Chapter 1

Science and Technology Throughout History

Introduction of Science, Technology and Society (STS

This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society. It is the goal of this
lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology

Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. From
the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society. So, how can science be defined?

Meaning of Science

 Science is a systematized body of knowledge

 Science is an organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific method)
 Science is knowledge gained through observation and experimentation
 Science is a human activity; scientist
 Science is a social enterprise: people, knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses and technologies
 Science leads to formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, law and procedures which seek to describe
and explain nature and its phenomena

Other concepts of Science

1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the
natural and physical world.

2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This
process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.

3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.

4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human
beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people's lives.

Meaning of Technology

 Technology as material products; results of scientific inquiry; hardware produced by a scientist

 Technology as the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems that will help humans to
survive and improve his life
 Technology as human cultural activities or endeavors
 Technology as a social enterprise - Technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools,
materials and resources applied and allocated to the development, operation and production of a new or improved
product, process or services.
 Technology as modern technology based on the advances of science since the end of WWII to the present.

Meaning of Society
  an organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or
other purposes.
Synonyms: company, brotherhood, fraternity, fellowship, association
 a body of individuals living as members of a community; community.
 the body of human beings generally, associated or viewed as members of a community: the evolution of human
society.
 a highly structured system of human organization for large-scale community living that normally furnishes protection,
continuity, security, and a national identity for its members
 such a system characterized by its dominant economic class or form:
middle-class society;
industrial society.
 the social life of wealthy, prominent, or fashionable persons. the social class that comprises such persons.

The Meaning of Science and Technology

Science, technology and society (STS), also referred to as science and technology studies, is the study of how social,
political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society
STS scholars are interested in a variety of problems including the relationships between scientific and technological
innovations and society, and the directions and risks of science and technology. The field of STS is related to history and
philosophy of science although with a much broader emphasis on social aspects of science and technology.

Science, technology and society refers to the interaction between science and technology and social cultural, political and
economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them, specific examples throughout human history of scientific and
technological developments.

Science, Technology, and Society is a broad topic that encompasses the intersections among these three fields of
discipline. Science is a systematic and organized body of knowledge that explains or predicts nature and the universe.
Technology is the collection of methods, techniques, and processes used in the production of goods or services, or the
accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation, or any other consumer demands. Science may drive
technological development by generating demand for new instruments to address a scientific questions or issues, or by
illustrating technical possibilities previously unconsidered.

In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation, by creating demand for technological improvements that can only be
produced through scientific research and investigation, and by raising questions about the underlying principles that a new
technology relies on.

In other words, technology is the child (product) of science; and science is the parent (cause) of technology. Technology
uses scientific principles and scientific findings in achieving technological advancements and improvement. Without science,
technological improvement is left to chance.

Science and technology affect society in general. These are as follows.

✔ Improved S&T result to industrialization and thus converting a simple society to a complex one

✔ People's life and lifestyle change as a result of improved S&T

✔ Urbanization results when S&T improve because people usually migrate to a place where their basic needs are met.

✔ People have stronger desire for material goods when S&T improve in the place

✔ More discoveries and inventions that benefit the people due to improved S&T.

Disadvantages and Ethical Dilemmas of Science and Technology

1. Threats to human survival the invention of nuclear weapons in 1945, like the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
that caused deaths of many people. This was a product of chemical and biological warfare (bio-warfare); toxic wastes
produced by manufacturing companies that threaten human survival and stability of the environment.

2. Ethical dilemmas - exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge and technological devices and systems gave rise to
situations in which advances seem to have turned against their beneficiaries, creating ethical dilemmas. The negative
effects of technology are numerous in our march to progress we have degraded the natural world. Forests are chopped
down, topsoil is washed away, rivers are polluted and

3. Disparities in Human well-being - there are advanced countries enjoying science and technology based successes and
hold high esteem in contemporary society. (Economic strength), versus millions of people in less developed countries who
have not partaken in these benefits.

4. Social and Cultural Conflicts- Military power is vital for national power is vital for national security of many governments
Superior and highly technical weapons dictated the outcomes of some recent wars.

5. Innovating technologies can have negative consequences for certain sectors of some recent constituencies:

 include pollution associated with production processes,

 increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies,

 conversion of agricultural land into urban areas,

 effect on humans psychologically and emotionally - the usage and addiction of new gadgets

 effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can cause fatal births and diseases.

 global warming

Historical Development of Science and Technology in the World

Science and technology had been around from the beginning of time They can be traced from the origin of human life two
million years ago. The earliest known form of human artifacts about 2.3 million years ago were roughly shaped stones used
for chopping and scraping. These stones were primarily found in Eastern Africa. Some of the earliest scientific record as
evidence of emerging science came from Mesopotamian cultures around 400 BC are disease symptoms, chemical
substance and astronomical observation instruments. During the same period in the Nile Valley of Egypt, there were
evidences regarding the treatment of wounds and diseases that were found. Even some mathematical calculations currently
used in Geometry and Trigonometry such as angles, rectangles, triangles, volume of a portion of a pyramid have been
found around for thousands of years.

From 300-400 BC, there was a rise in philosophers who wrote topics on psychology, biology, and a host of others. There
was Euclid considered as the "Father of Modern Geometry" and Archimedes, the founder of engineering mechanics who
calculated a value for pi which is being used today. He also invented the first water pump.

In other words, people during the ancient time have developed and utilized tools, machines, and techniques without fully
understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical and chemical composition.

The early middle period which began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the coming of Islam in the 7th
century and the rise of Charlemagne in the 8th century, intellectual scientific, and technological activities were mainly
concentrated on the Christian faith. Medicine and botanical knowledge were used for the church's duty to help and tend the
sick. Scientific issues were hardly even discussed in depth by the church and people. One possible reason was that the
medieval intellectuals simply "had no time for occupations like science." Another reason was that the clerics and intellectual
thinkers did not have access to the vast amount of scientific literature written in Greek before and during the Roman Empire.
Greek was the language in the middle period but was lost later. Thereafter, Latin prevailed in Western Christianity but only
few books translated into Latin contained scientific subject matter. Plato's work provided suitable clues for the view of the
natural world in the light of Christianity. It was Aristotle (384- 322 BC) in his book "Physics" who thinks of the creation of the
world as being based on nature only. Other eminent medieval intellectuals emerged such as Albertus Magnus (1200-1280)
who stated that natural ways are the result of natural causes; and Roger Bacon (1214-1294) who taught that science must
be based on empirical methods.

In the latter part of the middle ages, inventions and discoveries were made. Among these were on the inventions of
gunpowder and firearms that made mathematical knowledge indispensable, geometry and statistics that mabled architects
to construct Gothic cathedral; new pumping device, new machines for lifting heavy loads, new methods of finding and
extracting metals, knowledge of human anatomy; geocentric definition of the universe and the introduction of the Gregorian
calendar during the time of Pope Gregory XII in 1852.

The Early Modern period began in the 16th to 17th century. Modern science began to develop in the period. Scientific
revolution started in Europe and spread later to other parts of the globe. From the 18th century through late 20th century,
science and technology emphasized more on physical and biological sciences. Scientific knowledge was often presented in
a progressive narrative in which theories replaced false beliefs.

Today, there are many scientific and technological advancements to enhance our daily activities, whether it be as simple as
iPad, a computer game, a video game, and other digital gadgets for entertainment and information purposes or as vital as
an artificial heart for human survival. It is science and technology that revolutionized society into a cyberspace contemporary
society.

Historical Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Before the coming of the Spaniards, there were already indigenous technology that existed. Evident on the use of
technology was on wet and dry rice technology, handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal ware, and boat making. When the
Spaniards arrived and colonized the country, the colonizers changed the lives of the natives.

It was believed that the primary reasons for colonizing the country was to make our country a source of raw materials such
as gold, silver, bronze, and spices (which command a very high price in Spain and Portugal) and these were used for
international trade. Christianizing the early Filipinos was believed not the main reason for coming to the Philippines.
Converting the native Filipinos was only accidental and for opportunity reasons. The best possible reason Spain could easily
extract raw materials and make production of goods faster was to set up a colonial government in the Philippines.

Socio-political systems were erected and introduced to divide the country's land and mineral resources including its people
into an encomienda (hacienda) system for easier and faster extraction of the country's valuable resources it could find.

After more than three hundred years (333 years to be exact) under Spanish rule, the country evolved into a colony largely
exporting raw materials and importing those that the country cannot produce. If there were local technological innovation at
that time, these were due largely to the importation of foreign manufactured goods.

When the Americans came, the feudal system established by Spain still maintained but a "farce" trading system between the
Philippines and the United States was established. The low technological impact of Philippine raw materials was traded for
high technological input of foreign finished products. Due to lesser value of Philippine products compared to that of foreign
finished products, the trade between the Philippines and the more advanced countries was basically unequal. This trade
imbalance has caused lesser-developed countries, like the Philippines, to incur loans to pay for this trade deficit. Such
foreign loans grew steadily, as trade imbalance became more unequal.

In order for the colonial power to maintain their dominance in the world market, it was essential that other countries including
their colonies, do not develop its own system of manufacturing goods and services that shall compete with the goods
produced by the mother country. For the Philippines, this would mean that no genuine progress for scientific and
technological advancement would ever be drawn up.
Under 46 years of American rule, Philippines sild down from being the second country next to Japan in terms of
technological development to being next to bottom ranking among Southeast Asian countries in technological development.
Even after more than 100 years of "independence" the Philippines have yet to rid itself of the poor systems created by the
colonial rulers and later on by the succeeding Philippine governments. Until the end of President Aquino's term, his
administration did not serve well the scientific and technological needs of the Filipino masses. Up to this time (2018), we
have yet to see how President Duterte's administration, through the DOST, if S&T will improve its ranking and serve best
Filipino people in terms of scientific and technological benefits.

But let us go back into the past years of Philippine government rule. It must be noted that 75% of the Filipinos were engaged
in agriculture because the Philippines is primarily agricultural but nothing or less than nothing has been done to spur rural
industrialization which is very much needed by 85%, of the population who resides in the rural areas.

To this day, we have yet to see efficient development of infrastructure, energy generation, transportation, information and
communication technology (internet speed and WIFI elsewhere) and basic services (water utilities and electricity in every
places, healthcare services, especially to the senior citizens and PWDs, and the establishment of basic services such as
steel production around the country.

At present, there is little science and technological advancement that we could boost out as our own invention and
discoveries comparable with the global world, especially in the field of transportation and information.

Chapter 2
Intellectual Revolution that Defines Society

Science is Transformed by Science and Technology: A Viewpoint

1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)-a Mathematician and astronomer

He proposed that the sun is stationary and is the center of the universe and Earth revolved around it. His proposal is
contrary to Ptolemy's geometric model of the universe and Aristotle's uniform circular motion of all ecclesiastical bodies.

Copernicus heliocentric model of the universe is that the distance of the planets from the sun bare a direct relationship to the
size of their orbits.

Copernicus' concept of the universe was the start of a change in a way the world was viewed. Because of Copernicus
heliocentric model of the universe, he called as the "initiator of the Scientific Revolution."

There were benefits derived from Copernicus concept. Among these are:

i. Financial benefits, opportunities for sustainable growth and job creation in Europe.

ii. Europe's Copernicus Programme uses accurate and timely data from satellites and other sources to provide key
information services (1) to improve the way the environment is managed; (2) to help mitigate the effects of climate change;
(3) to enable the creation of new applications and services for citizens and businesses; (4) and to safeguard everyday lives.

iii. The programme is expected to generate new employment and business opportunities throughout Europe.

iv. The Copernicus Sentinels Serving Society and Environment Conference brought together a variety of political institutions
and European Scientific organizations.

v. Copernicus concept of the universe has also brought importance to economic development. The activities related to earth
observation can provide leverage for the acceleration of Greece efforts to develop new, competitive foundations and in order
to participate in a knowledge based-economy.
vi. Copernicus concept has importance in European research and development by accessing them for free under the open
data policy, and use them to develop new products and service for profit.

vii. Copernicus concept ensures long term data availability for business development. This is done by investing in space and
doing it generates employment and further innovation.

2. Charles Darwin-Darwin had two (2) natural evolution theories

The Origin of Specs (1859) and Descent of Man (1871). He held that man descended from apes. He presented
that natural species have changed or evolved over a long time. Such evolution of species radically forms new life which
developed out of existing species. Through this period of evolution, organism compete with one another over space, food
and other things for survival, or avoid being eaten, resist disease, or become parasites in order to exist. The species which
are not are not fit for survival or not better adapted to environmental conditions die or are eliminated. This process of natural
evolution is called the natural selection process or sometimes referred to as "struggle for existence and the elimination of the
unfit" natural process of survival.

Darwin's ideas on evolution have touched a good aspects of modern day society. To name a few:

i. In biological science, it sheds light on fossils and vice versa. Biologists have learned about what it is that makes a species
thrive and how ecosystems and species become extinct because of natural selection.

ii. In psychology, evolution makes sense. We do what we do, and think how we think because of that innate drive to survive.

iii. Literature, technology, music, religion and others also make use of the theory of evolution as this is pervasive in our
society

iv. In application to cutting edge technology, the so-called "Ecological Niche Modeling" determines the likelihood of an
organism surviving in a particular ecosystem. Invasive species like (dandelions, rats, mice, python, zebra, mussels) affect
ecosystems. The species that survived the invasion events were those that could live in diverse environment and were less
ecologically specialized.

3. Sigmund Freud born on May 6. 1856 was an Austrian physician who emphasized the role of psychoanalysis in dealing
with personality,

Freud theorized three (3) aspects of personality that significantly influenced human behavior. These are the structures or
levels of the mind (conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious, the structures of the levels of personality (id, ego, superego)
and the psychosexual stages development (oral to genital)

Three Levels of Mind

Freud believed that human personalities are a result of the conflicting personalities. The conscious mind (lowest level)
consists of our thoughts, desires, and wishes which we are aware of or can be recalled at any time.

The pre-conscious mind is located between the unconscious and conscious mind. It consists of experiences that we are not
aware of but are made conscious by simply focusing on them. For example, if ne were to ask another what she ate
yesterday for lunch, this would require recalling preconscious thoughts.

The unconscious mind (sometimes referred to as sub-conscious is the highest level of the mind that contained repressed
urges, though memories, and wishes which are disturbing and threatening. They could not be easily accessed unless they
are brought out into the surface by psychoanalysis or psychotherapist. Thoughts within the unconscious mind are
unorganized. They are based solely on pleasures and desires and are usually in conflict with society.

Three Structures of Personality

Freud also believed that there are three (3) structures personality id, ego, super ego. The ID is the animalistic nature of man
-the MAKAHAYOP personality. It is destructive and pleasure-seeking structure of personality. It is where the sex urge
(libido) is present

The EGO (self) is the human nature of man the MAKATAO It builds it acts according to laws and morals. It is bound by limits
of reality. The ego controls the ID and acts as mediator between the super ego and ID.