chemical changes → notes!

difference between physical and chemical change:

physical change
→ there is a change in which NO new substance is formed
→ the changes can usually be reversed
→ we can get the constituents back using separation techniques
chemical change
→ a change in which NEW (one or more) substance are formed [in the form of
elements and/or compounds
→ the changes are usually not easily reversed
→ we cannot get the reactants back easily

chemical changes → notes! 1

 chemical change

chemical changes → notes! 2

 ⇒ reaction in which 2 or more substances chemically combined to form one or
more new substances
⇒ reaction in which a substance breaks down into 2 or more substances

eg. of chemical changes

digestion

cooking

combustion of carbon

photosynthesis

rusting

word equation
to show substances that are involved in chemical reactions

eg.
methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

[reactants] [products]

(note: do NOT write = sign)

chemical equation
shows what happens in a chemical reaction

chemical changes → notes! 3

 during a chemical reaction, atoms of the rearrange themselves and
combine chemically to form products

the atoms of the products are always obtained from the reactions

atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

types of chemical changes

combustion

thermal decomposition

oxidation

neutralisation

combustion

a chemical reaction in which a substance is heating in the presence of ___ to

form one or more new substances

chemical changes → notes! 4

 thermal decomposition

a process in which a substance breaks down into 2 or more simpler

substances upon heating

oxidation

a process where a matter interacted with oxygen and the substance gains
oxygen when it undergoes a chemical change.

→ when iron reacts with oxygen and water, it forms rust [rusting]

→ food molecules (such a glucose) are broken down in the presence of oxygen
to provide cells with energy to survive and reproduce. carbon dioxide and
water are produced as products. [cellular respiration]

neutralisation

process where an acid is mixed with an alkali

acids are:

vinegar (ethanoic acid)

lemon juice (citric acid)

battery acid

chemical changes → notes! 5

 soda

sour milk, yoghurt (lacitic acid)

grapes (tartaric acid)

tea (tannic acid)

lab acids

sulfuric acid

nitric acid

hydrochloric acid

bases are:

metal oxides (metal + oxygen) or metal hydroxides ( metal + oxygen and

hydrogen)

baking soda

ammonia

soap

borax

chemical changes → notes! 6

 alkalis

soluble bases

metal oxides or metal hydroxides that can dissolve in water are known as
alkalis

chemical changes → notes! 7

 lab alkalis

sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

aqueous ammonia (NH3)

reactions

acid + reactive metals → salt + hydrogen [ effervescence is observed.

lighted splint extinguished with a “pop” sound. ]

acid + metal carbonates → salt + water + carbon dioxide [ a white

precipitate is formed on the limewater. effervescence is observed.]

acid + metal oxide → salt + water

acid + metal hydroxides → salt + water

** metal oxide and metal hydroxide are bases

unreactive metals : Cu, Ag, Au, Pt {copper, gold, silver, platinum} (they will not
react with acids as they are unreactive metals)

chemical changes → notes! 8

 acid + reactive metals → salt + hydrogen
hydrochloric acid + magnesium → magnesium chloride + hydrogen
nitric acid + magnesium → magnesium nitrate + hydrogen

sulfuric acid + magnesium → magnesium sulfate + hydrogen

** name of salt always starts with reactants name

acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water

hydrochloric acid + magnesium carbonate → magnesium chloride + carbon

dioxide + water
nitric acid + magnesium carbonate → magnesium nitrate + carbon dioxide +
water
sulfuric acid + magnesium carbonate → magnesium sulfate + carbon dioxide +
water

acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water [neutralisation]

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water

nitric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium nitrate + water

sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium sulfate + water

acid + metal oxide → salt + water [neutralisation]

hydrochloric acid + magnesium oxide → magnesium chloride + water

nitric acid + magnesium oxide → magnesium nitrate + water

sulfuric acid + magnesium oxide → magnesium sulfate + water

acidity/alkalinity of a solution
pH scale is a measure of how acidic/alkaline a solution is

pH has values from 0-14

chemical changes → notes! 9

 neutral solution : pH = 7

acidic solution : pH < 7

the smaller the pH, the more acidic the solution

alkaline solutions : pH > 7

the bigger the pH, the more alkaline the solution

indicators → litmus paper

to check whether a solution is acidic or alkaline
they change colour in the presence of an acid or an alkali

＊ an acidic solution turns blue litmus paper red

＊ it has NO effect on red litmus paper
✼ an alkaline solution turns red litmus paper blue

✼ it has NO effect on blue litmus paper

✶ a neutral solution has NO effect on red and blue litmus

indicators → universal indicator

⋆ made up of a mixture of indicators

⋆ available in the form of paper or a solution
⋆ is an indicators that provides approximate pH values

⋆ thus able to display a wide range of colours, depending on the pH of the

solution tested

chemical changes → notes! 10

 pH meter

☼ an electrical method of measuring the pH of a solution

☼ consists of a pH electrode connected to a meter

☼ pH electrode is dipped into solutions and pH value will show on the meter

advantages : more reliable and accurate

pH and agriculture
✿ most plants grow best when pH of the soil is 6.5
✿ soils can be too acidic due to acid rain
✿ excess acid can be netrual used by adding calcium hydroxide/ calcium oxide
applications of neutralisation
⚘ toothpaste
⇒ alkaline in nature

chemical changes → notes! 11

 ⇒ brushing teeth will neutralise the acids in the mouth that caused tooth decay

⚘ antacids
⇒ common medication that contains alkaline compounds
⇒ help to neutralise excess acid produced by the stomach and thus relieve
discomfort

acids alkalis

alkalis have bitter tastes and a soapy

acids have a sour taste
feel

turn blue litmus paper red turn red litmus paper blue

reacts with acids in neutralisation

reacts with alkalis, metals and carbonates
reactions

acids have pH values less than 7 (red, orange,

alkalis have pH values more than 7
yellow )

how do chemical changes occur?

♕ mixing

⇒ when 2 or more substances are mixed together and combine irreversibly to

form 1 or more products in a chemical reaction
eg. acids with metals, carbonates and alkalis

♕ heating
⇒ combustion and thermal decomposition requires heat or an increase in
temperature for chemical reactions to occur

♕ exposure to light

⇒ photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occurs in green plants. green

plants use chlorophyll in their leaves, with carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of light to produce glucose and oxygen

chemical changes → notes! 12

 ♕ interaction with oxygen

⇒ rusting and cellular respiration are examples of oxidation

♕ using an electric current

⇒ electroplating is an example of a chemical reaction that uses electric current
⇒ electroplating is the process in which a substance is coated with a metal
with the passage of an electric current

process

heat softens food and improves flavour. it makes it easier for body
cooking
to absorb nutrients from food

glucose molecules react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide

respiration with water. energy released allows each cell in the organism to
survive and reproduce

decay process of breaking down organic matter into simpler substances

(decompostion) which allows nutrients to return to the environment

chemical changes → notes! 13

 oxidation process which is unwelcome. it can be prevented by -
rusting
painting, oiling, galvanising (coating iron with zinc) and drying

combustion of fuels produce air pollutants such as carbon

combustion
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxide of nitrogen

the end !

chemical changes → notes! 14