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Chapter- 1
Introduction to computer Network
Interconnection of two or more than two PC or peripheral devices is called Computer
network.
History of Computer network
Computer network was designed by ARPANET (Advance Research Project Agency
Network) in 1969 for department of Defense in US. In this Network multiple desktop
computers was connected to mainframe computer. Different OS can transmit data to
each other.

Need of computer
Share data and resources Save Time Save Money
Scalability Data Security Reliability
Types of Network Connection
Wired Network: In this network all devices are connected by physical medium such
as network cables, LAN switch and NIC Card.
Wireless Network: In this network all devices are connected by Logical or wireless
medium such as Wireless Router, wireless NIC Card etc.
Types of Network
We can classify computer network as following types on the bases of Geographical
area.
 PAN (Personal Area Network): in this network we can connect only two
computers to each other.
 LAN (local Area network): Interconnection of two or more than two system
and peripheral devices (Printer, scanner) is called LAN. It can cover up to 200
Meter area.
 CAN (Campus area Network): Interconnection of two or more than two
LAN network is called CAN. It is used to interconnect multiple departments to
each other. It can cover up to 2 KM area.
 MAN (Metropolitan area network): Interconnection of two or more than two
LAN and CAN network. It is used to connect entire city network to each other.
It can cover up 40 KM area.
 WAN (Wide area network): It is also known as internet. It can connect whole
world PC and LAN network to each other.

OSI Model Layers

OSI Stands for Open system interconnection. It is designed by ISO (International
standard organization) to describe flow of data. We use seven layers to describe flow
of the data.

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 Application Layer: It decides that which application is used to transmit data

on network.
 Presentation Layer: it is used to define data format or type such as audio,
video, text etc.
 Session Layer: It is used to calculate network connection time or duration.
 Transport Layer: It is used to convert data in small data packets and forward
to Network layer.
 Network Layer: It is used to store source and destination computer IP and
MAC address to identify device on network.
 Data link Layer: It is used to assemble data packets during sending and
receiving data.
 Physical layer: It uses LAN card, Network cable, switch to transmit data.
Types of LAN Network
 Ethernet LAN Network
 Token Ring LAN Network
 Token Bus LAN Network
 FDDI LAN Network

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Chapter- 2
Network Topology
Introduction: It refers a physical or logical connection of systems and peripheral
devices that uses different method to transmit data.
Types of Topology
 Single Node Topology: In this topology single device is connected to server
by common network cable. Device totally depends on server. Operate file and
data from server and send back to the server after complete task.

Advantages:
 Easy to install, configure and manage
 Least expensive
 Single cable is required
Disadvantage:
 Network consists of single device
 Dumb terminal is dependent on server
 Bus Topology: In this topology all devices are connected to server by common
network cable. Server is in one end and devices are in other position, any device
cannot share data on network. Each device is depends on server. Terminator is
connected on both ends.

Advantages:
 Installation of devices is easy
 Works better for smaller network
 Less expensive
Disadvantage:
 If backbone breaks, entire network gets down
 Difficult to isolate problems
 Limited number of devices can be attached
 Star Topology: In this topology all devices are connected to each other by switch
or hub. Data passes through switch or hub before reach destination. All devices
depend on switch or hub.

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Advantages:
 Easy to install, configure, manage and expand
 Centralized management
 Addition or removal of device does not affect the whole network
Disadvantages:
 Requires more cable
 Failure of hub affects entire network
 More Expensive
 Ring Topology: In this topology all devices are connected by dual LAN card in
closed group. It uses token passing mechanism to transmit data. It is used in
Token Ring LAN network. Data is transmitted in clock wise format.

Advantages:
 Reliable and offers greater speed
 No collisions
 Handles large volume of traffic
Disadvantages:
 More cabling is required compared to bus topology
 One faulty device affects the entire network
 Addition of devices affect network
 Dual Ring Topology: In this topology all devices are connected by primary and
secondary ring. If primary ring stops data transmission then secondary ring
automatically starts to transmit data.

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 Mesh Topology: In this topology all devices are connected to each by different
method. We required multiple LAN card as different connection.

 Partial Mesh Topology: some devices are connected to each other

 Full mesh topology: all devices are connected to each other and
transmit data.
Advantages:
 Improves fault tolerance
 Failure of one link does not affect entire network
 Centralized management is not required
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install and manage
 Each link from one device to other requires individual NIC
 Expensive
 Tree Topology: In this topology multiple star network are connected to each
other by common network cable. Interconnection of multiple star networks is
called tree topology.

Advantages:
 Easy to expand the network
 Point-to-point wiring for each device
 Fault detection is easy
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to configure
 If backbone breaks, entire network goes down
 More expensive

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 Hybrid Topology: In this topology Star, Bus and Ring topology are connected
to each other. Interconnection of two or more than two different topology is
called hybrid topology.

