2

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
After completing this lesson, you will This is 20 periods Chapter
be able to: including practical work.
 Know the objectives of operating system
 Get familiar with functions of operating system
 Differentiate between common types of operating
systems (Command Line Interface, Menu Driven
Interface and Graphical User Interface)
 Define single user and multi-user operating systems
 Describe batch processing, time-sharing processing
and real-time processing
 Identify the basic icons of operating system having
graphical user interface
 Manage data (files/folders)
 Install operating system
 Install office automation software
 Install anti-virus software

UNIT INTRODUCTION
Computer user must know how to give commands to the computer to operate it properly.
Therefore, this unit is dedicated to provide basic knowledge about operating system. It teaches
the user how to use the operating system to run programs and manage files and folders. It
describes the steps involved in installation of operating system, office automation software and
antivirus software in computer. It presents material about the operating system used in modern
computers and those used in the past. This will teach the user about the advantages of modern
operating system over the old operating systems.
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 37

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Operating system is a collection of system software that controls the working of computer
system. It acts as an interface between the computer user and computer. It facilitates program
execution and helps in developing application programs.
2.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF OPERATING SYSTEM (O.S.)
The main objectives of the operating system are convenience and efficiency. It makes the
computer more convenient to use. It allows computer resources such as CPU, memory,
input/output devices and Internet to be used in an efficient manner. It can be viewed as a
resource manager.
2.1.2 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
The following are the main functions of operating system.
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Input/Output Management
 File Management
 Resource Management
 User Management
Process Management
Process management is an essential part of operating system (OS). A process is a
program in execution. In computer system multiple processes are executing concurrently or
waiting for their turn to be executed. A process in execution needs resources like processing
resource, memory and I/O resources. The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable
processes to share and exchange information, and protect the resources of each process from
other processes.
Memory Management
Memory management is the process of allocating memory space for user programs in main
memory. When programs are run by users, the operating system allocates portions of free
memory to programs. When a program is closed, operating system will free the memory portion
used by that program for reuse. The operating system automatically loads user programs in
available memory space and executes them.
Input/Output Management
Input/output management is the process of controlling the operation of all the input/output
devices attached to computer. User communicates with computer through various input/output
devices such as keyboard, mouse, monitor printer, etc. Management of these devices is the
responsibility of operating system. Operating system uses Input/Output controller to manage and
coordinate the operation of all the input/output devices.
38 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
File Management
File management system is part of operating system that organizes stores and keeps track
of computer files and folders. Computer files can be documents, programs, images, videos, etc.
Operating system controls the common operations performed on files. These operations include
creating, opening, editing, renaming, moving, copying, deleting and searching files.
Resource Management
Operating system automatically manages the resources of a computer when application
programs are executed by computer user. The resources of a computer include microprocessor,
memory and all the devices attached to the computer. Operating system allocates resources of
a computer to the application program according to the user’s requirement in an efficient way to
improve the performance of the computer.
User Management
User management is an important feature of operating system for maintaining a
secure computer system. The operating system gives full control over a computer system
to a person known as administrator. Administrator installs various programs on the
computer system for users. He also creates and manages user accounts. When a user
account is created, the user is assigned a user name and a password. Administrator allows
the users to run various application programs that are installed on the computer. A user
can login to the computer system by entering the user name and password, run programs
and save his files in his personal folder. Operating system does not allow the users to install
programs or create new users.
2.1.3 OPERATING SYSTEMS INTERFACES
There are three types of operating systems based on ways of interaction with computer
(interface). The three types of interfaces are:
 Command Line Interface
 Menu Driven Interface
 Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Command Line Interface (CLI)
In CLI, commands are given to computer with keyboard. It is based on textual input. The
user types in a command and presses the Enter key to execute it. Two commonly used operating
systems that use CLI are DOS (Disk Operating System) and UNIX. CLI is difficult to use because
users have to remember the commands to perform any task.
 Disk Operating System (DOS)
DOS was the most popular CLI operating system. DOS displays the prompt (C:\>) to enter
commands. User must know the syntax of the command. DOS commands are difficult to
remember. Some DOS commands are still supported by the new Windows operating system. It
is a single user and single task operating system.
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 39
The following are some examples of DOS commands with their DO YOU KNOW?
description Microsoft introduced
the MS DOS in 1981
DIR Display the contents of current directory (folder) and it was replaced by
FORMAT D: Format the D drive Windows 3.0 in 1990.
CD\PICS CD stands for Change Directory, which makes
PICS the current directory
Some DOS commands are shown in Fig.2-1.

