TISSUE

PLANT TISSUE
 Group of cells having a common origin and similar or related structure which work together to
perform a common function is called tissue.
 In multi-cellular organisms there are millions of cells, they show division of labour, where various
components of the body take up different functions.
 There are noticeable differences between the plant and animal tissues. Plants are stationary or
fixed while animals move. Plant tissues are mostly supportive. They are mostly dead and provide
mechanical strength. Animal tissues are living.
 Plant tissues are basically of two types:-
1. Meristematic
2. Permanent
 Meristematic tissues are living and are capable of cell division. The cells are very active with a
dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei.
 Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are classified as apical,
lateral and intercalary.
 Apical meristem is present at growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of stem and
root
 Lateral meristem also called cambium increases the girth of the stem and root.
 Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaves or internodes.

 Permanent tissues are the tissues which do not have the ability to divide. They are derived from
meristematic tissues.
 They take up permanent shape, size and a function. This process is called differentiation.
 Permanent tissues are of two types :-
1. Simple – made of one type of cell.
2. Complex- made of more than one type of cells.
 Simple permanent tissues are of three types:-
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

 Parenchyma cells are living with thin cell walls and are loosely packed. Storage of food and
support to softer parts are the main functions of this tissue. In some situations it contains
chlorophyll and is known as chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants, parenchyma has air cavities and is
known as aerenchyma.

 Collenchyma cells are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners with deposition of
pectocellulose. It allows easy bending of various parts of plants without breaking.
 Sclerenchyma cells are dead, long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin. This tissue
is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves, hard covering seeds and nuts.
It provides mechanical strength to plants.

Protective Tissues – Epidermis and Cork

 Epidermis is the outermost layer of cells in leaves, roots and stems. It is usually made up of single
layer of cells.
 In desert plants the epidermis is thick to prevent the loss of water.
 Stomata are the openings present in the epidermis helping in the exchange of gases and in
transpiration.

 In older plants, the epidermis is replaced by a strip of secondary meristems .Cells on the outside
are cut off from this layer and form the bark or the cork of the tree. Cork cells are arranged
compactly in several layers.
  Complex permanent tissues are of two types :-
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
Both of them are conducting tissues or vascular tissues.
 Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma and fibres. Only parenchyma is living while the
rest are dead. Xylem conducts water and minerals from soil to leaves.
 Phloem is made up of sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres and parenchyma. Only fibre is dead
while the rest are living. Phloem translocates food to different plant parts.

Animal Tissues
In animals, cells are grouped together to form tissues. These tissues vary in their structure, function
and origin. The four important tissues in an animal body are epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissues.
ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL CO
CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS
 Cell Layers Blood Smooth
 Simple Lymph Striated
 Stratified Bone Cardiac
 Cell Shape Cartilage
 Squamous Tendon
 Cuboidal Ligament
 Columnar Areolar
 Function Adipose
 Glandular
 Sensory
 Ciliated
 Germinal
 The structures, locations and functions of different animal tissues are enlisted as follows:

ANIMAL STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

TISSUE
A) i) Sheets of closelypacked All external and internal Protection, exchange of gases,
EPITHELIAL cells. surfaces of the animal absorption, secretion etc.
TISSUE ii) Intercellular spaces are body.
absent.
iii) Present over a layer of
connective tissue called the
basement membrane.
1) Squamous i) The cells of the tissue fit i) Simple Squamous- i) Protects the underlying structures
epithelium: together like the tiles on the lung, alveoli, blood from mechanical injury, microbes and
floor (pavement epithelum). capillaries. toxins.
ii) Thin flat cellswith flat ii) Stratified Squamous- ii) Helps in the exchange of materials
nuclei. skin, oesophagus, buccal in the blood capillaries.
cavity. iii) Allows the exchange of gases in
the alveoli of lungs.
iv) Helps in ultrafiltration during
urine formation.
v) The stratified epithelium of the
skin prevents the wear and tear of the
skin.
2) Cuboidal i) Compactly arranged It forms the lining of the i) It takes part in secretion,
epithelium: squarish cells. kidney tubules, ducts of excretion and absorption.
ii) The nucleus is round and the salivary glands and the ii) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
centrally placed. germinal layers of the sex provides mechanical support.
organs.
3) Columnar i) It consists of tall, Simple columnar i) It helps to absorb the nutrients.
epithelium: columnar or pillar-like epithelium: lining layer of ii) Provides protection to the
compactly arranged cells. the stomach, intestine and underlying tissues.
ii) Nucleus liesnear the the glands. iii) In the respiratory tract, this tissue
base. Stratified columnar has cilia which help to push the mucus
epithelium: covering forward.
layer of the epiglottis.
4) Sensory Special columnar cells with Taste buds They pick up external stimuli with
epithelium: hair on their free surface. the help of sensory hair.
5) Germinal Made up of special cuboidal Testes and ovaries. They help in the formation of gametes.
epithelium: cells.
6) Ciliated Columnar or cuboidal In sperm ducts, The cilia produces a current in the
epithelium: epithelium with respiratory tract, liquid medium, helping in the
cilia on their free surface. oviducts. movement of the ovum in the oviduct,
mucus in the respiratory tract etc.
 Types of epithelial tissue

ANIMAL STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

TISSUE
i) The most abundant tissue in It is found It functions as a packing tissue, forming
B) the animal body. throughout cushions
hions around several organs, acts as
CONNECTIVE ii) Matrix is present in which the body. supportive framework.
TISSUE: different types ofliving cells
are found.
i) Fluid connective tissue. Found i) RBCs-
RBCs carry oxygen.
1) Blood: ii) Matrix is the plasma inwhich within blood ii) WBCs- provide protection and
RBCs, WBCs and platelets are vessels and immunity to the body.
found. heart. iii) Platelets- help in the clotting of
blood.
i) Light yellow fluid Flows i) Entraps microbes.
2) Lymph: connective tissue formedfrom through the ii) Most of the secretions or excretions
the tissue fluid andthe filtrate lymph from the different organs and tissues are
out of the blood. capillaries poured into the lymph.
ii) It does not contain and lymph
RBCs or platelets. vessels.
i) Solid matrix with bonecells They occur i) It forms the supportive framework ofthe
3) Bone: or osteocytes. throughout body.
ii) The matrix and the bone cells the body, ii) Protects the vital organs like brain,
lie in concentric rings or lamellae formingthe heart and lungs.
around a nutrient-filled
filled Haversian endoskeleton. iii) Helps in the movement of the body.
canal. iv) Provides a surface for attachment to the
iii) The Haversian canal has muscle.
blood capillaries, nerve fibres
and connective tissue.
 i) Firm but flexible connective Epiglottis, i) It forms the soft endoskeleton of the
4) Cartilage: tissue havingliving cells called pinna, nasal body.
chondrocytes. septum, larynx, ii) Provides support and flexibility to
ii) The blood supply is rings of trachea, the body parts.
restricted to the outer covering bronchi and the iii) Prevents the wear and tear of the
of the cartilage. tips of several bone tips.
bones.
iv) Intervertebral discs of cartilage
function as cushions in between the
vertebrae.

i) Fibrous connective It joins a Helps in movement by the contraction and

5) Tendon: tissue with great strength but skeletal relaxation of the muscles.
limited flexibility. muscle to a
ii) It contains parallel bundles bone
of white collagen fibres, with
rows of fibroblasts in between
them.
i) Fibrous connective tissue of It binds a It allows bending and rotational
6) Ligament: great strength and high elasticity. bone with movements over a joint.
ii) Made up of a number ofyellow another bone
elastin fibres, bundles of white
collagen fibres and fibroblasts.
Simple connective tissue having Inside the i) Provides packing materials in various
7) semi-fluid, jelly- like matrix, organs, around organs.
Areolar tissue: white and yellow fibres and the blood ii) Covering over the nerves, musclesand
different types of cells vessels, muscles blood vessels.
(fibroblasts, plasma cells, mast and nerves, iii) Provides materials for repairing of
cells, macrophages etc.) below the skin. injury.
i) Large cells with globules i) Forms a i) Acts as a storage tissue.
8) of fat and a peripheral cushion
Adipose tissue: ii) Forms shock- absorbing cushions
cytoplasm. aroundthe around important organs.
ii) The fat cells are called eyes, heart, iii) Provides shape to different parts ofthe
adipocytes. kidneys, blood body.
iii) Soft, jelly-like matrix,fibres vessels and
bone marrow.
iv) Forms an insulating layer below the skin.
and different living cells are
present in it. ii) Occurs in
sub-
cutaneous(just
below the
skin) region.
 Types of connective tissue