Advantages:
 Used for creating larger networks
 Handles large volume of traffic
 Fault detection is easy
Disadvantages:
 Installation and configuration is difficult
 More expensive than other topologies
 More cabling is required

Chapter- 3
Transmission media
Introduction: we use two types of medium: wired and wireless to communicate
between system and network. In wired medium we uses various types of network
cables and in wireless medium we uses various types of wireless signal such as
radio wave, micro wave and infrared.
Wired medium
We use two types of network cables: copper and glass in wired medium. Cables
use electrical and light signal to transmit data.
Characteristics of cables
Segment length: Data transfer range of cable is called segment length.
Bandwidth: Data transfer speed of cable is called bandwidth
Number of Segment: Maximum Number of segment that we use in a network
Cost: Fiber optic cable are expensive than Copper
Attenuation: Loss of data signal due to RFI, EMI and Crosstalk is called
attenuation.

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Interference: Fiber optic cable provides more protection from external
interference than Copper cable.
Crosstalk: Loss of data signal due to flow multiple signal at same location.

Types of Network Cables

Copper Cable Fiber Optic Cable

Twisted Pair Coaxial
Cable Single Mode
UTP STP
RG 58 Multi-Mode
Cat 1 Cat 5e
Cat 2 Cat 6 RG 8

Cat 3 Cat 7 RG 59
Cat 4
RG 6
Cat 5
Cat 5e
Cat 6
Cat 7

 Copper Cable: It made up by copper wire. It uses electrical signal to transmit

data.
 Twisted Pair Cable: It is most popular type of cable due to use in LAN
network.
Construction of Twisted pair cable
 It is consist of 8 wire or 4 pair.
 Each pair is twisted to each other.
 4 pair is covered by plastic jacket
Types of Twisted pair cable
UTP: It stands for unshielded twisted pair. It is mostly used in internal LAN
network due to provide less protection from RFI, EMI and crosstalk.
Segment length 100 Meter
Bandwidth 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Connector RJ45
Support Device per Segment 1024
Bend radius 3600/feet
Protection Less than other cable

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Types of UTP Cables
 Cat 1: It can transmit data up to 1 Mbps. It is used in telephone line and
modem.
 Cat 2: It can transmit data up to 4 Mbps. It is used in Token Ring LAN
network.
 Cat 3: It can transmit data up to 10 Mbps. It is used in 10BaseT LAN network.
 Cat 4: It can transmit data up to 16 Mbps. It is used in Token Ring LAN
network.
 Cat 5: It can transmit data up to 100 Mbps. It is used in 100BaseT or Fast
Ethernet LAN Network.
 Cat 5e: It can transmit data up to 1 GB/ps. It is used in 1000BaseT or Gigabit
Ethernet.
 Cat 6: It can also transmit data up to 1 GB/ps. It is also used in 1000BaseT or
Gigabit Ethernet LAN network but it performance and protection is good than
Cat 5e.
 Cat 7: It can transmit data up to 10 GB/ps. It is used in 10Gibabit Ethernet
LAN network. It provide better protection and performance than other cable
due have extra shielded layer over each pair.
STP: It stands for Shielded twisted pair. It is similar to UTP as structure but it has
an extra shielded layer to protect from RFI, EMI and crosstalk. It is used in
external Environment or used to connect different department to each other due to
provide better protection than UTP.
Segment Length 100 M
Bandwidth 1 Gbps to 40 Gbps
Connector RJ-45
Support device per segment 1024
Bend radius 3600/feet
Protection Better than UTP
Types of STP Cables
 Cat 5e: It can transmit data up to 1 Gbps. It is used in 1000BaseT or Gigabit
Ethernet.
 Cat 6: It can also transmit data up to 10 Gbps. It is also used in Gigabit
Ethernet LAN network.

Coaxial Cable: It can transmit data up to 10 Mbps. It provides better protection

than twisted pair cable due to have extra shielded layer.

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Construction of Coaxial Cable
 Copper wire is aligned in center
 Insulator Layer
 Copper mesh foil
 Silver Foil
 Plastic Jacket
Types of Coaxial Cable
 RG58: It is used in 10Base2 Ethernet LAN Network.
Segment Length 200 M (185 M)
Bandwidth 10 Mbps
Connector BNC-T
Support device per segment 30
Bend Radius 360 degree/Feet
Protection Better than Twisted Pair
Data Signal Baseband
 RG8: It is used in 10Base5 Ethernet LAN Network.
Segment Length 500 M
Bandwidth 10 Mbps
Connector BNC-T
Support device per segment 100
Bend radius 30 Degree/feet
Protection better than RG58
Data signal Baseband
 RG59: It is used for Dish TV, CCTV Camera, Satellite, Home theatre etc.
Segment Length 450 M
Connector BNC
Data Signal Broadband
 RG6: It is also used for Dish TV, Security Camera, Home Theatre, Projector,
satellite etc.
Segment Length 450 M
Connector BNC
Data Signal Broadband
Fiber Optic Cable: It made up by Glass core/wire. It uses light or led signal to
transmit data. It converts Light signal to electrical signal on receiving end. It is
more expensive than Copper cable. It is mostly used in MAN network.
Segment Length 2 KM to 100 KM
Bandwidth 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Connector ST, SC, Fiber Jack
Bend radius 30 degree/feet
Support device per KM 1024
Data signal Baseband & broadband
Data protection better than copper cable