 UNIX

Fig.2-1 DOS Interface

UNIX is a multi-user CLI operating system introduced in 1969. It allows multiple users to
run different programs at the same time. UNIX was developed for use on large computer system

Fig.2-2 UNIX Interface

40 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
(Mainframe). It uses a command line interface but later Graphical User Interface was also
introduced. UNIX commands are shown in Fig.2-2.
Menu Driven Interface
Menu driven interface presents a menu on the screen, user makes a choice and then the
next menu appears. The user makes
another choice and so on. Menu
driven interface is easy to use as
compared to CLI. The user reads the
options and makes his choices.
Menus contain the commands to use
the operating system. Menu driven
interface is also used in some
application programs and other
devices such as mobile phone and
iPod.
The following are two common menu
Fig.2-3 Novell Netware Interface driven operating systems
 Novell’s Netware
Novell’s Netware was a menu-
driven operating system that was
used in the past. Its first version was
released in 1993. Novell’s Netware
interface is shown in Fig.2-3.

 ProDOS
ProDOS was another menu-driven
operating system that was used on
some Apple computers. ProDOS
interface is shown in Fig.2-4.

Fig.2-4 ProDOS Interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

GUI is a graphical interface for computer users to interact with computer. It uses windows,
icons, menus and pointer. Window is a rectangular portion of monitor in which information is
displayed. Icon is a graphical symbol that represents a file, folder, program, device, etc. To
perform a task, the user has to select icons or make choices in menus using a pointing device
such as mouse.
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 41
The following are the advantages of GUI.
i. Much easier to learn and use
ii. No need to memorize the commands
iii. Allows users to run more than one program at the same time
iv. Most of the GUIs provide good help facilities
v. Many application programs also use a similar interface so it is easy to use a new program
The following are the disadvantages of GUI.
i. Takes up lot of memory.
ii. Needs faster computer as compared to other interfaces.
Examples of operating systems that use GUI are Macintosh, Linux and Windows.
 Macintosh Operating System
Mac OS is a series of operating systems developed by Apple Incorporation for their
Macintosh computers. It was introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh computer and has
GUI. The latest version is Mac OS X. It is a UNIX based user-friendly operating system. There
are some specialized versions of Mac OS X used on devices such as iPhone, iPod, iPad and
new Apple TV. Mac OS X interface is shown in Fig.2-5.

Fig.2-5 Mac OS X Interface

 Linux Operating System

Linux is free open-source operating system introduced by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is
faster but difficult to use as compared to Macintosh and Windows operating systems. It is not a
popular operating system. Linus Torvalds started the development of Linux operating system
and laid its foundation. Millions of programmers around the world work on Linux to improve it
42 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
Its source code is freely
available on Internet.
Programmers can view, edit
and publish an improved
version.
Linux OS can be installed
on PCs, laptops, netbooks,
mobile and tablet devices,
video game consoles, servers,
supercomputers and more. The
Linux OS is frequently
packaged as a Linux
distribution for both desktop
Fig.2-6 Linux Interface
and server use, and includes
the Linux kernel (the core of the operating system) as well as supporting tools and libraries.
Popular Linux OS distributions include Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat and openSUSE. Linux
operating system interface is shown in Fig.2-6.

 Windows Operating System

Windows is the most popular operating system used on microcomputers in English. It was
developed by Microsoft. Many different versions of Windows operating system were developed
and used successfully in the past. Some of these versions are Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows Millennium, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8 and 10. The latest version is
Windows 10. Windows 10 interface is shown in Fig.2-7. It is also operatable in Urdu Language.

