Technical Communication[2023-24]

BAS301/BAS401 BAS301H/BAS401H

CO5: Students will be able to APPLY technical communication to build their personal brand and handle
crisis communication.
Unit 5 : Digital Communication and Personality Making

Content Creation for Social Media: Emails, Webinars, podcasts, Blogs. Effective and Ethical use of
Social Media by Text and Technique, Speech and Personality, Personality Analysis: Types of Personality;
Concept of Personality: Maslow, Freud, Vivekananda, Jung Typology &Personality Assessment.

Emails
Pronounced as [email] /ˈiːmeɪl/

It was coined in the 1970s [abbreviation of electronic mail] by Raymond Samuel Tomlinson. Borrowed
from Middle French email, from Old French esmal (“enamel”) (modern French émail (“enamel; vitreous
enamel; glaze (coating on pottery)”)), from Medieval Latin smaltum (“enamel”), ultimately from Proto-
Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to melt; to soften”).

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson was a pioneering American computer programmer who is called the father
of email and the death of Tomlinson, credited as the inventor of email.

Ray Tomlinson, of BBN, sent the first message across the network in 1971, initiating the use of the "@"
sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine. He sent a message from one Digital
Equipment Corporation PDP-10 computer to another PDP-10.

Reasons for inventing emails:

He was looking at “ways in which humans and computers could interact,” and wanted to find a way to
send files between computers rather than just between different users on the same computer. Email is
important for communication because it allows users to send information in letter format, and email can
replace traditional mail options. Emails can be more beneficial for communication because they can often
include text, documents and multimedia, like photos and videos.

The following are some common benefits of using email for both personal and professional purposes:

● Cost-effectiveness. There are various free email services available to individuals and
organizations.

● Flexibility.

● Easy access.

● Speed and simplicity.

 ● Mass delivery.

● Message filtering.

● Message storage and retrieval.

Why should we use proper email format?

Using proper email format is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it enhances professionalism
and establishes a positive impression. When your emails are well-structured, organized, and
follow standard conventions, it demonstrates your attention to detail and respect for the
recipient's time. This can significantly impact how your message is received and perceived by
the recipient, whether it's a colleague, client, or potential employer.
Secondly, proper email format ensures clarity and effective communication. By utilizing concise
subject lines, a clear introduction, and logical organization of information, you make it easier for
the recipient to understand the purpose of your email and locate specific details quickly. This
reduces the chances of misinterpretation or confusion, improving the overall efficiency of your
communication.

How to format an email

We have five important elements of formatting an email in detail:

1. Write clear email subject lines

The subject line is the first thing that the recipient will see. So, it must be clear and state the intent behind
sending a particular email. Here are some ways to write a compelling subject line:
● Keep it clear, concise, and within the standard character limit.
● Keep the recipient and intent of your email in mind while writing email subject lines.
2. Write greetings based on the recipient.
For instance, if you are sending a professional email and don't know the recipient that well, it is good to
have a format like this:
● Hey (Name)
● Hello (Name)
● Greetings
● Dear (Name)
3. Keep email body concise and focused
The email copy should cover why you are writing the email, build up a story, and incite interest and
engagement among the recipients. You don't have to be super descriptive and write a long email with
unnecessary and irrelevant information, nor do you have to summarize the entire email in one line -
balance is the key.
4. Give a descriptive name to the attachments
You might or might not send attachments in your email, and that's okay. But, if you send them, a good
practice is to name them properly.
For instance, if you send your resume, instead of naming it as 1.pdf, you should name it as (Your
Name)Resume.pdf. It will create a great impression, and the recipient can easily figure out what the pdf is
about.
5. Have a clear and visible email CTA
Every email must have a clear purpose, and your email call to action must reflect that.
For example, in a marketing email, an email CTA may look like a button saying 'Learn more,' 'Click to
read the blog posts,' etc. But, such buttons are not likely to be there while sending professional emails or
emails to your colleagues.
Despite that, it doesn't mean you don't include a call to action. Without it, the recipient won't know what
6. Always close emails with a proper salutation
Signing off is the last part of your email. This is the part where you include your or your organization's
name. You can have fun and be creative while writing your email signature.
 Webinar

This word [webinar] is pronounced as /ˈwɛbɪnɑː/. It was coined in the 1990s It is a blend of web and
seminar.

A webinar is an online seminar that allows participants from anywhere in the world to come together in a
virtual classroom to share information via the internet ..

High-quality remote seminars have always been essential for the education sphere. Together with the
onset of the scientific and technological revolution in the 1950s, economically developed countries faced
a tangible shortage of IT experts. At the same time, classic universities had a limited number of seats and
couldn’t drastically increase their productivity. In the USA, this problem was planned to be solved by
marketing computer technologies and digital data transmission networks. Long-term studies in this regard
resulted in PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations) which was developed by a
group of experts from the University of Illinois and Control Data Corporation. This technology can be
basically called a prototype of modern online seminars (webinars). PLATO was first implemented in the
early 1960s and had been used in a modified form until 2006.

In 1975, PLATO allowed running a network meeting or conference for up to 100-150 participants.
However, the main problem was local network limitations — its operation required an expensive central
computer, and every user endpoint cost a lot of money: $12,000 in the mid-70s (equivalent to about
$60,000 in 2018), which significantly limited the audience coverage.
At about the same time, the term “webinar” began to be used; it’s formed by merging the words “web”
and “seminar”. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there were attempts to appropriate this name. In 1998, a
certain Eric R. Korb registered the WEBinar trademark (Certificate No. 75478683, USPTO), the rights to
which were transferred to InterCall. In 2006, Learn.com registered the term “webinar” as a TM
(Certificate No. 78952304, USPTO). However, in 2007, both applications were canceled, and since then,
the word “webinar” is in the public domain in many variations. In February 1999, ActiveTouch rolled out
the first webinar service with WebEx Meeting Center video communication, and changed its name to
WebEx the same year.

The term “webinar” comes from the combination of the words “web” and “seminar.” It's literally a
seminar over the web. Simply put, it's a virtual event that connects presenters to viewers across the globe
through internet-based software.

Other companies also were marketing similar solutions. At about the same time, the term “webinar”
began to be used; it’s formed by merging the words “web” and “seminar”. In the late 1990s and early
2000s, there were attempts to appropriate this name. In 1998, a certain Eric R. Korb registered the
WEBinar trademark (Certificate No. 75478683, USPTO), the rights to which were transferred to
InterCall. In 2006, Learn.com registered the term “webinar” as a TM (Certificate No. 78952304,
USPTO). However, in 2007, both applications were canceled, and since then, the word “webinar” is in the
public domain in many variations. In February 1999, ActiveTouch rolled out the first webinar service
with WebEx Meeting Center video communication, and changed its name to WebEx the same year.

The Future of Webinars

What is the future of webinars? There are several ways to move forward.

1. Massive transition to mobile platforms. Wireless broadband Internet access is becoming

widespread thanks to new-generation networks.

2. Increasingly high-quality video (UltraHD+). Thanks to higher quality, more webinar information
is visualized, e.g. rich infographics (both dynamic and static) or video clips shown during
presentations. Classrooms often have LED screens or entire video walls installed, which require
relevant content to be shown.

3. Automation of webinar platforms. Thanks to this process, it is possible to save moderators from
their routine: sending invitations and reminders, registering participants, invoicing, etc.

4. Integration with other information channels. For example, event streams can be embedded
directly into the user’s website, shown on YouTube, or be part of a comprehensive remote
learning platform or business.

Be that as it may, we see more and more information generated in the modern world with less and less
time to receive and process it. In this difficult situation, the webinar is the tool that allows you to find a
fairly good compromise and gives you the to gain new knowledge with no harm to your core business.
Your webinar abstract should be clear, concise and tell the reader exactly how your talk will help them
solve their problems. Make sure to highlight third-party speakers, relevant statistics and research trends in
your copy, and include a CTA that tells your audience what to do next.

Webinar reports should include data on everything that took place during your webinar. Webinar
technology makes it easy to collect engagement statistics during your event. You can measure how long
people

https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Webinar-on-Why-and-How-to-write.pdf

podcasts, Blogs. Effective and Ethical use ofopportunity Social Media by Text and Technique, Speech
and Personality, Personality Analysis: Types of Personality; Concept of Personality: Maslow, Freud,
Vivekananda, Jung Typology &Personality Assessment.
 Podcasts

