CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Quick Revision Notes Chapter 7 The P-Block Elements * The p-Block elements: Elements belonging to groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table are called p-block elements. * General electronic configuration of p-block elements: The p-block elements are characterized by the ns2np1-6 valence shell electronic configuration. * Representative elements: Elements belonging to the s and p-blocks in the periodic table are called the representative elements or main group elements. * Inert pair effect: The tendency of ns2 electron pair to participate in bond formation decreases with the increase in atomic size. Within a group the higher oxidation state becomes less stable with respect to the lower oxidation state as the atomic number increases. This trend is called ‘inert pair effect’. In other words, the energy required to unpair the electrons is more than energy released in the formation of two additional bonds. GROUP 15 ELEMENTS * Nitrogen family: The elements of group 15 ~ nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi) belong to configuration is ns?np*. Atomic and ionic radii: Covalent and ionic radii increase down the group. 2. There is appreciable increase in covalent radii from N to P. 3. There is small increase from As to Bi due to presence of completely filled d or f orbitals in heavy elements. * Ionisation energy: 1. Itgoes on decreasing down the group due to increase in atomic size.. Group 15 elements have higher ionisation energy than group 14 elements due to smaller size of group 15 elements. . Group 15 elements have higher ionization energy than group 16 elements because they have stable electronic configuration i.e., half-filled p-orbitals. * Allotropy: All elements of Group 15 except nitrogen show allotropy. * Catenation: . Nitrogen shows catenation to some extent due to triple bond but phosphorus shows catenation to maximum extent. . The tendency to show catenation decreases down the group. Oxidation states: . The common oxidation states are +3, +5 and -3. . The tendency to show -3 oxidation state decreases down the group because of decrease in electronegativity by the increase in atomic size. . The stability of +5 oxidation state decreases whereas stability of +3 oxidation state increases due to inert pair effect. . Nitrogen shows oxidation states from ~3 to +5. . Nitrogen and phosphorus with oxidation states from +1 to +4 undergo oxidation as well as reduction in acidic medium. This process is called disproportionation. 3HNO; > HNO; + H20+2NO © Reactivity towards hydrogen: . All group 15 elements from trihydrides, MH. . Itbelongs to sp® hybridisation. . The stability of hydrides decreases down the group due to decrease in bond dissociation energy down the group. NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3; > BiH3 * Boiling point: PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3 < BiH . Boiling point increases with increase in size due to increase in van der Waals forces.. Boiling point of NH3 is more because of hydrogen bonding. * Bond angle: NHg (107.8) > PH3(99.5°) > AsH;(91.8°) & SbH3(91.3°) > BiH (90°) . Electronegativity of N is highest. Therefore, the lone pairs will be towards nitrogen and hence more repulsion between bond pairs. Therefore bond angle is the highest. After nitrogen, the electronegativity decreases down the group. . Basicity decreases as NH3> PH3> AsH3> SbH3< BiH3. This is because the lone pair of electrons are concentrated more on nitrogen and hence the basicity will be maximum in the case of NH3. It will decrease down the group as the electronegativity decreases down the group. The reducing power of hydrides increases down the group due to decrease in bond dissociation energy down the group. * Reactivity towards oxygen: . All group 15 elements from trioxides (Mz Os) and pentoxides (20s). . Acidic character of oxides decreases and basicity increases down the group. This is because the size of nitrogen is very small. . Ithas a strong positive field in a very small area. Therefore, it attracts the electrons of water O-H bond to itself and release H+ ions easily. . As we move down the group, the atomic size increases and so, the acidic character of oxide decreases and basicity increases down the group. * Reactivity towards halogen: Group 15 elements form trihalides and pentahalides. . Trihalides: These are covalent compounds and become ionic down the group with sp? hybridisation, pyramidal shape. . Pentahalides a). They are lewis acids because of the presence of vacant d - orbitals. b). They possess sp*d hybridisation and hence possess trigonalbirpyamidal shape. PCls +Cl- + [PCle]3. PCIS is ionic in solid state and exist as [PCy] + [PC] 4, In PCIS, there are three equatorial bonds and two axial bonds. The axial bonds are longer than equatorial bonds because of greater repulsion from equatorial bonds. 