (2017) studied the impact of the policy of municipal solid waste source-separated

collection on waste reduction in China. The research focused on the correlation between source-

separated collection policies and waste reduction.

Yang et al, (2019) investigated the spatial-temporal effect of household solid waste on illegal dumping.

The study considered illegally dumped household solid waste and emphasized the interaction effects

between internal and external factors.

Kassaye (2018) examined the contemporary institutional solid waste management practices of

Haramaya University in Eastern Ethiopia. The study investigated the generation of solid waste and the

factors affecting effective waste management.

Liu et al, (2020) explored rural residents' awareness of environmental protection and waste

classification behavior in Jiangsu, China. The study used the term 'rural household waste' to understand

rural waste generation and classification behavior.

Huang et al, (2020) aimed to identify the socioeconomic drivers of solid waste recycling in China. The

study revealed that residents supported the need to separate household waste and contributed to the

positive trend in solid waste recycling.

Kwailane and Gwebu (2016) explored the challenges of domestic solid waste management in Lobatse,

Botswana. The study addressed waste management issues among different social classes and

emphasized the importance of improving household waste management practices.

Ikebude (2017) conducted a feasibility study on solid waste management in Port Harcourt metropolis,

Nigeria. The study explored the environmental impact of waste generated from various sources,

25
including households and hospitals. Significant relationships between waste composition and

environmental impact were identified.

Xiao et al, (2007) investigated the composition, trend, and impact of urban solid waste in Beijing. The

study explored residents' willingness to pay for solid waste services and identified factors such as

income as the strongest explanatory factor.

Afroz et al, (2011) conducted a study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, focusing on factors affecting waste

generation. The research aimed to understand the relationship between total waste and residents'

attitudes toward waste reduction and recycling.

Mor et al, (2006) explored municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential

methane generation. The study focused on waste characterization and projected methane emissions

based on waste composition.

Mussa (2015) investigated residents' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management in

Dodoma municipality, Tanzania. The study aimed to understand the factors influencing residents'

willingness to pay for waste management services and assessed the amount of solid waste generated

by households.

Liu et al, (2021) conducted a demand gap analysis of municipal solid waste landfill in Beijing. The

study constructed a combined gray model to analyze the relationship between permanent residents and

municipal solid waste generation, focusing on domestic waste generation.

Gyimah (2018) examined households' solid waste separation practices in the Cape Coast Metropolitan

area. The study aimed to understand the factors influencing household waste separation practices and

involved residents and stakeholders in the study area.

Zhang et al, (2012) explored public opinion about the source separation of municipal solid waste in

Shanghai, China. The study verified the characteristics of household waste generation and identified

discrepancies between respondents' opinions and site investigations.

26
Zand et al, (2020) investigated Tehranian women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding

reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering urban solid waste in the COVID-19 era. The study

focused on the impact of the pandemic on waste management practices.

Okot-Okumu (2012). Studied solid waste management in African cities, specifically in East Africa.

The research examined waste generation rates and sources in urban centers and highlighted income

households as contributors to waste generation.

Asomani-Boateng (2007) explored closing the loop through community-based organic solid waste

recycling, urban gardening, and land use planning in Ghana, West Africa. The study emphasized

resident participation and the integration of organic waste recycling into planning efforts.

Puopiel (2010) examined solid waste management in Ghana, focusing on the case of Tamale

Metropolitan Area. The study investigated factors affecting effective waste management, including

sources of solid waste and challenges in waste disposal.

Mian et al, (2017) conducted a comparative analysis of municipal solid waste management in China.

The study reviewed past and present waste management strategies to identify differences among

management approaches.

Ezebilo and Animasaun (2011) used a binary choice model to examine urban residents' perceptions

regarding solid waste management services provided by the private sector. The study distinguished

between satisfied and unsatisfied perceptions of residents.

Song et al, (2019) explored residents' and enterprises' perceptions, behaviors, and willingness to pay

for resources recycling in Macau. The study investigated the perception and behaviors of residents and

enterprises toward waste recycling.

Fei et al, (2016) examined how to integrate the informal recycling system into municipal solid waste

management in developing countries. The study highlighted the importance of including scavengers

and recycling sites in waste management efforts.