ANIMAL TISSUE STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

i) It consists of elongated cells called Throughout the Responsible for the
C) MUSCULARTISSUE: the muscle fibres. body movement of our body.
ii) They contain special proteins called
contractile proteins which contract and
relax to cause movement.

i) They are long, cylindrical, Arms, legs, i) They help in

1) Striated muscle fibres: unbranched muscle cells. hands, feet, movement asthey are
neck, face, voluntary in nature.
ii)They have blunt ends. body wall,
iii) A number of oval nuclei occur ii) Striated
tongue, muscles helpin
peripherally in each cell below the pharynx, gathering of the
sarcolemma. diaphragm, food,breaking it
upper part of down by
the oesophagus mastication and
etc. swallowing.
iii) They also control
blinking and
breathing.
 i) They are spindle-shaped, They occur in i) They are
2) Smooth muscle fibres: unbranched muscle cells. various visceral capable of
ii) Each muscle cell contains a organs of the prolonged
centrally placed single, oval body, e.g. activity and
posterior sustained
orspindle-
oesophagus, contraction.
iii) shaped nucleus. stomach,
iv) Myofibrils run obliquely in
ii) They are
intestine, blood responsible for
eachcell. vessels, ureter, peristalsis that
bronchi, lungs, helps in the
urinary bladder, movement of food
iris etc. through the
alimentary canal.
iii) They help
in the emptying
of the urinary
bladder.
iv) The muscles
present inthe iris
bring an automatic
accommodation
for the amount of
light for proper
focusing.
i) The fibres are cylindrical but shorter The muscles i) They are involuntary in
3) Cardiac muscle fibres: than the skeletal muscle fibres. occur in the nature.
walls of the
ii) They do not get
ii) The cells are uninucleate. heart.
fatigued andbeat
continuously.
iii) They are rich in glycogen and iii) Contraction and
mitochondria relaxation ofthe
musclescause the
pumping activity of the
heart.
 Types of muscular tissue

ANIMAL STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

TISSUE
 i) Each neuron is made up of two Throughout i) The tissue picks up sensations.
D) NERVOUS parts- cell body and the the body. ii) They provide responses to all types of
TISSUE: protoplasmic processes called stimuli.
dendrites and axon. iii) Extends control over all body
ii) The cell body is polygonal and activities.
has anucleus and cytoplasm from iv) They coordinate the functioning of the
which long, thin, hair-like
differentbody parts.
processes arise.
v) Most body activities are performed by
iii) The single long projection is
called Axon and the short branches the combination of the nervous and
are called Dendrites. vi) muscular tissue.
vii) All learnt behavior are based on the
nervous system.

Nervous tissue
MCQs

1. Plant tissues are mainly of --- types

a. three c. two
b. one d. four
2. The different types of simple permanent tissues are:
a. parenchyma c. collenchyma
b. sclerenchyma d. all the above three
3. Which of the following component is not present in xylem tissue?
a. sieve cell c. tracheids
b. vessels d. fibres
4. The parenchyma tissue present in aquatic plant is:
a. chlorenchyma b. sclenchyma
c. aerenchyma d. collenchyma
5. A tissue is defined as:
a. group of organs b. group of cells
c. group of organ system d. none of these
6. Cartilage tissue is not found:
a. nose b. ear
c. kidney d. larynx
7. Osteocytes are found in:
a. bones b. blood
c. muscles d. cartilage
8. The muscular tissue which functions throughout the life continuously without fatigue is:
a. skeletal muscle b. cardiac muscle
c. smooth muscle d. eye muscle
 9. Which of the following cell lose their nucleus at maturity?
a. adipose cell b. red blood cell
c. sperm d. muscle cell
10. Nervous tissue is not found in
a. brain b. spinal cord
c. tendon d. nerves