5, Nitrogen does not form pentahalides due to absence of d- orbitals. * Reactivity towards metals: All elements react with metals to form binary compounds in -3 oxidation state. Anomalous behaviour of nitrogen: The behaviour of nitrogen differs from rest of the elements. Reasons: i. Ithas a small size. ii. It does not have d — orbitals iii. Ithas high electronegativity iv. It has high ionization enthalpy nitrogen: a) Preparation: NH,CU(aq) + NaNOv (09) 2. No(g) + 2EO() + NaCl(ag) (NHa)20 120; AOS Ny +4H20 + Or20s Ba(N3) "> Ba + 3No b) Physical Properties: i) It isa colourless, odourless, tasteless and non — toxic gas. i) It is chemically un-reactive at ordinary temperature due to triple bond in N = N which has high bond dissociation energy. « Ammonia: 1. Ammonia molecule is trigonal pyramidal with nitrogen atom at the apex. 2. Ithas 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair. 3. Nis sp? hybridised.4, Preparation: Haber’s process: No(g) + 3H2(9) + 2NH3(9) AyH® = —46.1kJ mol! Pressure 200 10 Pa Temperature 773 K Catalyst is FeO with small amounts of 20 and Al, O3 © Nitric Acid: Ostwald Process: The NO thus formed is recycled and the aqueous H NOs can be concentrated by distillation upto ~ 68% by mass. Further concentration to 98% can be achieved by dehydration with concentrated H SOg.. Nitric acid is strong oxidizing agent in the concentrated as well as in the dilute state. Pt/Rh gauge 500k, 9 bar 4N Hy + 50, —————+ 4NO + 620 2NO + O2 + 2NO> 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) > 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) Phosphorus: a) It shows the property of catenation to maximum extent due to most stable P - P bond. b) It has many allotropes, the important ones are: i) White phosphorus ii) Red phosphorus iii) Black phosphorus © White phosphorus: . Discrete tetrahedral P4 molecules . Very reactive . Glows in dark . Translucent waxy solid . Soluble in C’'S2but insoluble in water . It has low ignition temperature, therefore, kept under water SER ene* Red phosphorus . Polymeric structure consisting of chains of P4 units linked together .. Less reactive than white phosphorus . Does not glow in dark . Has an iron grey lustre . Insoluble in water as well as C'S PPeNe * Black phosphorus . Exists in two forms - a black phosphorus and f black phosphorus . Very less reactive . Has an opaque monoclinic or rhombohedral crystals ep . 573k in an inert atmosphere for several days White phosphorus ————————_—__———-+ Red phosphorus . High pressure,473K White phosphorus ———————-+ Black phosphorus Tn a sealed tube,803K Red phosphorus ——> Black phosphorus © Phosphine . Itis highly poisonous, colourless gas and has a smell of rotten fish. .. Preparation Ca3P, + 6H2O -+ 3Ca(OH), + 2P Hs Calcium Water Calcium Phosphine Phosphide Hydroxide Ca3P + 6HOL— 3CaCh + 2PHs Phosphine P,+8NaOH + 3H20 — 3NaHzPO2+ PH Sodium Phosphine -Hypophosphite v * Chlorides of Phosphorous: a) Phosphorus Trichloride i) Itis a colourless oily liquid. ii) Preparation Ps + 10Cl2 + 4PClsPi +10S02Chk — 4PCls + 10S02 iii) With water, It gets hydrolysed in the presence of moisture. PCl3 + 3H2,O — H3PO3 +3HCL iv) Pyramidal shape, sp3 hybridisation v) With acetic acid 3CH; COOH + PCls — CH3;COCl+ H3P03 vi). With alcohol 302H30H + PCls + 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3 b) Phosphorus pentachloride C2H50H + PCls — C2H53Cl+ POCls + HCl 1, Yellowish white powder. 2, Trigonalbipyramidal shape, sp3dhybridisation . 3. Preparation 4, Py+10Cly + 4POls Py + 10S02Cl, + 4PCls + 10SO> . With water 6. PCls + H20 + POC; + 2HC1 POCIs + 3H20 + H3PO, +3HCL 7. With acetic acid 8. 3CH;COOH + PCI > CH3;COCI+ POCI; + HCl 9. With alcohol 10. With metals a 2Ag+ PCly > 2AgCl+ PCls Sn +2PCls > SnCly + 2PCls GROUP 16 ELEMENTS Oxidation states: