LEARNING MODULE Surigao del Norte State University

MODULE 1

I. Title : Introduction of Drawing

1.1 II. Topics : History of Drawing

Types and Kinds of Drawing
Drawing Instrument and Their Uses

III. Time Frame : 14 hours

IV. Introduction :
Drawing is at the heart or soul of an artist’s way to express them. As a
communication tool, drawing is a creative way to express the feelings and thoughts
of an artist or designer. A drawing can be a sketch, a plan, a design, or graphic
representation made with the help of pens, pencils, or crayons.
Engineering drawing, engineering related objects like buildings, walls,
electrical fittings, pipes, machines etc. are represented with specifications like size,
shape, materials etc. Drawing is the process of representing idea/s from one person
to another through the use of symbols and lines to convey information it is also
considered as the “ graphic language of the industry “.; and serve as a communication
between the drafter/ planner and the builder. Also used to express feelings, emotions,
and ideas

V. Objectives :
At the end of the topic the students are able to:
a. Relate the importance of drawing in our daily life
b. Differentiate the two types of drawing;
c. Practice freehand and mechanical sketching

VI. Learning Activities :

Drawing is the simplest and most efficient way to communicate visual ideas , and
to centuries charcoal , chalk ,graphite and paper have been adequate enough tools to
launch some of the most profound images in art .Leonardo da Vinci’s The Virgin and
Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist wraps all four figures together in what
is essentially an extended family portrait . Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person
uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two dimensional medium.
Instruments include graphite pencils ,pen and ink ,various kinds of plants ,inked brushes,
colored pencils ,crayons ,charcoal ,, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers,

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styluses, and various metals (such as silver point ) Digital drawing is the act of using a
computer to draw. Common

methods of methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen

device , stylus –or finger –to- touch pad ,or in some cases, a mouse .There are many
digital art programs and devices .A drawing instrument releases a small amount of
material onto a surface , leaving a visible mark .The most common support for drawing
is paper , although other materials , such as cardboard ,wood ,plastic ,leather ,canvas ,and
board may be used.

History of Drawing
Homo sapiens created the world’s first known drawing on this stone about 73,000
years ago in what is now South Africa. A small rock flake no larger than a house key
is covered with a colossal surprise :the first known drawing ever made by a human
.The very beginning of drawings was dated back to 30,000 BC ..such drawings came
in many forms ,such as carved and even painted onto surfaces .This was followed
by the evolution in drawing when temples and tombs started including them .These
drawings were done showcasing the art of daily dealings everyday life . Drawing
became significant as an art form around the late 15th century ,with artists and
master engravers such as Albrecht Durer and Martin Schongauer (c.1449-1591) the
very first Northern engraver known by name . Schongauer came from Alsace, and
was born into a family of goldsmiths. Da Vinci draws the figure in a spectacularly
realistic style , one that emphasizes individual identities and surrounds the figure in
in a grand .The traditional role of drawing was to make sketches for larger
compositions to be manifest as paintings , sculpture or even Architecture .Because
of its relative immediacy ,this function for drawing continues today .A preliminary
sketch by the contemporary architect .Frank Gehry captures the complex organic
forms of the buildings he designs .Drawing is also used to readily document what
artist sees, remembers ,,or imagines and drawing of course m is often used to create
finished works of art in their own right .No one really knows when art or drawing
really began .In early years human made sketches and paintings in a cave .By 12
to 15 th centuries AD monks use lead SYLI to draw lines for their writings and for
artlines illustration. Glead artists are called notable draftsmen .Faeh century an artist
or draftsman produce or create great drawing.In 14th -16 th century great artists are
Leonardo da Vinci ,Albrecht Durer, Michael Angelo. 18 th century great artists are
Fragonard, Tripolo, and Wattea..In 19th century there were 12 great artist includes :
Cezzamae, Buardly Kedon and many more others. Juan Luna the death of Cleopatra
, the blood compact and the spolarium. The two genius in the field of arts : Leonardo
da Vinci –( 1452-1519) the greatest inventive genius in history to use sketching as
a tool. Thomas Edison- ( 1847- 1931) an outstanding contributor to technical
progress used sketch. There are numbers of categories of drawing: 1. Cartooning-
is a form and exciting way to express ourselves through art. 2.Doodling- a simple
drawing , connect representation meaning or maybe abstract shapes. A simple
drawing that can have concrete representation

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These drawings known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. In the West the
history of drawing as an independent artistic document began toward the end of the 14th
century.