Herrold coined the terms broadcasting and narrowcasting. Herrold claimed the invention of broadcasting
to a wide audience, through the use of antennas designed to radiate signals in all directions
Derivation of broadcasting is in mid 18th century (in the sense ‘sown by scattering’): from broad + the
past participle of cast. Senses relating to radio and television date from the early 20th century.
broadcast meaning: transmit (a programme or some information) by radio or television.
ipod meaning : a small electronic device for playing and storing digital audio and video files.
podcast. / (ˈpɒdˌkɑːst) / noun. an audio file similar to a radio broadcast, which can be downloaded and
listened to on a computer, mp3 player, mobile phone, etc
In simple terms, a podcast is a digital medium consisting of audio (or video) episodes that relate to a
specific theme.
Adam Curry and Dave Winer are credited with the invention of podcasting.
In its earliest form, it was called audio blogging. People would record their pieces and share the audio
content over the internet, like auditory blog posts. In 2004, Ben Hammersly first used the term podcast to
describe this content. The term was a combination of the words iPod and broadcast.
Podcasts, previously known as "audioblogs", have roots dating back to the 1980s. With the advent
of broadband Internet access and portable digital audio playback devices such as the iPod,
podcasting began to catch hold in late 2004.[1] Today there are more than 115,000 English-language
podcasts available on the Internet, and dozens of websites available for distribution at little or no cost to
the producer or listener.

Essential elements of a good podcast

● Focus on a central idea
● Play to an audience
● Regular schedules
● Show structure
● Authenticity

Q. Is WTF a podcast?

A.WTF with Marc Maron is a weekly podcast and radio show hosted by stand-up comedian Marc
Maron. The show was launched in September 2009. The show is produced by Maron'

Q. What makes a podcast unique?

One of the best ways to make our podcast unique is to offer valuable insights; insights like tips,
advice, information, tutorials, educational content, etc. that listeners can actually use in their day-
to-day lives. The best way to offer valuable insights is to do research within your niche.
 How to write a podcast summary?
1. Listen to the podcast episode critically
Assuming you weren’t in the podcast yourself, start by listening to the episode. At the very least, read
through the show notes or transcription, if you have any.
This first part of the process will help you hone in on what the main idea for that episode was. It’s also a
way to find compelling points or observations that can add some personality to your summary.
2. Identify your most important point
Podcast directories are crowded with thousands of entrepreneurs, startups, and legacy radio hosts
transitioning into the podcast hosting space. Why? Because a good podcast brings in new listeners and
builds an audience.
This means you want to optimize your chances of grabbing people’s attention by nailing the intro for your
own podcast. How? By creating a podcast summary that starts with either your most intriguing,
compelling, or important point.
This way, your audience can make a faster decision on whether they want to tune in to the episode or not.
Keep in mind that your episode title should work in tandem with your podcast summary. In other words,
they should make sense together.
If your title implies you’ll share a personal story but your podcast summary doesn’t talk about it, then
there isn’t much correlation there (even if you did briefly touch on those subjects in the podcast!). At best,
it’ll confuse your audience and compel them to click away (which is what you don’t want).
3. Add the rest of the summary in 1 - 3 sentences
Once you’ve created a compelling first sentence for your podcast, you can add a few supporting sentences
to round it out. Consider your podcast summary length as you go through the process.
You don’t want to get too lengthy. But you also don’t want to create a three-word summary. You don’t
want to give away your whole podcast in the summary. After all, the whole point of a podcast is to gain
“listeners” not “readers.”
The rest of your summary can include additional themes or subject matter discussed in the podcast. It can
even include a call to action that asks your listeners to show up every time you release a new episode.
Remember, it’s about being creative and informative with your podcast descriptions.
4. Mention guests
Have any special guests on your podcast? Mention them in your summary as yet another way to interest
listeners to tune in.
Especially if your guests are in the niche your target audience is interested in, naming your guests within
your podcast summary is a great way to compel them to listen. The Daily does a good job of this in every
episode with guests:
“Among the actions taken by the West to punish Moscow for the invasion of Ukraine is the blacklisting
of the incredibly rich and politically connected Russian businessmen known as oligarchs. But how could
sanctions on Russia’s super-wealthy increase the pressure on President Vladimir V. Putin to end the war?
Guest: Matt Apuzzo, a reporter for The New York Times, based in Brussels.”
While you don’t have to add your guests at the bottom of your podcast summary, you can include them
within your description. You can even lead with your guest as the first part of your summary. Don’t be
afraid to experiment with different formats.
5. Edit for clarity and brevity
The last step of the summary process is to edit for clarity and brevity. Your podcast summary should be
clear and concise. It’s also always a good idea to edit for grammar. The clearer your podcast summary,
the more informed your audience will be.
How to End A Podcast?
1. Thank Your Listeners. It's your chance to build a relationship with your listeners. ...
2. Recap the Episode. Once you've thanked your loyal viewership, make sure to summarize the
episode.
3. Be Intentional.
4. Encourage CTA.
5. Teaser for the Next Episode.
6. Create a Unique Sign-off.
7. Credits Roll.