27
Mwangi (2011) assessed household solid waste management in Makina informal settlements, Nairobi,

Kenya. The study aimed to establish the types of domestic solid waste and identified residents'

dumping practices in the study area.

2.5 Research Gap Identified

One significant research gap in the study of solid waste generation and disposal among household

residents in Bdpa, Ugbovo, Benin City, Nigeria, is the lack of in-depth exploration into the cultural

and behavioral factors influencing waste management practices within the community. Understanding

how cultural beliefs, attitudes, and social norms affect individuals' perceptions of waste disposal could

provide valuable insights into designing more culturally sensitive waste management interventions.

Furthermore, there is a need for research focusing on the economic aspects of solid waste management

in Bdpa. This includes examining the costs associated with waste collection, transportation, and

disposal, as well as assessing the potential economic benefits of implementing sustainable waste

management practices such as recycling and composting.

Additionally, there may be limited research on the role of local government policies and regulations

in shaping household waste management behaviors in Bdpa. Investigating the effectiveness of existing

waste management policies, as well as identifying any gaps or barriers to their implementation, could

inform recommendations for policy reform and enforcement strategies.

Finally, there is a dearth of research on the long-term environmental impacts of solid waste generation

and disposal in Bdpa. Assessing factors such as soil and water quality degradation, air pollution, and

biodiversity loss resulting from improper waste management practices could help to quantify the

environmental costs of inaction and highlight the urgency of implementing sustainable waste

management solutions.

Addressing these research gaps could contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the

challenges and opportunities associated with solid waste management in Bdpa, Ugbovo, Benin City,

28
Nigeria, and inform the development of effective and sustainable waste management strategies tailored

to the needs of the community.

29
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area

The study area Bendel Development and Planning Authority (BDPA) covers specific places such as

19th Street, 20th Street, 21st Street and others. The catchment area covers an area of 2km 2 as shown in

figure 3.1. The coordinates of the study area are 6.39580°N, 5.605364°E. The inhabitants of the study

area are majorly student, traders, farmers and other public and private workers. The study area contains

socio-economic infrastructures which generates a lot of human activities around the area.

Figure 3.1 Arial Map of Study Area (BDPA)

3.2 Data Collection

Data were collected in the study area via questionnaires and waste sample collection.

30
3.2.1 Solid Waste Sample Collection

BDPA is composed of different buildings (including bungalow and storey buildings) with over 100

apartments, but 60 apartments agreed to participate in the study, Thus plastic bags were used at each

apartments to service as collection locations. The waste collection process was done by collecting

waste on a daily basis directly from each apartment considered for a week.

3.2.2 Solid Waste Generation Rate and Characterization

Quantification of the point of waste collection was employed to estimate the amount of which

generated in BDPA. This was because the actual population of BDPA was unavailable and there are

no well-structured collection/ disposal mechanisms of solid waste in BDPA community. Using this

method, the waste was sorted, weighed and categorized. Sorting and Weighing of solid waste was

carried out on a daily basis as expensive as successive as expensive collection locations. Sorting was

done manually by hand with the use of hand gloves and weighing was carried out with a weighing

scale. The various solid waste components at each collected location were summed respectively to

obtain the total amount of the waste component generated daily. The collected waste was sorted

accordingly into seven categories namely: Glass, Plastic, Nylon, Paper, Metal, Food waste

and Miscellaneous. The percentage (%) composition of solid waste generated in BDPA was estimated

using the equation (Rawlings and Seghesime, 2023):

((x/b) x 100%)

Where;

x = Solid waste components generated (kg)

b = Total solid waste generated (kg)

31
3.2.3 Solid Waste Disposal Method

Information on waste disposal method practiced in the study area were obtained through observation

and questionnaire. The study population consist of around 100 houses in BDPA (those that were used

for the waste generation study). A total of 100 questionnaire were administrated to households in

BDPA using a simple random sampling technique. Face validity method was used to ascertain about

15% of the questionnaire and cronbech's-Alpha statistics was used to ascertain the rehability of

the questionnaire.