1 mark questions

1. Name a plant tissue having dead cells.

Sclerenchyma.
2. Presence of which chemical in cork cells makes them impervious to water and gases?
Suberin
3. Which tissue is responsible to increase the girth of the stem and root?
Lateral meristem.
4. What is lignin?
Lignin is a chemical substance present in the cell wall of plant which hardens it.
5. Which tissue protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites?
Epidermal tissue.
6. What type of tissue is found in alveolar membrane? How does it function?
Squamous epithelium. It acts as a thin surface for gaseous exchange.
7. Due to an accident a person had a dislocation of two long bones of right hand. Explain the possible reason.
Ligament injury is the possible cause of dislocation since two bones are connected by ligament.
8. Name two tissues where WBC can be found.
Blood and lymph.
9. Why do whales have a thick layer of blubber under the skin?
Whales are warm blooded marine mammals. The blubber is a thick layer of fat that is found under their
skin as an insulation layer to help maintain the energy and warmth when they dive to cool depths.
10. How does the epithelium of taste buds work?
The epithelium of taste buds pick up external stimuli with the help of sensory hairs and enable us to sense
the particular taste.

2 marks questions

1. What are stomata?

Stomata are the minute pores present in the epidermis of leaves and are enclosed by two kidney shaped
cells called guard cells. They help in the exchange of gases and in transpiration.
2. Why do the desert plants have cutin?
A thick waxy coating of cutin is present in desert plants to prevent the excessive loss of water by
transpiration. Due to this plants like cactus can survive in desert conditions.
3. Where is apical meristem present? State its function.
Apical meristem is present at the tip of the shoot and root.It helps in the elongation of stem and root.
4. Where do we find sclerenchyma tissue in plants?
Sclerenchyma is present in the stem, around the vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves, in the hard
covering of seeds and nuts.
5. Write two significant functions of adipose tissue.
i) Acts as a energy storing tissue.
ii) Forms shock- absorbing cushions around important organs.
6. Mention the structural difference between tendons and ligaments in relation to their component fibres.
Tendons contain parallel bundles of white collagen fibres, with rows of fibroblasts in between them.
Ligaments are made up of a number of yellow elastin fibres, bundles of white collagen fibres and fibroblasts.
7. What is the function of germinal epithelium? Where is such epithelium seen?
Germinal epithelium helps in the formation of gametes, found in testes and ovaries.
8. Name four different types of cells found in areolar tissue.
Four different types of cells found in areolar tissue are fibroblasts, plasma cells, mast cells and macrophages.
9. Provide two structural characters of striated muscle fibres.
i) They are long, cylindrical, unbranched muscle cells with blunt ends.
ii) A number of oval nuclei occur peripherally in each cell below the sarcolemma.
10. What will happen if cork is not formed?
If cork is not formed in older stems and roots, the outer tissues will rupture with the increase in girth and expose
the interior to desiccation and infection.

3 marks questions

Q1. Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? Differentiate between them.
A. Xylem and phloem are made up of more than one type of cells. Differences between them are:
Xylem Phloem
a. Xylem is made up of four types cells, tracheids, Phloem is made up of sieve tubes, companion cells,
vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibre. phloemparenchyma, and phloem fibre.
b. Only xylem parenchyma is living others are Only phloem fibre is dead others are living.
dead.
c. Xylem conducts sap from roots to leaves Phloem translocates food from leaves to different
through stem. parts of the plant body.

Q2. List the characteristics of cork.

A. The characteristics are:
i) Cells are dead.
ii) Cells are compactly arranged.
iii) Cells lack intercellular spaces.

Q3. What are the different types of permanent tissues? Classify them.
A. The two types of permanent tissues are simple and complex.
Simple tissues are of three types: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Complex permanent tissues are of two types: xylem and phloem.