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Types of Fiber optic cable
Single mode: It uses LED signal to transmit data. It is used in large network due
to have more segment length. It made up by single glass core or wire
Multi-Mode: It uses light signal to transmit data. It is used in small network due
to support less segment length. It made up by multi glass core/wire.
Difference between single mode and multimode
Single Mode cable Multimode cable
It uses led signal to transmit It uses light signal to transmit data
data
It made up by single glass core It made up by multi glass core
It is used for baseband signal It is used for broadband signal
Data collision is done Data collision is not done
Support more segment length Support less segment length
Used is large network Used in small network
Support high data transfer speed Support less data transfer speed

Wireless Medium
We can transmit data over network using wireless signal. Wireless signals are:
 Radio Wave Signal: Radio wave signal are mostly used in wireless LAN
network such as WI-FI, Wireless LAN card, Bluetooth. It is used for baseband
signal.
 Micro wave Signal: It is also most popular type of wireless medium. It is used
for broadcasting or broadband signal. It is used for Dish TV, Satellite etc.
 Infrared: It used light signal to transmit data. It can transmit signal up to 5
Meter. It is less popular type of wireless signal due to forward straight signal
 Bluetooth: It is mostly used in Portable PCs such as Laptop, Mobile to
transmit data between them.
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): It is a most popular type of wireless medium due
to use in wireless LAN Network.
 Wi-Max: It is also a most popular type of wireless Medium due to use in
wireless MAN network or wireless broadband connection. It can cover up to
40 KM area.

Making Network Cables

We can design two types of network cable on the bases of network requirement.
Straight Cable: It is used to connect different devices to each other such as
switch to PC, Switch to router etc. it is used to indirect communication.

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Straight Cable Color Coding (IEEE-TIA 568B)

Pin No. Connector Type A Connector Type B
1 White/Orange White/Orange
2 Orange Orange
3 White/Green White/Green
4 Blue Blue
5 White/Blue White/Blue
6 Green Green
7 White/Brown White/Brown
8 Brown Brown
Cross Cable: It is used to connect same device to each other such as PC to PC,
Switch to Switch etc. it is used to direct communication.

Formula for Cross cable: 1236-3612

Cross Cable Color Coding (IEEE-TIA 568A)

Pin No. Connector Type A Connector Type B
1 White/Orange White/Green
2 Orange Green
3 White/Green White/Orange.
4 Blue Blue
5 White/Blue White/Blue
6 Green Orange
7 White/Brown White/Brown
8 Brown Brown

Chapter- 4
Ethernet LAN Network
Introduction: LAN is a most popular type of Network that is used in various types
of organizations. We can design LAN network in different method on the bases
data transmission mechanism.
Introduction to IEEE
It stands for Institute of electrical and electronics engineering. It is an association
or organization that was started in 1963. It defines data Transfer speed, types of
cable, types of network etc. it upgrades in networking devices.

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Some most popular type of IEEE Standards

Standard Uses
IEEE 802.3 Standard Ethernet LAN network
IEEE 802.4 Standard Token Bus LAN Network
IEEE 802.5 Standard Token Ring LAN Network
IEEE 802.6 Standard FDDI LAN Network
IEEE 802.11 Standard Wireless LAN Network (WI-FI)
IEEE 802.16 Standard Wireless MAN or Wireless Broadband Connection

Ethernet LAN Network: It is a most popular type of LAN network due to use in
all offices and organization. It uses Physical star topology to interconnect devices.
It uses 802.3 Standard of IEEE. It can transmit data 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
and 10Gbps.
CSMA/CD Mechanism
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection
It stands for career sense multiple access/collision detection. It is mechanism or
process to transmit data between system or network. It is used by Ethernet LAN
network.
Process to send data
Sending computer check the medium, if medium is free; starts to transmit data
otherwise wait for medium free.
Check the data collision, if data collision is not done, data transmitted is
completed otherwise collision report send to the sending computer.