Blog
A blog (a truncation of "weblog") is an informational website consisting of discrete, often informal diary-
style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order so that the most
recent post appears first, at the top of the web page.
Blog; plural noun: weblog is full form of blog
1990s: from web in the sense ‘World Wide Web’ + log in the sense ‘regular record of incidents’.
Blogs, or weblogs, started out as a mix of what was happening in a person's life and what was happening
on the Web, a kind of hybrid diary/news site. The word “blog” is a shortened version of web logs or
weblogs.
What is a blog?
A blog, short for weblog, is a frequently updated web page used for personal commentary or business
content. Blogs are often interactive and include sections at the bottom of individual blog posts where
readers can leave comments.
Most are written in a conversational style to reflect the voice and personal views of the blogger. Some
businesses use blogs to connect with target audiences and sell products.
Blogs were originally called weblogs, which were websites that consisted of a series of entries arranged in
reverse chronological order, so the newest posts appeared at the top. They were frequently updated with
new information about various topics.
Today's blogs are more likely to be a personal online journal or commentary related to a business that's
frequently updated and intended for general public consumption. Blogs are still often defined by their
format, consisting of a series of entries posted to a single page in reverse chronological order. Many blogs
are collaborative and include multiple authors often writing on a single theme such as Engadget, a tech
blog with multiple authors.
A blog is usually devoted to a subject of interest to a target audience -- such as fashion, politics or
information technology. Blogs can be thought of as providing ongoing commentary on a theme. They're
intended to engage with a community interested in a topic and the personality or products of the blogger
or sponsoring business. Bloggers often pick unique domain names that reflect the topic at hand, such as
Not Another Cooking Show, a food blog.
Bloggers control their content and don't have to rely on other outlets to publish their views and connect
with an audience. Monetization strategies let bloggers make money from their writing and sometimes
build entire careers.
 Effective & Ethical Use of Social Media
1. Embrace The Visual
We all know tweets with images get more engagement. We’ve known for a while that photos on
Facebook get more engagement. Even images on LinkedIn get more engagement. Three of the
“newest” social networks—Pinterest, Instagram, and Snapchat, are based entirely on images. So,
why we aren’t leveraging the visual when promoting our content?
Don’t just create a branded “featured image” to share with your post. Create separate images for
each of the main points in your content. Use these when you repeatedly post to social media (see
below for more on this point). Check out my post on top social media for business quotes for an
example that clearly illustrates how to leverage the visual.
2. Headlines Matter
You’re writing great content, but are you writing a title worthy of grabbing someone’s attention
in social media? If not you either need to:
1. Create better titles that help your posts to be more promotable in social media or…
2. Create a new title specifically for sharing your content in social media.
Don’t just settle for one title. You should be posting your content multiple times. Create multiple
titles, and perform A/B testing to see which headlines most effectively promote your content on
which social networks. Use a tool like BuzzSumo to help you research effective titles for the
same type of content per social network. (See Curata’s post about curated content for more tips
about creating new titles.)
3. Customize For the Platform
When sharing content, utilize the customizable posting features on each social media platform.
This includes the headline, image, and a description of the content you’re sharing. Every
marketer and social media user is competing to catch the user’s eye. The more optimized your
post is for a particular platform, the more effective your social media promotion will be.
For example, if you share a link to Facebook, you have the opportunity to create a post that truly
stands out. All you need is an attention-grabbing headline, a clean, relevant image that piques
interest (which might be different from the featured image), and a short, compelling description.
With this formula, you can entice readers to click on your content. In the same manner,
appending your content with hashtags helps make it more discoverable for those social networks
that support them. See this tweet by former Curata CMO Michael Gerard for an example of
using hashtags and an image:
4. Share at the Right Time
Though this tip may seem like common sense, many content marketers overlook this simple
concept. For maximum engagement, the content you’re sharing needs to reach as many people as
possible. So you have to go where the crowd is—and when they are online and active. Then you
can compile a posting schedule to ensure you post during a certain time of day.
Keep in mind that different social media platforms may not have the same peak times. While
there are many infographics telling you the best time to post in social media, some of it simply