Fig.2-7 Windows 10 Interface

 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 43

2.2 OPERATING SYSTEM

2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating systems can be classified into two major categories, single-user and multi-user
operating systems.
Single-user Operating System
Operating system that is used by a single user at a time is known as single-user operating
system.
 It allows a single user to login and use the computer at a time. It is easy to use.
 Resources of the computer, such as CPU, memory and input/output devices are not shared
with other computers.
 It is used on microcomputers.
 User can open many programs at the same time and switch among them as required.
 It requires less memory and costs less.
 Some examples of single-user operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, Windows XP,
Windows 7, etc.
Multi-user Operating System
Operating system that allows many users to use a computer at the same time is known is
multi-user operating system.
 It allows many users to login to a single big computer and run different programs at the
same time.
 It shares the resources of the computer with other users over the network.
 It is used on minicomputers and mainframes.
 Users can communicate with each other and share files.
 A person known as administrator is responsible for assigning and managing user names
and passwords.
 It requires a powerful CPU, large memory and large hard drives.
 It supports multiprogramming and time-sharing.
 Windows NT, UNIX and Linux are popular multi-user operating systems.
2.2.2 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
There are three types of operating systems. These are batch processing, Time-sharing
and real-time operating systems.
Batch Processing System
In a batch processing system, jobs are grouped in batches and the computer executes
them one.by.one. When the current job terminates, the computer automatically loads the next
job and starts executing it. Batch processing operating systems greatly improved the use of
computer system.
44 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
Batch processing systems are suitable for tasks where large amount of data has to be
collected and processed on a regular basis. For example, in credit card billing systems, all the
data of credit card holders is collected and held until processed as a batch at the end of billing
cycle. As another example, in examination report card system, all the data of students’
examinations is collected and processed as a batch for printing report cards.
Timesharing System
Timesharing system is a feature of operating system in which multiple users can run
different programs on a large-scale computer. It allows many users to have access to a
computer at the same time and share the computer’s time. In a timesharing system, the central
processing unit is switched rapidly between the programs so that all the user programs are
executed simultaneously. The operating systems used in minicomputers and mainframe
computers support timesharing. Timesharing operating systems are used in organizations such
as airline, bank, hotel, university, etc. where many users need access to the central computer
at the same time.
For example, hundreds of students access the university’s mainframe computer at the
same time and they run different programs in a timesharing system in interactive mode.
Real time Systems
Real time operating systems must process information and produce a response within a
specified time. These operating systems are developed for special applications.
These are used to control industrial processes such as oil refining. Real time operating
systems are used to supply immediate response within limited time. For example, a
measurement from an oil refinery indicating that temperatures are getting too high might demand
quick response to avert an explosion.
There are a number of real-time operating systems used in military and space research
programs. For example, real-time operating system is used to monitor the position of rocket in
the space. Many cities are installing real-time traffic control systems to facilitate smooth flow of
traffic at busy intersections.

2.3 GETTING STARTED WITH GUI OPERATING SYSTEM

A GUI Operating System provides a user-friendly interface. This makes it easier for people
with little computer skills to operate the computer. A GUI combines four elements which are
Window, Icon, Menu and Pointer. All the information displayed on the screen is presented inside
a window. Small graphical symbols known as icons are used to represent files, folders, drives,
programs and commands. Menus present various commands from which the user makes a
selection with a pointing device. Mouse or touchpad is used as pointing device for performing
different tasks such as selecting an option or opening a file, folder or program.
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 45
2.3.1 BASIC ICONS OF GUI OPERATING SYSTEM
An icon is a small graphical symbol that represents a file, folder, application or device. There are
some special system icons such as Recycle Bin and Computer that are kept on the desktop.
Icon has a label at the bottom describing its name.
The basic icons of Windows 7 are shown in Fig.2-8 and are described below.

Fig.2-8(a) Recycle Bin, (b) Computer icon, (c) Folder icon, (d) File icon (e) Program icon (f) Shortcut icons

Recycle Bin
It is a temporary place (folder) for items that the user Tip: You can delete a file from your
deletes from the hard disk. When a file or folder is deleted hard disk without sending it to
from a hard disk it goes to the Recycle Bin. The user can Recycle Bin by clicking the file and
then pressing Shift + Delete keys.
restore it to its original location. User can also delete a file or
folder permanently from the Recycle Bin.
Computer Icon
Computer icon allows the user to access the contents of computer drives and manage files
and folders. When user double-clicks on Computer icon, it will open a window similar to the one
shown in Fig.2-9 that displays the drives present in the computer. It is used to navigate and
manage the computer
resources.
Folder Icon
Folder icon resembles a
physical file folder. It is used to
store files. A folder can have
another folder inside it which is
known as subfolder. Folders are
used to keep files in an
organized manner on a storage
device such as hard disk so that
they can be accessed easily.