Types of Ethernet

10Base 100Base or Fast 1000Base or 10GBase or 10Gbe

Ethernet Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet
Copper Fiber Copper Fiber Copper Fiber
10BaseT
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

10Base2 100BaseTX 100BaseFX 1000BaseTX 1000BaseSX 10GBaseT 10GBaseSR

10Base5 100BaseT4 100BaseSX 1000BaseT4 1000BaseLX 10GBaseLRM

10BaseF 100BaseT 100BaseLX 1000BaseT2 1000BaseBX 10GBaseLR

100BaseBX 1000BaseEx 10GBaseER

1000BaseZX 10GBaseZR

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Types of Ethernet LAN network

We can classify Ethernet LAN network on the bases of Bandwidth and cabling
10Base Ethernet
It can provide data transfer speed up to 10 Mbps.
 10BaseT: It uses Cat 3 cable of twisted pair cable to transmit data.
 10Base2: It uses RG58 Cable of Coaxial cable to transmit data.
 10Base5: It uses RG8 Cable of coaxial cable to transmit data
 10BaseF: It uses Fiber optic cable to transmit data.

Ethernet Types 10Base5 10Base2 10Base 10BaseF

T
Media Type Thick Thin UTP Fiber-
coaxial coaxial optic
(RG8) (RG58)
Max. segment 500 185 100 1000
length (Meters)
Frequency(Mhz) 10 10 10 10
Max 100 30 1024 1024k
Nodes/Segment

100Base Ethernet
It is also known as Fast Ethernet. It uses Copper and fiber optic cable to design
network. It can transmit data up to 100 Mbps.

 100BaseT: It uses Cat 5 of Twisted pair cable. It can transmit data up to 100
Mbps. We use two pair to transmit data.
 100BaseTX: It is similar to 100BaseT due to uses two pair to transmit data. It is
used in IT industry to transmit data.
 100BaseT4: it uses 4 pairs to transmit data. One pair is used to send data and one
pair is used to receive data and two pair is used to manage transmission speed and
performance. It is used for full duplex.
Types of Fiber Optic Fast Ethernet
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 100BaseFX: It uses multimode cable of fiber optic. It can transmit data from 400
M (Half Duplex) to 2 Km (Full Duplex). It uses LED signal to transmit data.
 100BaseSX: It uses multi-mode cable of fiber optic. It uses two glass cores to
transmit data. One for send and one for receive data. It can transmit data up to 300
M.
 100BaseBX: It uses single mode cable of fiber optic. It can transmit data 20 to 40
KM.
 100BaseLX: It also uses single mode cable of fiber optic. It can transmit data up
to 10 KM
Gigabit Ethernet LAN network
It uses Cat5e or Cat 6 cable of twisted pair and fiber optic to design network. It
can transmit data up to 1Gbps. It is also known as 1000Base Ethernet.

Types of Gigabit Ethernet

 Copper Ethernet: It uses electrical signal to transmit data. It uses Cat5e or
Cat 6 cable to design network.
 1000BaseT: It can transmit data up to 1000 Mbps. We use Cat 5e or Cat6
of twisted pair to design network. It can transmit data up to 100 M.
 1000BaseTX: We use Cat 6 of twisted pair cable to design network. It can
also transmit data up to 100 M
 Fiber Optic Ethernet: It uses Fiber Optic Cable to design network that is uses
Light signal to transmit data.
1000BaseSX: We use Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Cable to design this network. It
can transmit data up to 550 M.
1000BaseLX: we use Single Mode and Multi Mode Fiber Optic cable to design
this network. It can transmit data as 550 M (Multi-Mode) and 5 to 10 KM (Single
Mode) fiber optic cable.
1000BaseBX: It uses single Mode Fiber Optic Cable to design network. It can
transmit data up to 10 KM.
1000BaseEX: It also uses Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable. It can transmit data up
to 40 Km.
1000BaseZX: It also uses Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable. It can transmit data up
to 70 KM.
10Gigabit Ethernet
It uses 802.3ae standard of IEEE. It can transmit data up to 10 Gbps. It is mostly
uses Fiber optic cable to design Network. It is 10 time faster than Gigabit
Ethernet.
Types of 10Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Type Medium Range

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10GBaseT Cat7 of twisted pair cable 100 M
10GBaseSR (Short Range) Multi-Mode of fiber Optic 400 M
Cable
10GBaseLRM (Long Reach Multi- Multi-Mode of Fiber optic 300 M
Mode) Cable
10GBaseLR (Long Reach) Single Mode of Fiber Optic 10
Cable KM
10GBaseER (Extended Reach) Single Mode of Fiber Optic 40
Cable KM
10GBaseZR Single Mode of Fiber Optic Cable 80 KM

 Token Ring LAN Network: In this network all devices are connected by Ring
Topology to each other. It uses 802.5 standard of IEEE. It uses Token passing
mechanism to transmit data. It can transmit data from 4 Mbps to 16 Mbps. In this
network data collision is not done due to transmit data in single direction.
 Token Bus LAN Network: In this network all devices are connected by Bus
Topology and logically connected by Ring Topology. It uses 802.4 Standard of
IEEE. It also uses Token passing mechanism to transmit data. It can transmit data
up to 100 Mbps.
 FDDI LAN Network: It stands for Fiber distributed data interface. In this
network all devices are connected by Dual ring topology. It also uses Token
passing mechanism to transmit data.