Importance of Drawing

Drawing is the process of representing idea/s from one person to another through
the use of symbols and lines to convey information it is also considered as the “
graphic language of the industry “.; and serve as a communication between the
drafter/ planner and the builder. Also used to express feelings, emotions, and
ideas.

What is Engineering Drawing?

In engineering drawing, engineering related objects like buildings, walls,

electrical fittings, pipes, machines etc. are represented with specifications like
size, shape, materials etc. Several engineering drawing software with more
accuracy are available. But, drawing on paper is still being used in industry.
some areas and for small constructions.

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Importance of Engineering Drawing

Drawing plays vital role in the engineering and construction works. The
drawing requires no language any one can read it. So, drawings of other countries
structures can also be studied easily.

The drawing improves the imagination and new inventions can be developed.
The estimate for the project can be done using the details provided in the drawing.
The structure can be analyzed completely before construction by using drawing.
Every engineering construction department especially civil engineering requires
drawing to start a project.

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Drawing is at the heart or soul of an artist’s way to express them. As a

communication tool, drawing is a creative way to express the feelings and thoughts of
an artist or designer. A drawing can be a sketch, a plan, a design, or graphic
representation made with the help of pens, pencils, or crayons. The final result
depends upon its nature and purpose. Below you may find different kinds of drawings
with original illustrations by Yaren Eren.

TYPES OF DRAWING

Artistic Drawing- is used to express aesthetic, philosophic and other abstract ideas.

Technical Drawing- is used to convey and record ideas and design pertaining to
industry by means of complete working drawing.

Three Main Uses of Technical Drawing

1. A tool of communication
2. An aid to study
3. A means of specification

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Different Types of Artistic Drawing

Illustration Drawing

These are drawings that are created to represent the lay-out of a particular document.
They include all the basic details of the project concerned clearly stating its purpose,
style, size, color, character, effect and accurate information of the materials.

Life Drawing

Drawings that result from direct or real observations are life drawings. Life drawing,
also known as still-life drawing or figure drawing, portrays all the expressions that are
viewed by the artist and captured in the picture. The human figure forms one of the
most enduring themes in life drawing that is applied to portraiture, sculpture, medical
illustration, cartooning and comic book illustration, and other fields.

Emotive Drawing

Similar to painting, emotive drawing emphasizes the exploration and expression of

different emotions, feelings, and moods. These are generally depicted in the form of a
personality.

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Analytic Drawing

Sketches that are created for clear understanding and representation of observations
made by an artist are called analytic drawings. In simple words, analytic drawing is
undertaken to divide observations into small parts for a better perspective.

Different Types of Technical Drawing

Line Drawing- one method of drawing to construct an object from lines out of simple
figures or geometric shapes. Geometric drawing is used, particularly, in construction
fields that demand specific dimensions. Measured scales, true sides, sections, and
various other descriptive views are represented through geometric drawing.

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Pictorial Drawing- drawing that shows object as they would appear in a photograph.
The most common of these are known as perspective, isometric and oblique drawing

Perspective Drawing- these drawing more nearly represent an object as it would

appear to the eye of the observer. Also used by artists to create three-dimensional
images on a two-dimensional picture plane, such as paper. It represents space,
distance, volume, light, surface planes, and scale, all viewed from a particular eye-
level.

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Isometric Drawing- three faces of the object are shown, the top and two sides.

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Oblique Drawing- the receding lines in oblique drawings do not converge but remain
parallel with each other.

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Diagrammatic Drawing

When concepts and ideas are explored and investigated, these are documented on
paper through diagrammatic drawing. Diagrams are created to depict adjacencies
that are likely to take place in the immediate future. Thus, diagrammatic drawings
serve as active design process for the instant ideas so conceived.

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Working Drawing- used to give complete information about the object; drawing with
two or more views.

Detail and Assembly Drawing

Working drawings that shows how to construct particular parts are called detail
drawing. A separate working drawing (assembly drawing) is required to show how to
correctly assemble the product.

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Different Types of Drawing Styles

L I NE DRAWI NG

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Stock Photos from DODOMO/Shutterstock

While lines form the basis of all drawing styles, line drawings use contours without
shading to create memorable sketches. If you really want to exercise your drawing
skills, try continuous line drawing. In this exercise, the pen or pencil never leaves the
sheet of paper, so the end result is formed from one single line.

DO O DLING

While we may think of doodling as a mindless past time, this type of drawing is
a wonderful way to let your subconscious mind flow. Great artists like Leonardo da
Vinci are known for their doodles, which populate the margins of his notebooks.
Illustrator Vincent Bal plays with the shadows and shapes he finds in everyday like
and transforms them into whimsical works of art with his doodles. Meant to be

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executed quickly and with simple, clear lines, doodles are wonderful, immediate
impressions of the world in front of us.

CARTO O N

Stock Photos from Gil C/Shutterstock

Cartoons have a long history, dating back to print magazines in the 19th century
when they were used as satirical and comical illustrations. Cartoon illustration is a
large category having evolvedovertime.Somedifferent cartoonstyles include
caricature, anime or manga, and classic Disney. Playing with cartoon drawings
means liberating yourself from hyper realistic manner.

P O INTILLISM

While we often associate pointillism with the post-Impressionist paintings of Georges

Seurat, it’s a technique and style that also works well for drawing. By stippling
hundreds, or even thousands, of tiny dots, artists are able to build up light and
shadow. The results can often be shockingly realistic, with viewers only realizing that
dots—not lines—were used when looking at the finished artwork closely.

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PHOT O REAL I SM / HYPERREAL I SM

For artists working in a photorealistic or hyper realistic drawing style, patience is key.
Hundreds of hours can be passed in front of any artwork in order to polish to a level
where it looks like a photograph. While portraiture is a popular subject for hyperrealist
drawings, you don’t need to limit yourself. For instance, artist Cj Hendry uses colored
pencil to draw colorful blobs on paint that look so real, you’ll want to dip your
paintbrush in them.

ARCHIT ECT URAL

This type of drawing can be extremely technical, but no less artistic. While
architectural drawing is a skill often honed in the design world, non-architects are still
able to create stunning artwork. Whether drawing an exact replica of a historical
building like Notre Dame or creating your own fantasy piece of architecture, precision
and attention to detail are necessary.

ANAMO RPHI C
Another technical style, 3D drawings require mastery of perspective to create depth
and illusion. While it may take some practice to get the hang of, the results are
stunning and surprising works of art that will delight viewers. Sometimes called
anamorphic drawing, there are lots of great YouTube drawing tutorials that can help
beginners get the hang of this style.

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F ASHIO N

Stock Photos from Doctor Black/Shutterstock

Used by designers to get their ideas down on paper, fashion illustration often
calls for quick, gestural drawings that convey the essence of a garment. These
drawing typically feature long, elongated figures to mimic the height of models and, as
the focus is on the clothes, not the face, facial features are often lacking or minimal.
Within fashion illustration itself there are many different styles, some rougher and
others more polished.

TWO KINDS OF DRAWING

FREHAND DRAWING or Artists Sketches

A drawing made without the aid or use of drawing instruments or straight edges.

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Ex. charcoal, pastel, oil paint or crayon.

MECHANICAL DRAWING or Technical Sketches

A drawing with the aid of the different drawing materials or instrument

Laboratory Activity / Plate Making

Plate # 1 Sheet Layout

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Figure 1 Sheet Layout

How to Layout the Sheet

To layout a sheet means to draw the trim and border lines and title block
mechanically. The tools to use are 300x600 and 450x450 triangle, pencil or mechanical
pencil and drawing paper. The following procedure is suggested:

1. Fasten the drawing paper

2. With the scale and the pencil, measure and make marks for the trim and the border
lines around the paper. (See figure 1 for the size of the margins.) Be sure to make the
scale parallel to the edge of the paper while transferring the measurements.