comes down to understanding how users engage on each social network, and experimenting.
Some social media platforms have features designed to aid you in this process, such as Facebook
Insights. In addition, third party tools such as FollowerWonk help estimate the best times for
some platforms.
5.Don’t be Afraid to Post Multiple Times
Numerous data studies suggest you will be more effective by promoting the same content
multiple times on social media. Use multiple images and multiple headlines for your content.
This way you engage with your followers without them even knowing you’re reposting the same
content. Social media users don’t see most of your posts on any given day anyway. So posting
multiple times ensures your audience has a chance to see your content.
6. Ask Questions
Don’t just drop links. Drive social media users to communicate with you—and increase the
chances they engage with your content—by asking for questions and feedback. Social media was
made for people; not for businesses. So you should always be striving to create a human
connection with social media users.
The beauty of social media marketing is that it can improve both your public relations and
content marketing, simply by asking for a response. To generate feedback and promote
engagement on social media, include a question with your content that compels readers to
respond. Better yet, create questions for some of your headlines and test the waters. Questions
are a great attention grabber, and help foster a community of connection that results in more
effective social media promotion.
7. Share on the right platform
With so many social media sites constantly sprouting up and vying for attention, it can be hard to
keep up. Just when we thought we knew everything with the emergence of Ello, now comes Tsu.
Having accounts on various sites can be advantageous for fostering innovation and staying
creative. But it can also be difficult to choose which platform to post your content to.
To reiterate, since different sites serve different purposes and audiences, it’s crucial to
familiarize yourself with the major social media platforms your target audience uses. Avoid
redundancy and simply “dumping” content across all channels. Concentrate on the platforms
where you have the highest chance to engage with your audience. Use this list of content
promotion tools to see which platform best fits your needs.
Once your social media promotion is successful on these platforms, use that information to start
embarking on a new platform. Don’t forget to share your multimedia content to social networks
like Slideshare, iTunes, Soundcloud, Stitcher and, of course, YouTube.
8. Pay to Play
Why pay for Likes or Follows when you can promote your content to a micro-targeted audience
in social media? Paid Social is mainstream, meaning you can pay to promote your content into
the news feeds of social media users, where you are guaranteed visibility from a relevant
audience. If you haven’t done so already, try shifting your budget to experiment, whether on
Twitter, Facebook, or another network.
9. Maximize Your Brand Advocates
Does your company have an employee advocacy program? Employees or partners are likely
already sharing your content socially. Get more of them to do so more regularly to help promote
your content. There are many tools that make it easy to manage and measure social media
sharing by brand advocates. See the aforementioned list of content promotion tools for a full
breakdown of different advocacy tools, such as GaggleAMP and SocialChorus.
Leverage Communities
An employee advocacy program is one way of leveraging communities. It allows you to utilize
the strength in numbers approach to promote your content to more social media users. However,
you first have to have a community in order to do so. There are already more than two million
communities within LinkedIn alone. Not to mention additional communities in the form of
Twitter chats, Google Plus communities, shared Pinterest boards, and even Facebook Groups.
Joining and becoming an engaging member of relevant communities allows you to promote your
content to a very targeted audience of social media users. Such groups could be in the hundreds,
thousands, or even more—the largest LinkedIn Group has more than one million members!
(There’s even a community for content marketing and promotion: The Content Marketing
Forum.)
10. Experiment With Content Creator Communities
Save this for last because it is not everyone’s cup of tea, but there are a number of other
communities such as Triberr, Social Buzz Club, and Viral Content Buzz. They exist outside of
social media for the sole purpose of bringing together content creators and enhancing your social
media promotion. If the content you discover on one of these sites is something you would
considering curating, then this might be a good site to consider promoting your own content on.
11. What’s Next
When it comes to promoting content, social media is one of the most powerful tools available;
however, most content marketers fail to truly maximize its potential. Utilize one or all of these
11 ways to promote your social media content, and you’ll generate significantly more traffic for
your precious content.
Which of these 11 methods have worked for you? Any others that you would add to the list?
Please chime in below in the comments!