3.3 Statistical Analysis

The questionnaire was analyzed using statistical package for the analysis (SPSS, version 26.0, 2018)

32
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this pivotal chapter, we present the comprehensive results of our investigation of solid waste

generation and disposal among household residents in BDPA. The rigorous analysis conducted in our

research aimed to shed light on the complex interplay between these variables and their influence on

the suitability of waste disposal methods in Nigeria.

4.1 SOLID WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND GENERATION

The results of the solid waste characterization and the quantity of solid waste generated are presented

in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2. Table 4.1 present the result of solid waste generated in BDPA and table

4.2 shows the result of composition of solid waste generated in BDPA.

Table 4.1 Quantity of Solid waste generated in BDPA per day

DAYS GLASS PLAS NY PAPER ME FOOD MISCELL TOTAL

TIC LON TALS WASTE ANEIOUS PER

DAY

SUN 7.041 42.189 6.628 1.6215 0.17 54.184 72.21 184.0435

DAY

MON 5.637 51.351 5.373 1.3582 0.16 52.456 57.307 173.6427

DAY 5

TUES 6.981 40.987 6.16 1.298 0.075 49.452 52.539 157.492

DAY

WED 6.513 35.887 6.514 1.329 0.082 39.389 51.148 140.862

NES

DAY

33
 THURS 6.741 30.698 5.123 1.294 0.081 29.629 46.248 119.814

DAY

FRI 6.288 24.684 4.524 1.521 0.336 42.321 51.36 131.034

DAY

SATUR 2.429 25.682 8.583 1.585 0.454 33.0115 40.654 112.3985

DAY

TOTAL 41.63 251.478 42.90 10.0067 1.358 300.4425 371.466 1019.286

WASTE 55 7

The quality and quantity of solid waste generated in BDPA are meticulously documented in Table 4.1,

which offers comprehensive insights into the daily waste output across various categories such as

glass, plastic, nylon, paper, metals, food waste, and miscellaneous waste. This detailed breakdown

enables a nuanced understanding of the composition of waste within the community. From this data,

it’s evident that the total solid waste generated in BDPA per week amounts to a substantial 1019.2867

kilograms.

Furthermore, it delves into the daily waste generation specifically for the 60 households within BDPA.

This granular analysis provides invaluable information about the patterns and trends of waste

production at the household level. Interestingly, Sundays emerge as the day with the highest waste

output among these households. This trend can be attributed to a myriad of factors. Firstly, Sundays

typically witness heightened domestic activities, with families spending more leisure time at home

engaging in various pursuits. Additionally, social gatherings or parties often take place on Sundays,

34
contributing to the increased accumulation of waste from packaging, food scraps, and disposable

items. Moreover, Sunday is commonly associated with household chores such as cleaning and

organizing, as well as trips to markets or grocery stores, further bolstering the amount of waste

produced on this particular day.

In essence, the data not only sheds light on the sheer volume of waste generated in BDPA but also

underscores the importance of understanding the dynamics and drivers behind waste generation within

residential communities. By identifying patterns and peak periods of waste production.

Table 4.2 Composition of waste generated in BDPA.

COMPOSITION GENERATED WASTE COMPOSTION OF

(KG) WASTE IN

PERCENTAGE (%)

GLASS 41.630 4.08

PLASTIC 251.478 24.67

NYLON 42.906 4.21

PAPER 10.001 0.98

METALS 1.358 0.13

FOOD WASTE 300.443 29.48

MISCELLANEIOUS 371.466 36.44

Table 4.2 provides a detailed breakdown of the composition of waste generated in BDPA, offering

insights into the various categories that contribute to the overall waste stream. Among these categories,

Miscellaneous, Food Waste, and Plastic emerge as the primary components, each with its unique

contributing factors.

35
Miscellaneous waste stands out as the highest composition, attributed to a diverse range of items such

as aluminum foil, foil food trays, and sand, among others. The presence of such miscellaneous items

underscores the need for careful waste management practices to address the disposal of these varied

materials effectively.

Food waste follows closely as the second-highest component, particularly significant in a student area

like BDPA. Here, the likelihood of food waste is heightened due to factors such as mismanagement

and lack of supervision from parents. Implementing strategies for effective food management and

instilling awareness about the importance of minimizing food waste can significantly mitigate this

aspect of the waste stream.

