Structure of Atom 6 5 Zz aol ie 2020 2020, 20192018 2017 20161 20161 2005 aaa aaa Covid Years Number of Questions Sub-Atomic Particles Atomic Models Electromagnetic Theory And Photoelectric Effect ‘De Broglie Relation An ‘Uncertainty Principle(09) Cathode rays transfer of kinetic energy tothe ob (oii) When cathode rays fll on solid: Ys Theory is able o explain law of fs 2 ionizing power Dalto isa nv of conservation of mass, A ionizi i etcetera | ay Coban Some salient features of are: i epee (@) They can penetrate through thin s brs aa lement are like but it differ from | (iy Thenatur of hese ray doesnot depend upon a zs ‘gas or the cathode material used in discharge: Gi) Atom clement isan ultimate particle and it has @ ae (@ om of ech clement isan uate particle and t6& | Guy The ef tomas) force aye to be the same as that for an &”(-1.76 * 108 co (ip, Ass arindesretble as hey can ier be crete or ign), Thas, the cathode rays area steam of peut i ___ Experiment showsthatthereisapresence ofsubatomic particles | Discovery of Proton like eleetron, neutron, proton in the atom. (1) Proton was discovered by Goldstein and is Discovery of fundamental particles charged particle. Iisa component particle of anod i 2) Goldstein (1886) used perforated cathodeinthedise Discovery of Electrons < ’ tube and repeated Thomson's experiment and ob Twas discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897) and is negatively the formation of anode rays. These ray also charged particle. Electvon is component particle of cathode ays positive or canal rays. Cathode rays were discovered by William Crookes & J.J. | pacderay abode rays Thomson (1880) using 2 cylindrical hard glass tube fited with “ {0 metallic electrodes, The tube has aside tube with astop cock. RRM as discharge tude, They pessed elecricity a = (10,0007) through a discharge tube at very low pressure (107 to 10? mm Hg). Blue rays were emerged fiom the cathode. These rays were termed as Cathode rays. Cathode rays Gas at low pressure =—> TC Vaccum pump ‘Anode Perforated tube experiment for production of ‘anode rays (3) Properties of anode rays (®) Anode rays travel in straight line, (ii) Anode rays are material particles. (if) Anode rays are positively charged. iv) Anode! Discharge tube experiment for wy) rays may get deflected by exter production of cathode raysis slightly heavier (0.18%) than proton. “@) Mass of neutron = 1.675 x 10% = 1.675 < 107” kg = 1,00899 amo = mass of hydrogen atom. ere ere rrr) 1.00728, 1.00899 (0.000546 ; 1,675 x 10 Mass (m) 9.109 «103! 1.673 «1037 Relative 11837 1 y found per = ‘Specific charge (e/m) 1.16 108 9.58 « 10 ays. RE; Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron Cage om he il drops was always a otal nape os eds | The charge to mass ratio is known as specifi charg. Larger the | '60™ 10°C magnitude of the charge on the particle, lager is the deflection ~ ia 1.60108 e/m, — 1,758820x10"Ckg™ Proton: The smallest and lightest positive ion obtained from: hydrogen, 7 4 when electric and magnetic field is applied. Lighter the mass of the particle, larger willbe the deflection. | “Thomson was able to find the value of charge to mass ratio as, 1.758820 10" C kg {As the velocity of the electron increases, the specific charge of the electron decreases due to the increase of relative mass ofthe electron, “The mass ofa moving electron may be calculated by applying the formula: Neutron: Neutrons are the particles in an atom that have neutral | charge and have mass slightly greater than that of proton, te + Sie > 2C+ bn token ceed Ces Henri Beequeral observed that there are certain. - which emit radiation (at, B, ~) on their own and mamed t -) phenomenon as a radioactivity and the elements © | ] radioactive elements, eld. Where m, = Rest mass of electron rays consis of hih ee pales ang v= Velocity of the electron a vain of stone e= Velocity of light Brray are negatively charged particles si If vc, mass ofthe moving electron becomes infinity ‘yrays are high energy radiations , X-rays have a very high n the Electron the charge of the electron by an oil drop 4 that the magnitude of electrical an integral multiple of theFFig. Electrons are embedded in such a way that the most stable electrostatic arrangement is achieved © The positive charge is distributed like fibrous material of watermelon, © An important feature of this model is that the mass of the ‘atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom, ‘© This model can explain electrical neutrality of the atom, © This model also called plum pudding, raisin pudding or watermelon model of atom, ‘Thomson's Model Mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed all over it © Plum Pudding Watermelon Fig: Thomson model of atom Rutherford's Model of Atom ‘Rutherford suggested atomic model based on a-ray scattering ‘experiment, 4 Scattering of a narrow beam of a-particles as they passed from a thin gold foil and itis covered with fluorescent ZnS screen. When o-partiles struck the screen then a tiny flash of Tight was produced a that point. . eS Gold foil Fig.: Schematic molecular view of Observation |. Most of the a-particles passed through the fol 2. A small fraction of avparticles were angles. 3. A very few a-particles bounced back were deflect Conclusion 1. Most of the space in the atom is empty. 2. A few positively charged were deflected. The: ‘must be due to enormous repulsive forces shows. positive charge of the atom is not spread through atom, ‘A very few (1 in 20,000) return back on same path. Volume occupied by the nucleus is very small as com to total volume of atom ‘Assumption of This Model (0, All the positive charge and mass of the atom is presen ‘very small region at the centre of the atom. It is & nucleus (W, The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that. the nucleus witha very high speed in circular orbits. (iid) The centrifugal force is present due to fast mo balances the coulombic force of attraction the nucleus and the electrons. i») Rutherford’s atomic model is comparable system, So, it is known as planetary model. The Distance of Closest Approach "eis defined a “the distance of charged‘charged centre continuously loses its energy”. electron does so, it should also continuously lose its ‘energy and should set up spiral motion ultimately falling into the nucleus, ‘The number of proton or electron present Gi) Ie could not explain the line spectra of H~ atom and clement is called its atome number(Z). ; discontinuous spectrum nature. “The sum of protons and neutrons inthe atom ofan el (GoueimpontanTarowicrenms: Seon"? + Anneutral atom contains equal number of electrons and protons. ‘Table: Properties of some basic terms id ‘Similarities Pm Examples @ Atomic No. (Z) (Mass No. (4) ii) No. of protons (i) No. of neutrons (iii) No. of electrons (ii) Physical properties Gy) Electronic configuration (¥) Chemical properties (vi) Position in the periodic table No, of neutrons (i) Atomic No. @ Bsiiip. 8s Gi) Mass No., protons and. “Sai electrons. Gi) 19K, 33Ca (Gi) Electronic configuration (i) }H, $He (iv) Physical and chemical CON properties (©) Position in the periodic table