Q4. Name the tubular elements of xylem tissue. What is their function?
A. The tubular elements are tracheids and vessels. They help to transport water and minerals vertically.

Q5. What are the two specialized types of parenchyma tissue? Write their functions.
A. The two types of parenchyma are chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.
Chlorenchyma contains chlorophyll and help in photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma contains air cavities and provides buoyancy to aquatic plants for floating.

Q6. What are the different kinds of blood cells? Mention their roles in our body.
A i) RBCs/Erythrocytes - carry oxygen.
ii) WBCs/Leucocytes- provides protection and immunity to the body.
iii) Platelets/Thrombocytes- help in the clotting of blood.

Q7. Give three features of cardiac muscle.

A i) They are involuntary in nature.
ii) They do not get fatigued and beat continuously.
iii) The cells are branched and uninucleated.

Q8. How is lymph formed? Where is this tissue found and how does it function in our body?
A. Lymph is formed from the tissue fluid and is filtered out of the blood. It flows through the lymph
capillaries and lymph vessels. Lymph entraps microbes. Most of the secretions or excretions of the
different organs and tissues are poured into the lymph.

Q9. Write the structure, function and location of ciliated epithelium.

A. Ciliated epithelium:
Structure: Columnar or cuboidal epithelium with cilia on their free surface.
Function: The cilia produce a current in the liquid medium, helping in the movement of the ovum in the oviduct,
mucus in the respiratory tract etc.
Location: In sperm ducts, respiratory tract and oviducts etc.

Q10. Provide three important functions of areolar tissue.

A i) Provides packing material in various organs.
ii) Covering over the nerves, muscles and blood vessels.
iii) Provides materials for repairing of injury.

5 Marks questions.

1. Why are plants and animals made up of different tissues?

A. Plants and animals are two different types of organisms. Plants are autotrophic so they can prepare their own
food. Moreover plants are stationary. Since they do not consume or need much energy, so most of the tissues are
supportive. Most of the tissues such as Xylem, Phloem, Sclerenchyma and cork are dead tissues.
Animals on the other hand are heterotrophic organisms. They have to move in search of food, mate and shelter
so they need more energy as compared to plants. Most of these tissues contain living protoplasm.
There are some tissues in plants which divide throughout life. They divide for the growth and reproduction of
plants. In contrast, growth in animals is uniform.

2. Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissues.

Meristematic Permanent
1. Cells divide rapidly 1. Cells are derived from meristematic tissues
and do not divide
2. The cells are undifferentiated 2. Cells are fully differentiated
3. Cells are small 3. Cells are variable in shape and size
4. Intercellular spaces and vacuoles 4 .Intercellular spaces and large vacuoles are
absent. present
5. Cell walls are thin 5 Cell walls can be thin or thick

3. Give reasons:

a. Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuoles.
b. Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchyma tissues.
c. We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
d. Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
e. It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree.

Answers:-

a. Meristematic cells are continuously dividing cells so they have a prominent nucleus and dense
cytoplasm. But since these cells do not store food material or waste material, they lack vacuole.
b. Sclerenchyma cells have lignified cell walls which make them compact and leave no intercellular
spaces.
c. Pear has sclerenchymatous stone cells which are granular in texture. Hence, we get the crunchy and
granular feeling while chewing pear.
 d. The branches of a tree have collenchyma cells which provide mechanical strength to plant parts.So,
it moves and bends freely when wind blows.
e. The husk of a coconut tree is made up of sclerenchyma cells which have lignified cell walls.
Lignin makes the cells compact and leaves no intercellular spaces.

4. Draw and identify different elements of phloem.

A. Labelled diagram from NCERT.

The elements of phloem tissue are:
i) Sieve tubes
ii) Companion cells
iii) Phloem parenchyma
iv) Phloem fibres

5. Differentiate between Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.

A. Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

1. Consists of living cells Consists of dead cells

2. Cells contain cytoplasm Cytoplasm is absent
3. Cell wall is made of cellulose Cell wall contains lignin
4. Thickening of cell wall is not uniform Thickening is uniform
5. Lumen of cell is wide Lumen of the cell is narrow

6. Which tissue possesses the Haversian system? Describe the arrangement. Draw the diagram of the tissue.
A. Haversian system of arrangement is seen in bone. The matrix and the bone cells lie in concentric rings or
lamellae around a nutrient-filled canal called Haversian canal. The Haversian canal has blood capillaries, nerve
fibres and connective tissue. Diagram to be drawn and labelled from NCERT.