3. With the ruler or triangle, draw horizontal lines for the top and bottom trim and
border lines. The direction of the pencil strokes of these lines should be from left to
right.

4. With the ruler or triangle, draw vertical lines for the left and right trim and
border lines. The direction of the pencil strokes of these lines should be from top to
bottom.

5. Layout the title block at the lower portion of the border line. (See figure 1 for the
measurements.)

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Plate # 2 Freehand Drawing

1. Layout the borderline and title block. (See Plate #1)

2. In the border line insert your drawing.

3. Draw any design it can be landscape, portrait or object. Draw without the aid of
drawing instrument except drawing paper and pencil, without measurement.

Plate # 3 Mechanical Drawing

1. Layout the borderline and title block. (See Plate #1)

2. In the border line insert your drawing.

3. Draw any design it can be landscape, portrait or object. Draw with the aid of
drawing instrument with measurement.

VII. Self-Evaluation :

1. What is the purpose of drawing?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

2. Illustrate or draw freehand drawing and mechanical drawing

VIII. Review of Concepts:

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Drawing plays vital role in the engineering and construction works. The drawing
requires no language any one can read it.
The drawing improves the imagination and new inventions can be developed.
The estimate for the project can be done using the details provided in the
drawing. The structure can be analyzed completely before construction by using
drawing. Drawing is at the heart or soul of an artist’s way to express them. As a
communication tool, drawing is a creative way to express the feelings and thoughts
of an artist or designer. A drawing can be a sketch, a plan, a design, or graphic
representation made with the help of pens, pencils, or crayons.
Engineering drawing, engineering related objects like buildings, walls,
electrical fittings, pipes, machines etc. are represented with specifications like size,
shape, materials etc. Drawing is the process of representing idea/s from one person
to another through the use of symbols and lines to convey information it is also
considered as the “ graphic language of the industry “.; and serve as a communication
between the drafter/ planner and the builder. Also used to express feelings, emotions,
and ideas.
TYPES OF DRAWING
Artistic Drawing- is used to express aesthetic, philosophic and other abstract ideas.

Technical Drawing- is used to convey and record ideas and design pertaining to
industry by means of complete working drawing.

Three Main Uses of Technical Drawing

1. A tool of communication
2. An aid to study
3. A means of specification

FREEHAND DRAWING or Artists Sketches

A drawing made without the aid or use of drawing instruments or straight edges.
Ex. charcoal, pastel, oil paint or crayon.

MECHANICAL DRAWING or Technical Sketches

A drawing with the aid of the different drawing materials or instrument

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IX. References :

German Manaois.,(2008).Drafting Volume 1

Elpidio J. Cardenas et.al.,(1992) Technical Drafting 1

Gallagher, Jean.,(2014). Basic Drawing

Readers Digest.,(1997).Complete Guide in Drawing and Painting Entourage

https://preparatoryblog.wordpress.com/2016/05/14/different-kinds-of-drawing/

https://www.public domain picturest.

Drafting Volume I
German M. Manaois
https ://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki
https:// www.yourdictionary.com

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1.3

I. Title : Drawing Instruments

II. Topics : Drawing Instrument and their uses

Alphabet of Lines
Line Weights

III. Time Frame : 16 Hrs

IV. Introduction :
In mechanical drawing it is necessary to know and be acquainted with
different instruments, materials and equipment to be used. This also involves
knowledge of how to use and properly care for these instruments. Every work is
dependent on the quality of the instrument used and their correct manipulation
especially in line weight and alphabet of lines and pencil techniques.
Drawing is the foundation of so many creative practices, from architects
to fashion designers to animators and artists. Using a piece of paper and a pen or
pencil, the opportunities for self-expression are endless. And by using
different drawing techniques, it’s incredible to see just how many different ways
there are to sketch.

V. Objectives :

At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Distinguish the kinds of drawing and their uses;

b. Illustrate the alphabet of lines and line weights.