Tip: Right click a shortcut icon,

select Properties and click Open
File Location to know the location
of program, file or folder to which a
shortcut belongs. Fig.2-9 Computer-Icon window
46 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
File Icon
In a GUI, files are also represented by icons. A file may contain text, image, music or video.
Users recognize a file by its icon. Icon of a Microsoft Word file is shown in Fig.2-8(d).
Program Icon
Executable program files are also represented by icons. Different graphical symbols are
used for different program icons. Program icon of Acrobat Reader is shown in Fig.2-8(e).
Shortcut Icon
Shortcut icons are created to access a program, file or folder quickly. They have an
arrow at the bottom left corner and the name below it. Shortcut icon of Google Chrome is shown
in Fig.2-8(f).
2.3.2 MANAGING DATA (FILES/FOLDERS)
Managing data means storing files in secondary
Tip: You can create a new folder in
storage devices such as hard disk or USB flash drive, in an
Windows Explorer by simply pressing
organized way. This helps in finding files easily and quickly. the Ctrl+Shift+N keys and then
Files are stored in folders. The Document folder in rename it.
Windows is the default folder where the user saves files.
File management tools of GUI operating system provide facilities to quickly and easily
create folders and copy or move files into them. It also allows the user to delete files and folders
that are not needed any more.
The following are the steps to create a new folder.
1. Go to the location where a folder is to be created.
2. Right-click a blank area, point to New in the shortcut menu and then click Folder as shown
in Fig.2-10.
3. Type a name for the new
folder and then press Enter key.
The following are the steps to
copy or move files.
1. Go to the location from where
files are to be copied or moved.
2. Select the files to copy or
move.
To select consecutive group
of multiple files or folders, create
a selection around the outside of
all the items by dragging the
mouse pointer.
Fig.2-10 Shortcut menu to create a folder
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 47
To select non-consecutive group of files or folders, press and hold down the Ctrl key and
then click each item one by one.
To select all the items in a window, click Organize on the toolbar and then click Select all.
3. Right-click on any selected file icon and then select copy or move from the shortcut menu
as shown in Fig.2-11.

DO YOU KNOW?
There are six different versions of Windows 7. These are Starter, Home Basic, Home
Premium, Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate.

Fig.2-11 Shortcut menu for copying or moving files

4. Go to the location where the files are to be copied or moved.

5. Right-click a blank area and click Paste.
The following are the steps to delete files or folders.
1. Go to the location from where files or folders are to be deleted.
2. Select the items to delete as describe earlier.
3. Right-click any selected item and then click Delete in the shortcut menu.

2.4 SYSTEM INSTALLATION

A computer system consists of hardware and software. Before the use of computer, user
must install the operating system and other required software.
48 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
2.4.1 INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 10 OPERATING SYSTEM
The following are the steps for installation of Windows 10 operating system.
1. Turn on the computer and insert the Windows 10 DVD and boot the computer. Make sure
DVD is set as the first boot device.
2. When the screen shown in Fig.2-12 appears, select the Language, Time and currency
format, Keyboard or input method and click Next.

Fig.2-12 Screen to select language and time and currency format

3. Click Install now in the screen shown in Fig.2-13 to start installation of Windows 10.

Fig.2-13 Screen to Install now

 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 49
4. Wait for a few seconds for the setup to start (Fig. 2-14).

Figure 2-14

5. If you have a product key, enter it, otherwise click on Skip (Fig. 2-15).

Figure 2-15
50 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
6. Accept the license terms and click on Next (Fig. 2-16).