Plastic ranks third in the composition of waste, driven by the widespread consumption of plastic soft

drinks on a daily basis. The prevalence of single-use plastic packaging for food items also contributes

to the accumulation of plastic waste. As such, initiatives aimed at reducing plastic consumption,

promoting alternatives to single-use plastics, and improving recycling infrastructure can help address

this persistent issue.

In essence, understanding the composition of waste in BDPA allows for targeted interventions to tackle

the key contributors effectively. By implementing measures to manage miscellaneous items, minimize

food waste, and reduce plastic consumption, stakeholders can work towards a more sustainable waste

management system within the community.

4.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD PRACTICE IN BDPA

The results obtained in this section are presented in Table 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5. shows the Cronbach alpha

for reliability of questionnaire, table 4.4 indicates the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents

and table 4.5 presents the knowledge of solid waste management and disposal methods of residents in

BDPA.

36
Table 4.3: Cronbach Alpha for reliability of questionnaire

Cronbach Alpha Number of Items

0.74 20

With regards to the questionnaire administered, the calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficient yielded a

commendable value of 74%. This result signifies a high level of internal consistency among the items

within the questionnaire, indicating that the survey instrument effectively measures the intended

constructs (Ursachi et al; 2015)

A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.74 suggests strong reliability, implying that the questionnaire items

consistently measure the underlying concepts or variables being investigated. In practical terms, this

means that respondents’ answers across the various questions are consistent and reliable indicators of

their attitudes, knowledge, or behaviors related to solid waste management.

Table 4.4: Social-demographic characteristics of respondents

Variables Net Respondents %

Age (years)

18-40 89 89.0

41-64 10 10.0

64 and above 1 1.0

Total 100 100.0

Gender

Male 34 34.0

Female 66 66.0

Total 100 100.0

37
Educational status

primary 3 3.0

secondary 10 10.0

tertiary 69 69.0

no education 18 18.0

Total 100 100.0

Occupational status

civil servant 23 23.0

private worker 58 58.0

38usiness/trader 2 2.0

farmer 8 8.0

self-employed 6 6.0

unemployed 3 3.0

Total 100 100.0

Monthly income

below 20k 26 26.0

21-100k 54 54.0

above 100k 20 20.0

Total 100 100.0

Marital status

single 72 72

married 27 27

divorced 1 1

Total 100 100

38
Table 4.4 offers valuable insights into the social-demographic characteristics of the respondents,

shedding light on key variables such as age, gender, educational status, occupational status, monthly

income, and marital status. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the demographic profile

within the study population.

In terms of age distribution, the data reveals that the majority of respondents fall within the youthful

age bracket of 18 to 40 years, comprising an overwhelming 89% of the sample. This skew towards a

younger demographic is indicative of the vibrant and dynamic nature of the community, likely

influenced by its proximity to educational institutions and the prevalence of young families.

Gender-wise, males dominate the respondent pool, constituting 66% of the sample. This gender

disparity may reflect broader societal trends or specific characteristics of the study area, warranting

further exploration into gender dynamics and participation in community initiatives.

Educational attainment emerges as another prominent feature, with 69% of respondents reporting

tertiary education as their highest level of educational achievement. This high prevalence of tertiary

education aligns with the nature of the environment as a school-centric area, where a significant

proportion of residents are likely students pursuing higher education.

Regarding occupational status, private workers comprise the largest segment, accounting for 58% of

respondents. This suggests a predominantly employed population engaged in various private sector

roles, indicative of economic activity and employment opportunities within the community.

Monthly income distribution highlights a significant portion of respondents falling within the income

range of 21,000 to 100,000, representing 54% of the sample. This middle-income bracket underscores

the socioeconomic diversity within the community, with implications for consumption patterns,

purchasing power, and overall quality of life.

39
Marital status data indicates that the majority of respondents are single, comprising 72% of the sample.

This finding may reflect the transient nature of the population, particularly among younger individuals

who may be pursuing education or career opportunities, as well as cultural norms surrounding marriage

and family formation.

In summary, the social-demographic characteristics outlined in Table 4.4 offer valuable insights into

the composition of the respondent population, highlighting trends and patterns that can inform targeted

interventions and policy initiatives aimed at addressing the needs and preferences of the community.