Chapter- 5
Network Protocols
Introduction: Protocol is a set of rules and regulations that are used to perform
various tasks:
 Transmit data on network
 Manage network security
 Download/upload data on network
 Communicate B/W different OS etc.
Types of Protocol

OSI Layers Protocols

Application Layer SMTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS, TFTP
Transport Layer NetBEUI, TCP, UDP, SPX
Network Layer IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP, IPX
Data Link Layer HDLC, SDLC

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Physical Layer No protocols defined
Session Layer NetBIOS, SAP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP
Presentation NCP, RIP, NLSP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS
Layer

Application Layer Protocols

 SMTP: It stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used on public
network to communicate between Client and mail server. It is used to perform
various tasks such as Download/Upload mail, send/Receive mails, attach mails
etc.
 FTP: It stands for File transfer protocol. It is used in LAN and WAN network
to communicate between Client and database server to download or upload
data.
 DNS: It stands for Domain Naming System. It is used to translate or resolve
Domain name to IP Address such as .com, .in, .org etc.
 SNMP: It stands for simple network management protocol. It is used to
manage or configure network security and services.
 NFS: It stands for network file system. It is used to interface or communicate
between different OS such as Window, LINUX and UNIX etc.
 TFTP: It stands for Trivalent File transfer protocol. It is mostly used in LAN
network to download/upload data. It performance better than FTP protocol.
Transport Layer Protocol
 TCP: It stands for Transmission Control Protocol. It is used on public network
to transmit data in small segment or data packets. It is also known as
connection oriented and reliable protocol. It is a responsible protocol to
transmit data.
 UDP: It stands for User datagram protocol. It is used in LAN network to
transmit data. It is similar to TCP but it is a connection less and unreliable
protocol to transmit data.
Network Layer Protocol
 ICMP: It stands for Internet control message protocol. It is used in LAN and
WAN network to send or receive data packets and display status of data
packets. PING command is example of this protocol.
 IGMP: It stands for Internet group message protocol. It is used to send
message to multiple devices in LAN and WAN network. It is used by Class D
IP address for Multicasting.
 IP: It stands for Internet Protocol. It is used on public network to transmit data.
It converts data in small data packets or frame before sending. It is also known
as connection less and unreliable protocol. It is an irresponsible protocol to
transmit data.

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 ARP: It stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It is used to Resolve or
translate IP address to MAC Address to identify device on network.
 RARP: It stands for Reverse Address Resolution protocol. It is used to
translate or resolve MAC address to IP Address.
Other Protocol
 IPX: It stands for Internetwork packet exchange. It is similar to IP protocol
that is used in Netware OS of Novell. It is a connection less and unreliable
protocol.
 SPX: It stands for Sequenced Packet Exchange. It is similar to TCP protocol
that is used also in Netware OS of Novell. It is a Connection oriented and
reliable protocol.
 NetBIOS: (It Stands for Network Basic Input Output System. It was founded
by IBM, later it was adopted by Microsoft. It is used in oldest windows OS to
Resolve IP to computer name and Computer Name to IP.
 NetBEUI: It Stands for Network BIOS Extended User Interface. It is an
upgraded version of NetBIOS Protocol. It is also used to Resolve IP to
Computer Name and Computer Name to IP in windows latest OS

Chapter- 6
Communication using network

Basic Components of Data communication

Sender Receiver Medium Message Protocol

 Sender: A device that can send data or information

 Receiver: a device that can receive data on network
 Message: data or information that a PC can send or receive
 Medium: It is a method which we can used to connect devices on network
such as network cables.
 Protocol: it is program that is used on network to send or receive data
Data signals
 Baseband Signal: a signal that can we send or receive at a time. It uses Digital
signal to transmit data.
 Broadband signal: multiple data signal that we can send or receive at a time.
It uses analog signal to transmit data
Network Interface Card (NIC)
It is a hardware device that is used to connect a device to network.
Wireless NIC: It uses Radio frequency to transmit data and connect a device to
wireless network.
PCI/PCIE Expansion Card
USB NIC Card
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Internal or inbuilt NIC Card
Wired NIC: It uses Electrical signal to transmit data and we uses network cables to
connect a device to network
Internal NIC Card

Types of NIC Card

Ethernet NIC Card Token Ring NIC Card

100Base or Fast 4 Mbps

10Base Ethernet 1000BaseT or
Ethernet NIC 10GBase NIC Card
NIC Card Gigabit NIC Card
Card
16 Mbps
10BaseT 10/100BaseT 10/100/1000Base 10GBaseT NIC
NIC Card NIC Card Card
10Base2
10GBaseF NIC
10/100BaseF NIC 10/100/1000Base Card
10Base5 Card F NIC Card