Figure 2-16

7. Select “Custom: install Windows only ( Advanced )” (Fig. 2-17)

Figure 2-17
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 51
8. Select the drive where you want to install Windows 10 (Fig. 2-18).
Note: Make sure the drive is formatted, if not you can format by selecting the format option
provided.

Figure 2-18

9. Wait for a sometime until Windows is being installed. This may take from a few minutes to
an hour depending on the hardware of your personal computer. Once this process is
complete, your PC will restart (Fig. 2-19).

Figure 2-19
52 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
10. Choose Windows 10 (Fig. 2-20).

Figure 2-20

11. Wait for some more time (Fig. 2-21).

Figure 2-21
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 53
12. Enter a serial key, otherwise click on Do this later to skip this option (Fig. 2-22).

Figure 2-22

13. Click on Use express settings to use the recommended settings. Alternatively you can even
click on Customize settings to customize the settings (Fig. 2-23).

Figure 2-23
54 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
14. Wait for a few seconds more (Fig. 2-24).

Figure 2-24

15. Enter a name and password to create your account (Fig. 2-25).

Figure 2-25
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 55
16. Wait for a few seconds more (Fig. 2-26).

Figure 2-26 a

Figure 2-26 b
56 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
17. There you go, you are finally on Windows 10 (Fig. 2-27).

Figure 2-27 a

Figure 2-27 b
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 57
2.4.2 INSTALLATION OF ANITVIRUS SOFTWARE
The following are the steps for installation of AVG Antivirus software. DO YOU KNOW?
1. Download the AVG Antivirus Free Edition The first antivirus
software was
from Internet that runs on Microsoft Windows. developed by Bernd
2. Double-click on the installation program Fix in early 1987 to
remove Vienna virus.
shown in Fig.2-28.
3. Welcome screen will appear as shown in Fig.2-29. Click the Next
Fig.2-28 Icon of AVG button to proceed with the installation.
Antivirus program

Fig.2-29 Welcome screen of AVG Antivirus

4. License Agreement screen will be displayed as shown in Fig.2-30. Click Accept to continue
with the installation.

Fig.2-30 License Agreement screen

58 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
5. Select Express Install in the screen shown in Fig.2-31 and click Next.

Fig.2-31 Screen to select type of installation

6. Click Next to accept the default Component Selection shown in the screen of Fig.2-32.

Fig.2-32 Screen to select custom options

 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 59

7. Tick () the option in the screen of Fig.2-33 if required and click Finish to complete the
installation.

Fig.2-33 Screen to finish the installation

2.4.3 WINDOWS DEFENDER

Windows 10 comes with Windows Defender which is anti-virus software. Now, computer
users do not have to buy anti-virus software. When Windows 10 is installed on a computer,
Windows Defender is also installed as built-in anti-virus software. It runs in the background and
checks for viruses. It automatically scans programs and files that user opens or downloads. If
any type of malware is detected, it will display warning message and recommend what to do
next to keep the computer safe.

Key Points

 Operating System is a collection of system software that controls the working of

computer system and acts as an interface between the computer user and
computer.

 The main objectives of operating system are convenience and efficiency. It makes the
computer more convenient to use.
60 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
 Memory Management is the process of allocating memory space for user programs in main
memory and managing it.

 Input/Output Management is the process of controlling the operation of all the input/output
devices attached to computer.

 File Management System is the part of operating system that organizes, stores and keeps
track of computer files and folders.

 Resource Management refers to the automatic management of resources of a

computer by the operating system when application programs are executed by
computer user. Resources of a computer are CPU, memory, input/output
devices, etc.

 User Management is an important feature of operating system for creating and managing
user accounts for a secure computer system.

 Command Line Interface (CLI) is a type of computer interface that is based on textual input.
In CLI, commands are given with a keyboard.

 Menu Driven Interface presents a menu on the screen and the user makes a choice and
then the next menu appears. The user makes another choice and so on to operate the
computer.

 GUI is a graphical interface for computer users to interact with computer. It uses windows,
icons, menus and pointer. To perform a task, the user has to select icons or make choices
in menus using a mouse.

 The operating system that is used by a single user at a time is known as Single.user
Operating System. It is used in microcomputers.

 Multi-user Operating System allows many users to use a computer at the same time. These
are used on large computers such as minicomputers and mainframes. They manage a
large number of users.