Table 4.5: Knowledge of solid waste management (SWM) and disposal methods among

respondents in BDPA

Variables Net Respondents %

familiar with solid waste?

Yes 79 79

no 21 21

Total 100 100

What is solid waste?

Discarded solid materials 29 29

unwanted solid materials 47 47

unuse solid materials 2 2

useless solid materials 6 6

I don’t know 16 16

Total 100 100

40
method of solid waste?

Open dump 35 35

burning 15 15

throwing in bush 4 4

composting 5 5

recycling 22 22

others 19 19

Total 100 100

frequency of waste disposal

daily 46 46

weekly 34 34

monthly 16 16

others 2 2

5 2 2

Total 100 100

willingness to participate in

solid waste programs

yes 66 66

no 34 34

Total 100 100

41
Table 4.5 indicates the method of solid waste to be more of open dumping, with a percentage

of (35%) followed by recycling (22%), then burning (15%), also the frequency of waste

disposal among respondents, with the majority disposing of waste daily (46%) which validates

(Mohan and Joseph, 2021) that talks about open dumping been the most widely used.

Additionally, 66% of respondents expressed willingness to participate in solid waste

programs. It also reveals the knowledge of solid waste management and disposal methods

among respondents. A significant portion of respondents (79%) reported being familiar with

solid waste, while 47% correctly identified solid waste as discarded solid materials. However,

only a minority (35%) reported composting as a method of solid waste disposal which

validates (Le et al.,2018) that says 35-40% of solid waste disposal are composting.

The results indicate a substantial amount of solid waste generated in BDPA, with food waste

and miscellaneous waste comprising the majority. While there is a general familiarity with

solid waste among respondents, there are gaps in knowledge regarding disposal methods,

particularly composting. However, there is a significant willingness among respondents to

participate in solid waste management programs, suggesting potential for community

engagement and intervention to address waste management issues effectively.

41
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The comprehensive analysis of solid waste generation in BDPA provides invaluable insights

into the quantity, composition, disposal methods, and predominant waste management

practices within the community.

Firstly, the meticulous documentation reveals that BDPA generates a substantial amount of

solid waste, totaling 1019.2867 kilograms per week. This significant figure underscores the

urgency of effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental impact and

promote sustainability.

Furthermore, the detailed breakdown of waste composition highlights the prevalence of

miscellaneous items, food waste, and plastic as primary components. The presence of diverse

materials underscores the complexity of waste management and emphasizes the need for

tailored approaches to address each category effectively.

In terms of disposal methods, the predominant approach in BDPA appears to be conventional

landfilling. While this method may offer short-term solutions, it poses long-term

environmental challenges such as soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions,

and habitat destruction.

In conclusion, addressing the quantity and composition of solid waste in BDPA necessitates

a multifaceted approach. Implementing sustainable waste management practices, including

recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy initiatives, is imperative to reduce the

42
community's environmental footprint. Additionally, raising awareness and promoting

behavioral changes regarding waste generation and disposal are essential steps towards

fostering a culture of sustainability within residential communities like BDPA.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are put forth for consideration:

i. Education and Awareness Campaigns: Develop targeted educational programs to

improve understanding of proper waste management practices. These campaigns

should emphasize the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste materials.

ii. Community Engagement: Encourage active participation from community members

in waste management programs and initiatives. Establish platforms for collaboration

between residents, local authorities, and relevant stakeholders to foster a sense of

ownership and responsibility towards waste management.

iii. Infrastructure Development: Invest in waste management infrastructure, such as

recycling facilities and waste collection systems, to support sustainable waste disposal

practices. Ensure that these facilities are easily accessible to all residents.

iv. Policy Review and Implementation: Review existing waste management policies and

regulations to ensure they are aligned with current environmental standards and

community needs. Implement enforcement mechanisms to promote compliance with

waste management guidelines.

v. Promotion of Sustainable Practices: Promote sustainable practices such as

composting, waste segregation, and reducing single-use plastics within the

community. Provide incentives for households and businesses that adopt eco-friendly

practices.
43
vi. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a system for ongoing monitoring

and evaluation of waste management efforts. Regularly assess the effectiveness of

implemented strategies and make necessary adjustments based on feedback and data

analysis.

44