What are the ethical uses of social media?

Responsibility: Users of social media platforms should take responsibility for the content they share and
ensure that it is accurate, truthful, and not misleading.

Authenticity: Users of social media platforms should be authentic and avoid engaging in behavior that is
deceitful or manipulative.

How can social media be used effectively?

We use multiple images and multiple headlines for our content. This way we engage with our followers
without them even knowing we're reposting the same content. Social media users don't see most of our
posts on any given day anyway. So posting multiple times ensures our audience has a chance to see our
content.

Speech and Personality

 How is speech and personality related?
The way we communicate conveys information about our attitudes and personality traits, so it shapes how
others see us as well as what they think of us. If you want to improve your personality in any way, start
by paying attention to how you communicate with others and what you say when you talk.

Why is speech essential to the growth of human personality?

Speech, spoken or otherwise allows human beings to make connections with each other. Language helps
us shape our understandings of the world around us, it impacts how we interact with the environment.
Speech enables us all to develop deeper emotional, cognitive, and mental capacities within our own
Beingness.
Public Speaking Is An Essential Ingredient In Personality Development And Career Excellence
Many people feel that public speaking does not contribute in effective communication, and hence, it is not
important. Parents continue to pay attention on the academics and extra-curricular development of their
wards. But, they do not realize how important the development of effective communication and public
speaking skills is for their children. It is true that academics and extra-curricular activities are important,
but parents should not overlook the significance of public speaking.
1.Public Speaking boosts Confidence
Public speaking plays the critical role of equipping child with the skills to analyze a topic, think logically,
frame meaningful sentences, and present their thoughts in front of the audience. By learning how to speak
in public, students will be able to build their self-confidence. For most individuals, public speaking is one
of the most prevalent fears. Mastering their skill in this difficult task can help them in gaining the
confidence they will need to face future challenges.
Speaking regularly in public will make students comfortable around other people, including strangers.
Once an individual starts expressing their views in front of many people (including some strangers), they
will feel comfortable and can open up in front of many people. Regular public speaking sessions will
make individuals feel that it is nothing to smile, shake hands, and meet and greet new people. It will make
them confident and they will find interviews and group discussions easy to handle in the future.
2.Ensuring Career Advancement
Public speaking helps individuals to brush up their verbal and non-verbal communication skills. It assists
them in converting a written content into compelling, meaningful, and vocal message. As result, people
with the ability to dive into public speaking and related communication skills become popular among
prospective employers. Moreover, better communication skills also help one to grab a promotion
opportunity in organizations. Most of the leading business schools in the world pay utmost importance to
oral communication as one of the top skills relevant to overall job success.
Effective public speaking assists people to make a difference in their business, community, and the world.
By sharing their ideas and opinions in public, people can inspire others to take necessary steps to make
their dreams come true and their lives better. When an individual understands the importance of public
speaking, they also understand that they can better persuade people when they are able to appeal to them
just like any normal human being. The key to effective public speaking is distinguishing the audience,
i.e., bosses, employees, clients, and so on, and thinking them as people with real problems, hopes, and
fears. This will overcome one’s nervousness, and help them to tackle the situation at hand. By learning
the art of public speaking, individuals can boost their value and performance in any arena ranging from
school, home,
office, events, and so on. Mastering public speaking skills unlocks doors of greater opportunities in the
field of education, occupation, business, and more.
3.Building better Human Beings
The first step that career-minded students should take is honing their public speaking skills. They should
dedicate resources and spend time to nurture themselves as good speakers. Speaking in seminars,
gatherings, and events give us the opportunity to grow not only as an individual, but also, as a leader; this,
in turn, guides us towards a bright career. Public speaking helps to succeed in our profession in various
ways.
Many people in the corporate world dread public speaking. They are afraid of failure and becoming a
laughing stock in front of their colleagues. But, if somehow, they manage to stand in front of their office
mates and express their opinions on a certain topic, they will feel much better. It will give them to
confidence to speak often during similar occasions, and interact more with their colleagues.
Speaking in front of many people will give an individual recognition. Their colleagues will look up to
them as leaders and will respect them for voicing their opinions. Inspiring public speeches will make
individuals more visible. Also, chances are there that, their colleagues will approach them for suggestions
on various issues.
4.Unleashing the Leader within
Speaking in public is a powerful and impressive way that can change people’s perspective about
something. If an individual can change the heart and mind of people during his speech, then it can be said
they are already nurturing their leadership skills. If they can express their opinions properly among a
group of people, then it is possible that they can do the same in a more individualized setting. Leaders
should possess the ability to drive change and influence others; public speaking skills play a very
important role in enhancing that ability.
5.Enhancing Connection and Exploring Potential
Individuals with effective speaking skills have the ability to be passionate at the right moments and
vulnerable and the right time. As such, the audience connects with them more as a human being. This
helps them to develop alliances and trustworthy and empathetic relationship with the audience. Public
speaking also helps people to analyze their performance and their interaction with the audience. How they
respond to audience’s reactions, their comments and questions also plays an important role in building
their character. It also provides them an important lesson of how to behave with people.
Parents, teachers, and students should give due importance to public speaking. It plays a very important
role in boosting one’s confidence, enhances interaction, and improvement of people’s pronunciation,
sentence formation, articulation, and so on. It helps individuals to grow as a person, not only for
educational and professional growth, but for personal and spiritual transformation as well.