10BaseF

Ethernet NIC Card

It is used in Ethernet LAN network. It can transmit data from 10 Mbps to 10
GB/ps.
10Base Ethernet NIC Card
It Can Transmit Data up to 10 Mbps. Today it was not used in any office due to
less data transfer speed.
 10BaseT: It is used in 1oBaseT Ethernet LAN Network. (Cat 3)
 10Base2: It is used in 10Base2 or thin net Ethernet LAN network. (RG 58)
 10Base5: It is used in 10Base5 or Thick net Ethernet LAN network. (RG 8)
 10BaseF: It uses Fiber Optic Cable that uses Light signal to transmit data.
10/100Base Ethernet NIC Card
It can transmit data as 10 and 100 Mbps. It is also known as Fast Ethernet NIC Card.
 10/100BaseT NIC Card
 10/100BaseF NIC Card
10/100/1000Base Ethernet NIC Card
It can transmit data as 10, 100 and 1000 Mbps. It is also known as Gigabit Ethernet
NIC Card. It is a most popular type of NIC Card to widely used in office and
department
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 10/100/1000BaseT NIC Card
 10/100/1000BaseF NIC Card

10GBase or 10 Gigabit Ethernet NIC Card

It can transmit data up to 10 Gbps. It is more expensive type of NIC card that is not
more used today.
 10GBaseT NIC Card
 10GBaseF NIC Card
Token Ring NIC: It is used in Token Ring LAN Network. It is a 9 pins NIC card
that can transmit data as 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps.

Chapter- 7
IP Addressing
IP address is a logical address of System LAN card that is used to connect a PC to
Network.
IP Version
 IPv4: It stands for Internet protocol version4: it is an oldest type of IP address
that is made up by 32 bit.
 IPv6: it stands for Internet protocol Version6. It is a latest version of IP
address that is made up by 128 bit.
Difference between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
It is a 32 bit IP Address It is a 128 bit IP address
It is made up by decimal It is made up by hexadecimal number
number
It is separated by. (dot) It is separated by : (colon)
It is divided in 4 octets It is divided into 8 octets
Each octet is 8 bit Each octet is 16 bit
It provide less IP range It provide more IP Range

Types of Number system

 Binary Number: (0 &1) Base=2 Ex: (1000100)2
 Octal Number: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) Base=8 Ex: (624)8
 Decimal Number: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). Base=10 Ex: (980)10
 Hexadecimal Number: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) Base=16 Ex: (2F)16

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Types of IP address
 Private IP: It is mostly used in LAN network to interconnect devices.
Private IP: - Class A (10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255)
Class B (172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255)
Class C (192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255)
 Public IP: It is used in WAN network to access internet service. We need to
pay money to use this IP.
Assigning IP address
We can assign or provide IP address to LAN card using following method.
 Static IP address: It is manually provide by user. It is stable IP address.
 Dynamic IP address: It is automatically provide by DHCP (Dynamic host
configuration protocol) service to connect all devices to network.

IP Classes
Class A: It is made up by 8 Network bit and 24 Host Bit. One network bit is
reserved for special purpose, so total 7 network bit are used for network ID.
 Network Id Range is 0-127
 First (0) and Last (127) Network ID is reserve for loopback address.
 One Network ID is used for Private Network (10.0.0.0)
 125 Network Id is used for Public Network (1 to 9 & 11 to 126)
 Total Network Id is =2No. of Network Bit (27) = 128
 Total Host ID per network = 2No. of Host Bit-2 (224-2) = 16777216-2 = 16777214
 Total No. of Private Host ID = 16777214
 Total No. of Public ID at all Network = 125*16777214 = 2097151750
Class B: It is made up 16 Network bit and 16 Host Bit. Two network bit are
reserved for special purpose, so total 14 network bit are used for network ID.
 Network ID range is 128-191
 16 Network ID is used for private network ID (172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0)
 Total Network ID is 214 =16384
 Total Host Id per Network is = 216 -2 = 65536-2 65534
 Total Public Network Id is 16384-16 = 16368
 Total Private Host Id is 16*65534 = 1048544
 Total Public Host Id is 16368*65534 = 1072660512

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Class C: It is made up by 24 network bit and 8 Host Bit. Three network id is
reserved for special purpose, so total 21 bit are used for network ID.
 Network Id range is 192-223
 Total Private Network ID is 256 (192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0)
 Total Network ID is 221 =2097152
 Total Host Id per network = 28-2 = 256-2 =254
 Total Public network ID is 2097152-256 = 2096896
 Total Private host Id is 256*254 = 65024
 Total Public Host ID is 2096896*254 = 532611584
Class D: It is used for Multicasting IP address; it means it is used to send data
from one computer to multiple computers.
 Network ID range: 224-239
Class E: It is reserved for future use. It is also used by scientist.
 Network Id Range: 240-255
Note: Class D and Class E IP address is not supported by our system LAN card.
Types of IP address
 Unicast IP Address: It is used to point to point or source to destination
communication. Class A, Class B and Class C are used for Unicasting.
 Multicast IP address: it is used to one to many PCs communication. Class
D is used for Multicasting
 Broadcast IP Address: It is used to one to all PCs communication. All
network first and Last IP is used for broadcasting. (Ex: 192.168.2.255,
10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0) etc.
 Loopback IP address: It is used to check Hardware device (LAN card,
Switch) status that is working properly or not. 127 Network id is used for
loopback. (Ex: ping 127.0.0.0, Ping 127.10.25.0)