7. Name the two types of columnar epithelium and their specific locations. Write the structural features of such
tissue.
A. Simple columnar epithelium: lining layer of the stomach, intestine and glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: covering layer of the epiglottis.
Structural features:
i) It consists of tall, columnar or pillar-like compactly arranged cells.
ii) Nucleus lies near the base.

8. a) Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue on the basis of their cell types,structure and function.
b) Both tendons and ligaments help in movement but in different ways – explain.
A. a) Epithelial tissue:
Cell types: consists of three cell types: squamous, cuboidal and columnar. The tissue is one (simple) or more
(stratified) cells thick.
Structure: i) Sheets of closely packed cells. ii) Intercellular spaces are absent. iii) Present over a layer of
connective tissue called the basement membrane.
Function: Protection, exchange of gases, absorption, secretion etc.
Connective tissue:
Cell types: cells found are fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes and leucocytes.
Structure: i) The most abundant tissue in the animal body. ii) Matrix is present in which different types of
living cells are found along with collagen,cartilaginous, fatty or elastic tissue.
Function: It functions as a packing tissue forming cushions around several organs, acts as supportive
framework.

b) Tendon: helps in movement by the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. Ligament: allows bending and
rotational movements over a joint.
 9. Which tissues are found in human heart and how do they help in functioning of the heart?
A. Different types of tissues found in human heart are epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, connective
tissue, and nervous tissue. They all work in co-ordination to keep the heart functioning properly. The epithelial
tissue forms the lining of the heart, the cardiac muscle tissue help in pumping of the organ, connective tissue
forms the outer covering- pericardium and connects different parts of the organ through blood and valves,
nervous tissue help in beating of heart rhythmically.

10. Give reasons:

a) Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
b) We cannot control peristalsis in alimentary canal.
c) Automatic accommodation occurs in human eye.
d) Blood clotting starts on its own when an injury causes bleeding.
e) Squamous epithelium is also called pavement epithelium.

Answers:
a) Blood has a fluid matrix, plasma in which various cells are present.
b) Alimentary canal walls are made of smooth muscles which are involuntary in nature.
c) The smooth muscles present in the iris bring an automatic accommodation for the amount of light for proper
focusing because such muscles are involuntary in nature.
d) Platelets present in blood triggers reactions that help blood clot at the site of injury and prevent blood loss.
e) The thin flat cells of the squamous epithelial tissue fit together like the tiles on the floor. So, it is also called
pavement epithelium.

HOT QUESTIONS:

1. If the tip of a sugarcane plant is removed, even then it keeps on growing in length. Why?
A. Removing the tip of the stem does not remove the intercalary meristem of the plant. It is this
meristem which increases the length of the sugarcane plant.

2. Which tissues help in movement of our body and how?

Ans: Connective tissue- bones and cartilages, Striated muscle tissue and Nervous tissue. Bones are attached to
each other by ligaments and to muscles by tendons. Muscle contraction and relaxation make bones move.
Cartilages provide flexibility to certain parts for movement. Nerves receive and conduct stimuli for coordinated
movement.

Assertion reason question:

1. Assertion: There is no intercellular space between the cells of epidermal layer.
Reason: The epidermal layer consists of stomata that perform the function of gaseous exchange.
2. Assertion: Growth of a plant is restricted to certain specific regions.
Reason: Meristematic tissues constitute the major portion of the plant body.
3. Assertion: Surface of skin is impervious to water.
Reason: Surface of skin is covered by stratified cuboidal epithelium.
4. Assertion: Bone and cartilage are rigid connective tissue.
Reason: Blood is fluid connective tissue.
5. Assertion: Adipose tissue is found around blood vessels.
Reason: Adipose tissue is also acts as insulator.