What is the personality analysis?

Personality analyses are the tests which provide measures of such characteristics as feelings and
emotional states, preoccupations, motivations, attitudes, and approaches to interpersonal relations. There
is a diversity of approaches to personality assessment, and controversy surrounds many aspects of the
widely used methods and techniques.
Why is personality analysis important?
1. They provide direction.
 2. Personality inventories help you uncover your interests, skills and aptitudes, which come into
play when you're growing your career.
3. The better you understand what expertise you have and what you want in a career, the more
equipped you are to find your place in the work world.
The Six Personality types
The six types are:
1. Realistic
2. Investigative
3. Artistic
4. Social
5. Enterprising
6. Conventional
The theory classifies people into their respective categories by evaluating how a person approaches life
situations and most people fall into more than one.
A large new study published in Nature Human Behavior, however, provides evidence for the existence of
at least four personality types: average, reserved, self-centered and role model.

1. What are personality types?

2. Why do individuals and organisations use personality tests, and is there any merit in
exploring a person's individual traits?
There have been numerous attempts to categorise individuals into different styles of personality, but the
validity of labelling personality types has been called into aforementioned questions.
There are many personality tests available online. The most popular ones include:
 Myers Briggs (MBTI)
 Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS)
 Enneagram
 Big Five Personality Questionnaire
Each test measures five main personality traits:
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional stability
5. Openness
Each trait is measured on a scale of 1-7, where 7 is the highest score.
Some tests measure these traits based on your answers to questions, while others use a questionnaire
format. Regardless of the type of personality test used, each provides valuable information about your
personality.
People often wonder why they view the world in such a different manner from other individuals having
different personality types. Much of this has to do with their cognitive functions. Every individual lives
and views life in an entirely different way. A cognitive function possesses the greatest priority in one's
mind. The individual “lives” this specific function, and all the stimuli are filtered through it. This is
sometimes referred to as the dominant function of the person.
 Abraham Maslow’s Concept of Personality
Maslow's humanistic theory of personality states that people achieve their full potential by moving from
basic needs to self-actualization. As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow approached the
study of personality psychology by focusing on subjective experiences and free will.
Abraham Maslow was a psychologist who is considered to be the father of humanistic psychology. His
greatest contribution to the humanist movement was his hierarchy of needs, which said that basic physical
needs must be met first before people can realize their full potential.
Personality refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment
to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns.
From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging,
esteem and self- actualization. This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth
needs.
Abraham Maslow came up with hierarchy of needs he believed that these five needs engage in major role
of motivating personality, behavior, security, socialization, physiological and esteem needs are deficiency
necessities that arise to deprivation. Satisfying the lower- level desires of the pyramid are important in
order to avoid unpleasant consequences and emotions. Maslow created the highest- level of the pyramid
as growth needs, that the individual does not lack something, but rather from a desire to develop as a
person. Maslow identified some key characteristics of self- actualization individuals, acceptance and
realism, individuals that have realistic perceptions of themselves, and the world around them, self-
actualized individuals are deeply concerned with solving problem not concerning themselves, but others
and finding solutions to problems in the world , mostly these individuals are motivated by sense of
personal ethics and responsibility. Abraham Maslow devoted his attention, not to his own theory, but to
humanistic and the human potentials movement (Schultz & Schultz, 2013, p. 246-248).

Sigmund Freud’s Concept of Personality

According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single component. In
his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as
the id, the ego, and the superego. These elements work together to create complex human behaviors.

