MATEC Web of Conferences 330, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.

1051/matecconf/202033001005
ICOME’19

Effect of magnetic field on nanofluid free convection in Conical

Partially Annular Space
Abderrahmane AISSA1, Mohamed Amine MEDEBBER1, Khaled Al-Farhany2, Mohammed SAHNOUN1, Ali Khaleel
Kareem3 Mohammed EL GANAOUI4,

1 Laboratoire de Physique Quantique de la Matière et Modélisation Mathématique (LPQ3M), Université Mustapha Stambouli de
Mascara, Algeria
2 Department of mechanical engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
3 Department of Mechanical engineering, University of Najaf, Iraq
4 Laboratoire énergétique de Longwy (FJV/LERMAB), Université de Lorraine, France

Abstract. Natural convection of a magneto hydrodynamic nanofluid in a porous cavity in the presence of
a magnetic field is investigated. The two vertical side walls are held isothermally at temperatures Th and Tc,
while the horizontal walls of the outer cone are adiabatic. The governing equations obtained with the
Boussinesq approximation are solved using Comsol Multiphysics finite element analysis and simulation
software. Impact of Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartmann number (Ha) and nanofluid volume fraction (∅) are
depicted. Results indicated that temperature gradient increases considerably with enhance of Ra and ∅ but it
reduces with increases of Ha.

1 Introduction previously concerning the effect of surface radiation on

the thermal, dynamic fields and heat transfer.
Actually, many studies have been focused on the
The problems of natural convection of modern fluids problems of natural convection in different cavities filled
filled with nano-particles in different cavities have been with nanofluid. Khanafer et al. [7] investigated analytical
the subject of many studies. This is due to the important model to find out the natural convection heat transfer in
role it plays in many technical and engineering nanofluid. Sheikha M. Al-Weheibi et al [8] analysed
applications such as, solar energy collectors, nuclear unsteady natural convection flow and heat transfer inside
engineering, cooling of electrical components, a trapezoidal enclosure filled with nine different types of
geothermal energy extraction, food industries and etc. nanofluid having various shapes of the nanoparticle.
the problem of the low thermal conductivity of the They founded that Heat transfer rate increases with the
working fluid such as air and water used in thermal increase of the aspect ratio of the trapezoidal enclosure
equipments has been solved by adding metal nano- and with increased volume fraction of the nanoparticles
particles. in the base fluid.
Many researchers focused their investigation on the heat Based on the above-mentioned works, and published
transfer and fluid flow behaviour in a rectangular cavity. results according to our best knowledge that there is no
One of the well documented studies the natural works has been published yet, devoted to studying
convection in rectangular enclosures differentially features of free convection heat transfer in such conical
heated filled with air was presented by Behnia et al. [1] geometry (X=h/H=0.5): the inner cylinder height is
numerically studied the combined radiation and natural different than the outer cone. Therefore, we focus our
convection in a rectangular cavity with a transparent wall attention to study the laminar free convection heat
and containing a nonparticipating fluid. They showed transfer in a cylindrical cavity partially annular filled
that the radiation tends to accelerate the flow and this with Cu-water nanofluid under radial magnetic field. The
tendency increases with the increase of the Rayleigh aim here was to investigate effects of pertinent
number. Subsequently, Balaji et Venkateshan [2] parameters such as Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤106),
analysed the same problem for a square cavity with Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤100), and solid volume
opaque external surfaces. The results obtained show that fraction is fixed ϕ=0.04 on the flow and the heat transfer
the surface radiations effect the convective transfer. in the conical cavity
Although other studies concerning this type of coupling
are carried out in different geometrical configurations
and for various boundary conditions [3-6], practically 2 Physical & mathematical formulation
they all converge on the same conclusions made

*
Corresponding author: aissa86@gmail.com
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 330, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001005
ICOME’19

In this present problem the geometry is schematized Equation of motion according to z:

for studied the flow produced by natural convection in a
vertical conical partial annulus; where the annulus is
filled with air. The analysis domain is delimited by two
concentric cone and a cylinder with isothermal walls of
the inner and outer axial height h and H, respectively..
The top and bottom walls of the outer cone are (5)
considered adiabatic, as shown in Fig. 1. Energy equation in both directions of the magnetic field:

(6)

The Thermophysical properties of nanofluid are

determined by the correlations of Khanafer et al. [7].
The physical properties of the pure fluid (water) and
those of the nanoparticles (Cu) are given in Table 1

Table 1. Thermophysical properties of nanofluid

Water pure Cuivre (Cu)

Pr 6.2
ρ (kg.m-3) 997.1 8933
Cp (J.kg-1.K-1) 4179 385
Fig. 1: Physical model of the problem -1 -1
k (W.m .K ) 0.613 401
2.1 Governing Equations: β (K-1) 21×10-5 1.67×10-5
The equations governing the problem are written in
dimensional form as follows: The thermal diffusivity of equation (6) is given by:

The continuity equation for the two directions of the (7)

magnetic field:
The electrical conductivity of the nanofluid is given by:
(1)
(8)
When the magnetic field is applied radially: The effective density of the nanofluid is expressed by:
Equation of motion according to r:
(9)
The heat capacity of the nanofluid is expressed by:

(10)
(2)
The coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofluid is
Equation of motion according to z: given by:

(11)
The dynamic viscosity of nanofluid is modeled by
Brinkman [9].

(12)
(3)

When the magnetic field is applied axially: (13)

Equation of motion according to r: By introducing dimensionless parameters defined by:

𝑅𝑅= , , ,
,
(4)

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MATEC Web of Conferences 330, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001005
ICOME’19

Hartmann number on streamlines, isotherms, the

, , , dimensionless y-velocity and average Nusselt number.
The Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartmann number (Ha), and
the solid volume fraction (ϕ) are assumed to be in the
, (17) following ranges: 103≤Ra≤106, 0≤Ha≤120, and
0≤ϕ≤0.06.
The dimensionless form of the governing equations (1) -
(6) is presented by:
3.1 Effect of Hartmann Number on the Streamlines
and Isothermes
The enclosure is filled with water–Cu nanofluid with a
solid volume fraction of ϕ=0.04. Figures 2, 3, show,
(18) respectively, the streamlines and isotherms for five
Rayleigh numbers (Ra=103, 104, 105, and 106) and
Where replaces the dimensionless parameters U, V Hartmann numbers (Ha=0, 25, 50 and 100).
and θ while Гφ et Sφ are respectively the terms diffusion
and source. These variables are given in Table 2.
The governing equations are accompanied with the Ra=103 Ra=104
following boundary conditions:
Axis of symmetry:

A R=0 (19a)

Adiabatic side wall:

A R=1 U=V=0 (19b)

Hot bottom wall:

A Z=0 U=V=0 θ=1 (19c)
Cold upper wall:

A U=V=0 θ=0 (19d)

2.2 Validation
In order to validate the present results, the numerical
results must be validated with the results published in the Ra=105 Ra=106
open literature. Validation with the published paper by
Sajjadi et al. [10] has been done. The results are
compared with MWCNT–Fe3O4 /water hybrid, MHD
natural convection in a porous medium and geometry
presented by Sajjadi et al. The results are illustrated in
Table 2.

Table 2. A comparison of the average Nusselt number with

previous work for φ=0, Ha=0

Ha=0

Ra Present Sajjadi et al. [22]

3
10 1.01 1.1

104 2.11 2.03

105 3.6 3.66

3. Results and discussion

Fig. 2: Isotherm and streamlines for different Ra at
In this section, the results of numerical simulations are Ha=0, φ=0.04
presented with an objective to understand the effect of

3
MATEC Web of Conferences 330, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001005
ICOME’19

For different Hartmann numbers and low values of Figure 5 shows the variation in average Nusselt number
Rayleigh number, we observe (fig 2) that the conduction according to Rayleigh number (Ra=103, 104, 105, and
regime is predominant with vertical isotherms and weak 106) at different values of Hartmann number (Ha=0, 25,
clockwise circulation in the cavity. The Circulation 50 and 100) for solid volume fraction equal to 0.04. We
intensity is weaker due to the weak buoyancy forces. observe that average Nusselt number increase for various
Hartmann number with increasing of Rayleigh numbers.
Ha=50 Ha=100

10
Ha=0 f=0,04
Ha=25
Ha=50
Ha=100
8

Nuavg
6

103 104 105 106

Ra

Fig05: Nusselt number for different Rayleigh

number at φ=0.04

Fig3. Isotherm and streamlines for different Ha at

Ra=105, φ=0.04 4. Conclusion
As Ra=105, the flow field shows a strong circulation, the
Natural convection in a conical cavity filled with a Cu-
appearance of roll rotating in the core region indicating
water nanofluid and under the action of an external
the mode of free convection. But the flow is immobilized
magnetic field has been numerically studied.
by a stable stratification doe to increasing of Hartmann
The effect of magnetic field on flow and heat transfer
numbers (Ha=100). rate was examined.
The main results are:
3.2Vertical velocity profile - The magnetic field reduces circulation in the conical
cavity.
The vertical velocity profiles at X=0. 5 are shown in - When the conductive regime is dominant (Ra = 10 3),
figure 4. The conical space region is surrounded by a the intensity of the magnetic field have a small effect on
convective roll rotating in a clockwise sense. Large the heat transfer rate for all values of Ha.
velocity gradients indicating a boundary layer structure -The thermal performance increases with the
exist in regions adjacent to the thermally active (hot and augmentation of Ra and reduces with the enhance Ha.
cold) walls and isolated walls.When Ha > 25, the flow is
week in the core of conical space., we observe an overall
decrease in the velocities.
5.Reference;
60
Ha=0

40
Ha=25 [1]. M. Behnia, J. A. Reizes and G. De Vahl Davis, Int.
J. Numer. Methods Fluids, vol. 10, 1990.
Ha=50
Ha=100
20 [2]. C. Balaji and S. P. Venkateshan, Int. J. Heat and
Fluid Flow, vol. 14, n° 3, 1993.
axial velocity

0
[3]. H. Nouanegue, A. Muftuoglu and E. Bilgen, Int. J.
-20
Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 51, 2008.
[4]. C. Balaji, S.P. Venkateshan, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow
-40 14 (3) (1993).
[5]. K. Velusamy, T. Sundararajan and K. Seetharamu,
-60
0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 123, 2001.
Y [6]. A. Mezrhab, H. Bouali, H. Amaoui, M. Bouzidi,
Appl. Energy 83 (2006).
Fig. 4: Variation of vertical velocity component along [7]. K. Khanafer, K. Vafai, M. Lightstone, Int. J. Heat
middle horizontal line of the enclosure Mass Transfer 46 (2003).

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MATEC Web of Conferences 330, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001005
ICOME’19

[8]. Sheikha M. Al-Weheibi , M.M. Rahman , M.S.

Alam , K. Vajravelu , International Journal of
Mechanical Sciences (2017).
[9]. H.C. Brinkman, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952).
[10]. H. Sajjadi, A. Amiri Delouei, M. Sheikholeslami,
M. Atashafrooz, S. Succi, Physica A: Statistical
Mechanics and its Applications 515, 2019.