VI. Learning Activities :

In mechanical drawing it is necessary to know and be acquainted with

different instruments, materials and equipment to be used. This also involves
knowledge of how to use and properly care for these instruments. Every work is
dependent on the quality of the instrument used and their correct manipulation
especially in line weight and alphabet of lines.

Reminders on the Use of Drawing Instruments

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1. Don’t use the scale as a ruler.

2. Don’t use the head of the T- square as a hammer.
3. Don’t put oil on joints of compasses.
4. Don’t sharpen a pencil over the drawing board.
5. Cork the ink bottle all the time.
6. Never fill up a pen over the drawing board.
7. Always clean the instruments and the drawing table before and after your work.
8. Don’t fold drawing or tracing paper.
9. Don’t use the divider as pincers or picks.
10. Don’t use the edge of the T-square as guide in cutting the edge of the paper.
11. Rub the eraser only on the surface to be erased.

Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing

1. Drawing sheet
2. Drawing board
3. Mini drafter
4. T square
5. Compass
6. Divider
7. Set squares
8. Clinograph
9. Protractor
10. French curves
11. Templates
12. Pencils
13. Eraser
Drawing Sheet
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is available in
various sizes. The sheet used for engineering should be of good quality. It should be
white in color with uniform thickness with must resist the easy torn of paper. The
surface of sheet must be smooth.

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Various sizes of drawing sheets recommended by Indian standards are listed

below.
Drawing Sheet
Dimensions (Length X Width) (mm)
Type

A0 841 X 1189

A1 594 X 841

A2 420 X 594

A3 297 X 420

A4 210 X 297

A5 148 X 210

Drawing Board
Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is in rectangular shape. It is used
to support drawing sheet, so, the size of board is made according the size of the
drawing sheet.

The wood portions are joined by tongue and grove type joint to prevent cracks. At the
edge of board, straight ebony edge is provided for the T-square usage.

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Different types of drawing boards and their sizes according to IS classification are
listed below.

Type of Drawing
Length X Width X Thickness (mm)
Board

D0 1500 X 1000 X 25

D1 1000 X 700 X 25

D2 700 X 500 X 15

D3 500 X 350 X 15

Mini Drafter
Mini drafter is an instrument which can be used for multiple functions in drawing. It
contains two arms which is adjustable to required angle and at the end of the lower
arm a scale set is attached.

The scale set contains two scales connected perpendicular to each which cannot be
separated. This instrument is fixed to the drawing board at one edge with the help of
screw provided for the drafter.

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Mini drafter is used for drawing horizontal lines, vertical lines, inclined lines, angles,
parallel lines, perpendicular lines etc.

T-Square
T square is used to draw horizontal and vertical lines on drawing sheet. It made of
wood or plastic and in T shape. The vertical part of T is called as blade and horizontal
part of T is called as head.

The edge of head is uniform level and attached to the edge of the board. The working
edge is used to draw lines anywhere on the sheet by moving the instrument top to
bottom.

Compass

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Compass is used to draw an arc or circle with known dimensions on engineering

drawing. It is generally made of steel and consists two legs. One leg contains needle
at the bottom and other leg contains a ring in which a pencil is placed.

The needle tip is placed at the respected point and pencil tip is adjusted to the height
at least 1mm just above the tip of the needle. The gap is nothing but the paper
thickness.

Divider
The divider looks like a compass, but the difference is the two legs of divider are
provided with needles. This is used to divide a line or curve into equal parts. It is also
used to check the measurements.

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Set Squares
Set squares are used to draw lines with an angle between them. In most of the
structures, 30, 45, 60 and 90-degree lines are most common. So, set squares make
the work easier for this type of drawings.

Generally, set squares are of two types. One is 45 degree set square and another
one is called as 30 – 60 degree set square. Both are required in the drawing. 45 set
square has a side of 25 cm while 30-60 set square has 25 cm length on one side.

Clinograph
Clinograph is an instrument used to draw parallel lines to the inclined lines. It contains
one adjustable wing or strip which can be adjusted to required angle. So, it can be
termed as adjustable set square.