 One to one = Unicast Class A, B and C

 One to many = Multicast Class D
 One to all = Broadcast
 Check hardware device status = loopback address
Subnet Mask
It is used to define Network Id and Host ID value. We can declare Subnet mask
by on (1) network bit and off (0) host bit.

Class A, B & C Default Subnet Mask

Classes Subnet Mask

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Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
Class A, B & C Default Binary Subnet Mask
Classes Subnet Mask
Class A 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class C 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
IP SubNetting
It means convert a network into multiple small Networks
Need of IP SubNetting
 Need of Sub netting
 Save money
 Save IP
 Manage network traffic
Declare Subnet Mask
Network bit always on (1) and on bit always add.
Host bit always off (0) and off bit never add.
Ex: /25 SubNetting?
Network Bit = 25
Host Bit =32-5 = 27
Subnet Mask = 128 64 32 18 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
= 128+64+32 = 224
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.224
SubNetwork ID = 25 = 32
Total No. SubNetwork = 256/32 = 8
1st Network IP Range = 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.0.31
Valid IP = 1-30
2nd Network IP Range = 192.168.0.32 – 192.168.0.63
Valid IP = 33-62
3rd Network IP Range = 192.168.0.64 – 192.168.0.95
Valid IP = 65-94
4th Network IP Range = 192.168.0.96 – 192.168.0.127
Valid IP = 97-126
5th Network IP Range = 192.168.0.128 – 192.168.0.159
Valid IP = 129-158
6th Network IP Range = 192.168.0.160 – 192.168.0.191
Valid IP = 161-190
7th Network IP Range = 192.168.0.192 – 192.168.0.223
Valid IP = 193-222
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8th Network IP Range = 192.168.0.224 – 192.168.0.255
Valid IP = 225-254

Ex: /25 SubNetting?

Network Bit = 25
Host Bit = 32-25 = 7
Subnet Mask = 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= 128
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Subnetwork ID = 27 = 128
Total no. of SubNetwork = 256/128 =2
1st Network IP Range = 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.127
Valid IP = 1-126
2nd Network IP Range = 192.168.1.128 – 192.168.1.255
Valid IP = 129-254

Chapter- 8
Internetworking devices

Networking devices are used to perform various tasks such as:

 Interconnect different LAN network
 Manage or control data flow and network traffic
 Configure network security
 Extend segment length etc.
Types of networking device
Repeater: It is a networking device that is used to perform various tasks such as:
 Extend cable segment length
 Boost or amplify data signal
 Regenerate data signal
 Remove unwanted data signal
Hub: It is also a multiport central device that is used to interconnect multiple
devices to each other. It is also known as multiport central device due to
regenerate data signal. It is less popular due to send data to all ports.
 Active Hub: It is similar to repeater due to regenerate data signal.
 Passive hub: it is used to communicate between PCs.
 Intelligent Hub: It is also known as Manageable Hub due to configure port
setting and speed.
Switch: It is a multiport central device that is used to interconnect multiple
devices to each other. It is available from 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 ports in market.
It uses MAC address to identify device on network. It is used to transmit data
source to destination. We can classify switch as following on the bases of speed.
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 10Base Ethernet Switch
 100Base Ethernet Switch: also known as Fast Ethernet Switch.
 1000Base Ethernet Switch: also known as Gigabit Ethernet Switch.
 10Gbase Ethernet Switch: It can transmit data as 10Gbps

Switching Method
 Cut & Through Method: it is used to transmit data from source to
destination.
 Store and forward method: It is used to store IP and MAC address and
transmit source to destination
 Fragment free method: It is used to store address, data packet information
and transmit data from source to destination.
Router: It is also a networking device that is used to interconnect Multiple LAN
network to WAN network. It perform various tasks such as:
 Provide best route or path
 Manage network traffic or flow of data
 Manage network security
 Responsible for data transmission
Bridge: It is also a networking device that is used to interconnect multiple
Different LAN network to each other. It is also used to manage data flow and
network traffic.
Gateway: It is a networking device that is used to connect device to server. It acts
as a gate to transmit data. Default gateway must be same at all devices in a
network.

Chapter- 9
Wireless Networking
Today Wireless network is most popular type of network due to provide high
bandwidth and performance. Using it we can communicate without wire between
network and devices.
Types of Wireless Network
Peer to Peer or Ad-Hoc wireless network: we can interconnect two PC by
wireless LAN card to each other. We can share data and resource and access in
any device.
Step for create Peer to Peer or Ad-Hoc Wireless network.
 Click on wireless network icon in notification area
 Click on open network and sharing Centre
 Manage wireless network
 Click on add tab
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 Create ad-Hoc network
 Enter wireless network name
 Enter wireless network security of 10 digit
 Click on save and hide check box.
 Finish
Access Point or Infrastructure wireless LAN network: In this wireless network
all devices are connected by Wireless Access point or router. Access point is
similar to switch or hub as connectivity.
Wireless IEEE 802.11 Standards
Wireless IEEE 802.11 Standard was designed in 1997. It can transmit data from 1
Mbps to 2 Mbps. IEEE designed following Wireless stands that provide different
speed and security.
 IEEE 802.11 Standard: It was designed in 1997.
 Bandwidth 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps
 Security WEP & WPA
 Range 46 M
 Frequency 2.4 Ghz
 IEEE 802.11a Standard: It was designed in 2009
 Bandwidth 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps
 Security WEP & WPA
 Range 46 M
 Frequency 2.4 & 5 Ghz
 IEEE 802.11b Standard: It was also designed in 2009.
 Bandwidth 6.5 Mbps to 11 Mbps
 Security WEP & WPA
 Range 91 M
 Frequency 2.4 Ghz
 IEEE 802.11g Standard: It was designed in 2003.
 Bandwidth 22 Mbps to 54 Mbps
 Security WEP and WPA
 Range 91 M
 Frequency 2.4 & 5 Ghz
 IEEE 802.11n Standard: It was designed in 2009.
 Bandwidth 54 Mbps, 150 Mbps, 300 Mbps & 600 Mbps
 Security WEP, WPA & WPA2
 Range 91 M
 Frequency 2.4 & 5 Hz
 IEEE 802.11ac standard: it was designed in 2013.
 Bandwidth Up to 1.3 Gbps
 Security WEP, WPA, WPA2
 Range 91 M
 Frequency 2.4 & 5 Hz
Wireless Components

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 Access Point: It is wireless device that is used to connect wired and wireless
network to each other. It is similar to switch or hub as connectivity. It has
LAN/WAN port to interconnect wireless LAN network to internet or wired
LAN network.
 Wireless Router: It is also a wireless device that is also used to interconnect
LAN and WAN network to Wireless LAN network. It has WAN and multiple
LAN port. It is used to configure LAN and WAN setting.
 Wireless Extension Point: It is similar to Repeater that is used to extend
wireless signal range.
 Antenna: It is also used to extend wireless signal range
 Wireless Bridge: It is used to interconnect different wireless LAN network.
 Wireless Adapter: It is also known as wireless LAN card. It is available in
USB, PCI and PCIE Expansion Card.
 Medium: We use various types of wireless medium such as Home RF,
Bluetooth, Infrared and WI-FI etc.
 Software: It is setup file that is used to manage or configure wireless devices.
 Wireless Station: It is also known as wireless client that is use to take services
to the server
 Wireless server: it is used to provide service to a client as requirement.
Step for access warless router and access point setting
 Open any browser such as, explorer chrome Firefox etc.
 Enter access point or router gateway address such as 192.168.2.1, 192.168.0.1 etc.
 Enter user id and password (admin or 12345678)
 Enter
Note: user id always admin and password may be admin, password or blank.
Wireless Router Security
 Schedule: It is used to create new wireless security rule for MAC filtering to
access internet service. We can manage internet setting according to create new
schedule.
 SSID: It stands for Service set Identifier. It is also known as wireless Router
name. It can up to 32 Character.
 Hidden Wireless Network: It is used to Hidden Wireless Router name or SSID
to protect our PC from unauthorized User.
 Wireless Security: It is used to protect to internet access from unauthorized user.
 WEP: It stands for wired Equivalent Privacy. It is following two types:
 64 bit: it required minimum 10 Hexadecimal Password required.
Password must be case sensitive.
 128 bit: It required minimum 26 Hexadecimal Password.
 WPA: It stands for Wi-Fi Protected Access. It provides high protection
than WEP. We can provide up to 64 Hexadecimal Password in this
security.

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 Parental Control: Parental control is used to allow or deny computers on your
network from accessing specific web sites by keywords or specific Domain
Names.
 Turn Website Filtering On and Allow computers access to only these sites:
Used to access website.
 Turn Website Filtering On and Deny computers access to only these sites:
used to deny website
 Mac Filtering: The MAC (Media Access Controller) Address filter option is used
to control network access based on the MAC Address of the network adapter. A
MAC address is a unique ID assigned by the manufacturer of the network adapter.
This feature can be configured to Allow or Deny network/Internet access.
 DHCP Reservation: It is used to Reservation of IP address to a PC to access IP.
We can reserve up to 24 IP for specific PCs.

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