In simple terms, Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that human behavior is influenced by unconscious
memories, thoughts, and urges. This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id,
ego, and superego. The id is entirely unconscious, while the ego operates in the conscious mind.

It encompasses three structural instances, id, ego and superego. Id is entirely unconscious, while the parts
of ego and superego are conscious. Freud's model of three structural instances and their relationships
constitute a paragon of psychodynamic paradigm in the conceptualization of personality.

Freud's theory of personality involves a topographical model of the mind, or in other words, Freud's
theory is expressed in a map of different mental agencies. The names of these agencies are the id, the ego,
and the superego. Id - The id is the amorphous, desiring agency. It is immediate and lacks any self-
reflection.

Vivekananda’s Concept of Personality

Faith, dutifulness, compassion, good thoughts, character, non-attachment, helping nature, fearlessness,
love, wisdom, spirituality, responsibility, truth, strength within, the company of the good etc. are some
traits which are recommended by Vivekananda for personality development.
Personality development in the real sense refers to deeper levels of a person. So a study of our per-
sonality should start from a clear grasp of the nature of our mind, and how it functions. mind acts as our
enemy, whereas a trained mind acts as our friend.
Swami Vivekananda was a great Indian saint. He was a figure with “high thinking and simple living”. He
was a great pious leader, a philosopher, and also a devout personality with great principles. His eminent
philosophical works comprise of “Modern Vedanta” and “Raj Yoga”.
Swami Vivekananda once said, “Whatever you think, that you will be. If you think yourselves weak,
weak you will be; if you think yourselves strong, strong you will be.” He also said, “See for the highest,
aim at that highest, and you shall reach the highest.” His message was simple yet powerful.

Carl Gustav Jung's Concept of Personality

According to(Carl Gustav Jung's Theory of Personality in Psychology, 2022) Carl Jung's
psychological types theory suggests that people experience the world using four principal
psychological functions – sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking – and that one of these
four functions is dominant for a person most of time.
At the heart of Jungian Psychology lies the concept of 'archetypes,' universal, archaic symbols
and images that reside within our collective unconscious. These archetypes, as proposed by
Jung, form the psychic counterpart of instinct and are the building blocks of our dreams, myths,
and folklore.

One of Jung's main focuses was on understanding human personality. He believed that the
psyche was made up of both conscious and unconscious elements, and that the unconscious
mind contained archetypes that were universal across all cultures and time periods.
Jung identified eight main personality types:

Principled, idealistic, objective, rational. Influenced by ideas, independent, often fearful of

intimacy. Adaptive, relating well to the external.
The most dramatic contribution that Jung made to psychodynamic thought was his concept of the
collective unconscious, which can be thought of as structures of the unconscious mind which are
shared among people, or patterns and reactions in the mind that all people have in common
across the world.
Personality Assessment.
Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the
administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits
and styles in order to refine clinical diagnoses, structure and inform psychological interventions.

Four Methods of Personality Assessments

1. Self-report assessments. Self-reports are one of the most widely used formats for
psychometric testing.
2. Behavioral observation. Another useful method of personality assessment is behavioral
observation.
 3. Interviews
4. Projected tests as per context
Q. What is the objective of personality assessment?

A. Personality tests are designed to systematically elicit information about a person's

motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style of interacting with
people and situations.
Personality assessment techniques include self-reports, interviews, behavioural
observation, rating scales and projective techniques. After the assessment is done, a
psychometric personality assessment is done to validate the result. Psychometry is the
study to validate the result through techniques of measurement.
\
Q. What is the role of personality assessment in education?
A. The driving force behind administering a personality assessment is to open up lines of
communication and bring students together to have a higher appreciation for one another.
A personality assessment can provide guidance to teachers of what teaching strategies
will be the most effective for their students.

Model Questions

1. Email is a tool to create content on social media. Justify.

2. Write short notes on the followings:

a. Podcasts
b. Blogs
3. What is a webinar? What is its role in digital communication?
4. How do Text and Technique play a crucial role in Effective and Ethical use of Social Media?
Explain.

5. How do Speech and Personality contribute to effective Social Media? Explain.

6. Explain the different parameters to analyze personality.

7. Briefly explain the different types of personality.

8. Write short notes on the followings:

a. Concept of Personality by Maslow

b. Concept of Personality by Freud

9. Briefly explain different tools for personality assessment.

10. How did Carl Jung challenge Sigmund Freud on the concept of personality? Illustrate.