 Batch Processing System groups jobs in batches and the computer executes them
one.by.one.

 Time-sharing System is a feature of operating system in which multiple users can run
different programs on a large-scale computer. It allows many users to have access to a
computer at the same time and share the computer’s time.

 Real-time System must process information and produce a response within a specified
time. It is developed for special applications.
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 61
 Recycle Bin is a temporary place (folder) for items that the user deletes form the hard disk.
Deleted items can be restored if required.

 Computer icon allows the user to access the contents of computer drives and manage files
and folders.

 Folder icon resembles a physical file folder and it is used to store files.

 In a GUI files are represented by file icons. A file can be easily recognized by looking at its
icon. It opens by double-clicking on it.

 Program icons represent executable program files. They open when the user Double-clicks
on them.

 Shortcut icons are created to access a program, file or folder quickly. They have an arrow
at bottom left corner and the name below it.

 Managing Data means storing files in secondary storage devices such as hard disk or USB
flash drive, in an organized way in folders so that they can be accessed easily and quickly
when needed.

Exercise
Q1. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.
i. Which interface is based on textual input?
A. GUI B. CLI
C. Menu-driven interface D. Windows
ii. Which of the following interface uses window, icon, menu and pointer to interact with
computer?
A. GUI B. CLI
C. Menu-driven interface D. DOS
iii. Which of the following operating system was introduced in 1969?
A. Macintosh B Linux
C. Unix D. Windows
iv. Which of the following operating system must process information and produce a
response within a specified time?
A. Batch Processing System B. Time-sharing System
C. Multiprogramming System D. Real-time System
62 2 Fundamentals of Operating System
v. Which of the following is open source operating system?
A. UNIX B. Linux
C. DOS D. Novell’s Netware
vi. Which of the following user interface is the easiest one to learn and use?
A. CLI B. GUI
C. Menu driven interface D. DOS
vii. Which of the following operating system allows many users to use a computer at the same
time?
A. Single-user operating system B. Batch processing system
C. Real-time processing system D. Multi-user operating system
viii. In which of the following operating system, CPU is switched rapidly between all the
programs to simultaneously execute all of them?
A. Batch Processing System B. Time-sharing System
B. Real-time System D. DOS
ix. Which of the following Windows icon allows user to access a program, file or folder
quickly?
A. Program icon B. Computer icon
C. Shortcut icon D. Recycle Bin icon
x. Which of the following Windows icon allows user to access the contents of computer
drives and manage files and folders?
A. Program icon B. Computer icon
B. Shortcut icon D. Recycle Bin icon
Q2. Write short answers of the following questions.
i. Why operating system is important software for a computer? Give any five reasons.
ii. Give any three objectives of operating system?

iii. Mention few disadvantages of using DOS.

iv. Name two operating systems which are used in modern mobile phones.

v. What difficulties a student may face if he/she is not familiar with the operating system
of a computer?
vi. Define UNIX and Windows operating system.
vii. Differentiate between single-user and multi-user operating systems.
viii. What is meant by managing data and why is it important?
 2 Fundamentals of Operating System 63
ix. What is meant by resources of computer?
x. What types of problems may a student face if no antivirus is installed in his/her

computer system.

Q3. Write long answers of the following questions.

i. Explain the main functions of operating system.
ii. Describe the following computer interfaces.
a) Command Line Interface

b) Graphical User Interface

c) Menu-driven Interface
iii. Describe the following types of operating systems.
a) Batch Processing System

b) Time-sharing System
c) Real-time System
iv. Write notes on Macintosh and Linux operating systems.

v. Describe the basic icons of Windows operating system.

Lab Activities
Activity 1: The commonly used commands for using Windows operating system should
be demonstrated. Students should be shown how to open and close a program. The
commands for setting date and time, adjusting resolution, changing desktop background,
color scheme, screen saver, etc. should be demonstrated.
Activity 2: The file management commands such as create folder, copy, move, delete,
rename files and folders are to be demonstrated. Use of Recycle Bin should be
demonstrated.
Activity 3: Installation and un-installation of a program and antivirus software should be
demonstrated to students.