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Protractor
Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles of lines in the drawing. It is
transparent and made of plastic. It is in the shape of semi-circle, and the edge of
semi-circle part consists reading with one-degree accuracy.

The bottom line joins the 0o to the 180o. The center of this bottom line is marked as
“O” or “C” from which the angles are measured.

French Curves
French curves are made of plastic and they are in irregular shapes. Sometimes the
drawing requires irregular curves or shapes or arcs which cannot be drawn using
compass. In that case French curves are suitable.

Generally French curves are more suitable for small curves and for long curves
splines are used.

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Drawing Templates
Templates are nothing but plastic or wooden boards which contains spaces of several
shapes or letters. Non-dimensional shapes or variety font letters are drawn by using
templates which makes drawing easier and perfect.

Pencils
Pencil is used to draw on the paper. Any type of pencil is not suitable for drawing.
There are some limitations; the drawing appearance should be very neat and
understandable.

Every line of the drawing should indicate its importance. It depends upon the
hardness of pencil.

Based on the hardness quality pencils are classified into 18 grades and they are

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Grade of Pencil Hardness of Pencil

9H Hardest

6H, 5H, 4H Extremely Hard

3H Very hard

2H Hard

H Moderately hard

F Firm

HB Medium hard

B Moderately soft and black

2B Soft and black

3B Very soft and black

4B, 5B, 6B Very soft and very black

7B Softest

Out of the above 18 grades of pencils, following grades are used in engineering
drawings.

Grade of Pencil Used to Draw

3H Construction lines

Dimension lines, center lines, sectional lines,

2H
hidden lines

H Object lines, lettering

HB Dimensioning, boundary lines

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Eraser
Eraser is used to remove the lines or spots which drawn by mistake or with wrong
measurements. The eraser used should be of good quality and soft. It should not
damage the paper while erasing.

Paper Holders
When the drawing sheet is placed on the board it may not be in fixed position. To fix
the drawing sheet to the board paper holders are used.

Generally used paper holders are thumb pins, spring clips, stick tapes etc. Care
should be taken while removing the clips or tapes otherwise the sheet may tore.

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https://theconstructor.org/construction/instruments-engineering-drawing/20067/

8 Different Types of Drawing Styles You Can Try Right Now

By Jessica Stewart on August 21, 2019

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Stock Photos from thanasus/Shutterstock

Drawing is the foundation of so many creative practices, from architects to
fashion designers to animators and artists. Using a piece of paper and a pen or
pencil, the opportunities for self-expression are endless. And by using
different drawing techniques, it’s incredible to see just how many different ways
there are to sketch.

There are innumerable drawing styles to be studied and explored, each one
conveying a different final product. Naturally, different types of illustration call upon
different skills from the artist. Some are quite detailed and meticulous, requiring a lot
of patience, while others work well when the artist is able to be loose and free with
their strokes.

The most skilled illustrators don’t stick to just one type of drawing, but experiment
freely in order to stretch their skills. Of course, they may specialize in one particular
way of sketching, but by being flexible with their work they are able to test of different
drawing styles and bring those lessons back to their main work. For instance,
Leonardo da Vinci may be known for the Mona Lisa, but he was also known to fill
hundreds of notebooks with refined finished sketches and spontaneous doodles.

As you look to carve out your own personal style, consider playing with these different
types of drawing in order to understand the positive impact they’ll have on your
creative growth.

ADT 112 Visual Techniques 1 F. Coleto, L. Litang, G. Torio 35

LEARNING MODULE Surigao del Norte State University

PENCIL TECHNIQUES

Horizontal Lines – lines drawn from left to right

L R

Vertical Lines – lines drawn from top to bottom

Parallel Lines – lines that never meet

______________________

______________________

Short Lines – lines with finger movement

Long Lines – lines with arm movement

Perpendicular Lines – lines with the angle of 900

900

Curved Lines: regular curves- have a definite direction

Irregular curves- no definite direction

ADT 112 Visual Techniques 1 F. Coleto, L. Litang, G. Torio 36